1) The transformation from an agrarian to an industrial nation placed the US as the top producer of goods and services in terms of output, wages, and standard of living for citizens. 2) The accumulation of resources in the US was completing the first phase of industrial growth by World War I and entering a second phase of rationalizing resource utilization in industry. 3) Frederick Taylor was the focal point for scientific management which aimed to boost production and reduce costs through time and motion studies, eliminating wasted motions, setting standards, and implementing piece-rate incentives to increase wages while reducing per-unit labor costs.

1. The transformation from an agrarian to an industrial nation placed US as number one in
output of products and services, in wages, and in the standard of living of its citizens.
The accumulation of resources was culminating in a new phase.
phase I (the resource accumulation phase of industrial growth) was
complete in the US by the beginning of WW I
phase II, the rationalization of resource utilization in industry
Lenny Martini - 29006014
the need to reduce unit costs by improving production
techniques and processes
2 problems of enterprise
Part II The Scientific Management Era- Ch. 12
need to facilitate planning, coordination, and appraisal of performance
set standards
Frederick W. Taylor the focal point for
scientific management
reduce
fatigue
Time and motion study
philosophy of managing human and physical resources in a technologically advanced
world where people had gained greater control over their environment than ever
before
eliminate wasted motions
joining industrial harmony, individual
betterment, and greater productivity
Taylor's followers provided industrial education, academic awareness of
management, and improved productivity and service to society by industry
reflected the imprint of Taylor's search for rationality in a world
of large enterprise
scientific selection of personnel
Piece-rate incentives
reduce per-unit labor costs
answered by scientific management ( FW. Taylor )
Fayol and Weber
paying higher wages
functional foremen
the products of an era that in economic terms sought a rationalization of resource utilization
Scientific management was the child of its culture and in turn made its culture an adult of
industrial, social, and political vigor
(1) the need to establish equity and order to protect one person from another
specialized, expert advice and leadership
separation of planning and doing
exception principle
focus managerial attention on critical
performance problems
philosophy of a mental revolution
Machiavelli and Hobbes
The ballot box is the medium for making
pluralism a reality
attempted to provide a broader base for
democracy in order to mitigate the perils
of the collision effect
how-to-do-it procedures manuals
The Economic Environment :
From the Farm to the Factory
visual aids for scheduling, routing,
dispatching, and controlling work
Carl Barth, Morris Cooke
central problem
Harrington Emerson
Populism waned because it was based on support from the
declining segment of the population in the rural areas
efficiency in production
efficiency through organization
scientific management was a product of its environment
grew out of the pressing needs of industry for efficiency
Progressivism succeeded because it was concerned with labor, small
business, and the urban population
scientific management and the progressives
Political Environment : From one Roosevelt to another
heterogeneous immigrant
condition of workers
limited English, limited skills, little education
Scientific management caught the Progressives' eye at the
Eastern rate hearings
recruiting
selecting
challenge in personnel management
efficiency through science and leadership by professional
experts would bring social order and harmony
training
monitoring performance
The high wages and low costs promised by efficiency systems would
check the greed of the employer and the laziness of the employee
developing systems and procedures
scientific management showed that the interests of the employer and the employee were identical and the
wastes of class conflict were therefore unnecessary
answered with
standardizing tools and work methods
reliance on personnel departments as
staff to assist managers
At first, the new president gave business leaders and the financial
interests no cause for alarm
President Theodore Roosevelt
contrary with economic theory
business and the progressives
largely immigrant influx of labor did not
drive down wages
increase life expectancy
decline of laissez-faire economics
management and the worker
the political environment of the early scientific management era sought to bring a
new balance between the power of business vis-A-vis the public
increased longevity
opportunity to improve their skill levels
The hero of Alger's books was a personification of McClelland's
"high achiever" and Riesman's "inner-directed" individual
A Message to Garcia
Sc ientific Management in
Retrospec t
Horatio Alger, Jr
growth of a managerial hierarchy
management
Elbert Hubbard
a self-starting, self-directed, highly motivated individual
individual effort and initiative
to plan, organize, lead, coordinate, and
control the organizations'
input-throughput-output system
economic efficiency
scientific management was more likely to be used in labor- rather than
capital-intensive industries
business ideal
minimum of guidance
the methods of mass production
social values of reward for individual effort
increase in productivity
scientific management theory
Taylorism
better and cheaper sources of power
The mental revolution between labor and management was the
recognition of mutual self-interest
Bessemer process in steel
the ideals of scientific management were compatible with the prevailing views of
people's needs and aspirations
"cracking" in petroleum
enabled richer fuels for automobiles and aircraft
internal combustion engine
New industries came from new technology
the exhaustion of the supply of free land
and the closing of the West
the concentration of wealth and power in
the hands of a few fundamental
industries
higher real wages
growth of staff specialists
wrote books about success stories
classical virtues of the rational person directed by self-interest
a mental revolution, a mutuality of interests between labor and management
scientific management era improved the
condition of workers
the decline of the progressivism of Roosevelt and Wilson and welcomed the return to
normalcy of Warren Harding
The West in the United States typified the
ideals of individualism, economic
equality, freedom to rise on one's own
initiative, and democracy
to U.S. economic thought
economy of motion and waste reduction
The Gilbreths
Gantt
placed government in a new role as a
regulator of business activity
Adam Smith
free development of a capitalistic society led to reconciliation
and a harmony of interests
Rousseau and Locke
Pluralism
removing the interventions of government
Everyone would benefit from lower costs
and higher wages if industrial leaders
would accept Taylor's precepts
brought the optimism of
Henry C. Carey (1793-1879)
Political theorists
Populist-Progressive movement
to restore equality of opportunity
synthetic materials, such as rayon
electric self-starter for automobiles
four forces that were reshaping U.S.
economic, social, and political ideals
vacuum tube
Frederick Jackson Turner
wireless telephony, such as the radio
improvements came by creating paths
between the seas
the political expansion by the United States
into territories beyond its own borders
Suez Canal (1869)
Panama Canal (1914)
the rise of populism
Coal
the collision effect
culmination of these cultural forces the "period of collision"
Energy developments
collision effect would have led eventually to social and psychological degeneration
cooperation, not individualism
new discoveries of petroleum
Electrical energy
decline of the " individualistic ethic " of the period of expansion was
slowly being replaced by a " social ethic
harmony, not discord
reduce friction
mutuality of interests
system of balances through which individuals could check
the excess of governmental power
Constitutional or representative government
improve the planning of work
the rationalization of resource utilization
task of government and political
institutions balancing two basic themes
(2) the need to limit governmental power to protect a person from the state
central role for the state over the individual
better match between people's abilities
and job requirements
boost production
Scientific Management in Summary
brought substantial economic and social change
William G. Scott built on Turner's thesis
automobile
substituted human collaboration for human competition
"with a prayer that a social philosophy would lead to
industrial harmony
The Social Environment : From
Achievement to Affiliation
Nicholas August Otto (1877)
new mobility, a freedom of movement
led to decentralization of the cities into suburban living
mental revolution
moving assembly line for mass production
stressing the mutuality of interests and collaboration at work (the social ethic)
coupled with individually based economic incentives and the selection and development of each
per son to the highest extent possible (the individualistic ethic)
Taylor's philosophy bridged the gap
between the two ethics
increased productivity and reduces cost
new system at Ford Motor
counterpoint to social Darwinism
difference with scientific management :
matching machine to human
unions were instruments of social and economic reform
rapprochement between scientific management and organized labor based on efficiency and consent
the social gospel
Ford's premises
Technology : Opening New Horizons
Worker participation plans
The industrial betterment/welfare movement was an uneven mixture of philanthropy, humanitarianism, and business acumen
hard work led to morality and well-being
for the industrial betterment advocates, morality and
well-being yielded hard work
the best workers could be attracted and retained
workers needed the wherewithal to buy
industry's output
a revolution in the ways organizations
gathered, recorded, and maintained
information about business activities
human happiness was a business asset
Christopher Latham Sholes ' typewriter
scientific management era
Carbon paper was developed for copies
Vertical file cabinets
social forces were generating and sanctioning an efficiency
mimeograph
Conservationists also found comfort in the gospel of efficiency
efficiency that would release women from the drudgery of housework and free them to
assume an equal role in society
print many copies from a typed stencil
"shorthand" notes
Feminists' view
Information technology
Pneumatic tubes
The gospel of production efficiency was dying as factories poured
forth an abundance of goods
emphasis on the individual and stress the
importance of the group
second industrial revolution
Jobs were ' timed to match the speed of the conveyor
send money, receipts, and other papers
from floor to floor and between
departments
Gantt's chart
graphical means of displaying data
Whiting Williams, Elton Mayo, and Mary Parker Follett
shift to affiliation
security in conformity
people were becoming more conscious of social relations and less aspiring
in maximizing individual gain
Du Pont chart system
Brinton's statistical graphic
The need for affiliation was rising
unintended effect
clerical work from males to females
office work as an alternative to the
factory for females
increasing number of skilled and
semi-skilled workers
creating alternative career paths for females
advancing technology was reshaping the nature of work
substituting machinery and capital
intensity for labor intensity
providing improved means for material handling
12- Scientific Management The Retrospect - Lenny 29006014.mmap - 18/10/2006 -