Presentation by Daniel Murdiyarso on fire and haze in Indonesia at the Fire Dialogue In Jakarta, Indonesia, 2015.

1. Science-based pathway for a
long-term solution to fire & haze
Daniel Murdiyarso

2. Contributors
• David Gaveau
• Sofyan Kurnianto
• Imam Basuki
• Nisa Novita

3. What are our charges?
• What policy or regulatory changes and associated tools need to be put in
place to restore degraded peat lands and swamps and/or improve the
productivity of degraded mineral soils?
• Can drainage-intensive activities be accommodated on peat-lands and
swamps in the long-term, and what are the alternatives? What needs to be
done to stop further development and drainage of peat-land?
• How can degraded mineral and peat lands and swamps contribute to a long-
term solution to fire and haze?
• What are best management practices on managing and utilizing degraded
tropical peat lands and swamps that can be replicated and up-scaled?

4. Outline
• Introduction
• Fires: past and present
• Newly burned forests/lands?
• Characterizing biophysical
properties
• Hydrology/water regimes
• Geophysical properties
• Quantifying C budget
• Flux and stock change approaches
• Emission factors
• Policy implications
• Key messages

5. Fires: past and present
Gaveau et al. In prep

6. Newly burned forests and lands?
Gaveau et al. In prep

7. Ground Penetrating Radar
CMP survey
Comas et al. In prep

8. 100 150 200
Ground Penetrating Radar – CO survey
Comas et al. In prep

9. Kurnianto et al. In prep
Hydraulic conductivity – forests
Canal
Plot for
the slug test
150 m
30 m
2rw
2rc
y
H
L
slug
Water level
recorder
D
Peat
Ks = 0.01 to 13.8 m/day
Mean Ks = 1.33 m/day

10. Ks = 0.02 to 3.5 m/day
Mean Ks = 0.28 m/day
Kurnianto et al. In prep
Hydraulic conductivity – oil palm

11. More canals more fires
Gaveau et al. In prep

12. Flux change approach
11.8 ± 0.7 Mg CO2-eq ha-1yr-1, or
294 ± 18 Mg CO2-eq ha−1 over 25 yrs
Stock change approach
2221 ± 269 Mg CO2-eq ha-1
(maximum peat depth was 3 m)
Note:
• C losses from multiple fires during
land preparation are not included
• Net emissions from protected PSF
12 Mg CO2-eq ha-1 yr-1
CO2 emissions from forest conversion to
oil palm plantation
Novita et al. 5 In prep.

13. Total C stocks
Aboveground
C stoks
Belowground
C stocks
(Mg ha-1
yr-1
)
Undrained sec.
swamp forest
(N=4)
4359 239 (5.5%) 4119 (94.5%) 0 0
Drained sec.
swamp forest
(N=6)
4085 191 (4.7%) 3893 (95.3%) 274 11.0
Wet shrub
(N=5)
3413 39 (1.2%) 3373 (98.8%) 946 37.8
Oil palm
(N=5)
3679 23 (0.6%) 3655 (99.4%) 680 27.2
Land use types
(Mg ha-1
)
Emission Factor
Emission factors
Basuki et al. In prep
CO2 Emission CO2 Gains Balance Emission Factor
(Mg ha-1
yr-1
)
Undrained sec.
swamp forest
(N=3)
31.6 34.4 2.8 0.0
Drained sec.
swamp forest
(N=3)
32.4 31.0 -1.4 -4.2
Wet shrub
(N=3)
28.9 4.2 -24.7 -27.5
Oil palm
(N=3)
37.4 2.8 -34.6 -37.4
(Mg ha-1
yr-1
)
Land use types
1.4 4.2
24.7 27.5
34.6 37.4

14. Scaling impacts and policy responses
days year years decades
Spatialscale
Temporal scale
Global
Regional
National
Landscape
Patch
Post-fire
Nutrient releases
Transformed multi-level
policies
Damages to property
and crops
Spatial planning and fire prevention
capacity development
Elevated watershed
sediment exports
Regional
haze treaty
Regional cooperation on early warning
systems and fire-fighting capacities
Technical assistance
programs
GHG emissions &
Climate change
Murdiyarso and Lebel 2007
Changes in land
development policies

15. Reversing land-use trajectory?

16. Key messages
• Fire regimes change over time but they are completely
anthropogenic and mainly associated with land-use policy,
governance and tenure systems
• Peat swamp (forest) fires and smoldering haze cause
detrimental impacts on human health and GHG emissions
• Quantifying peat biogeochemical and physical properties
would facilitate informed land-use decisions and fire
prevention
• Information on peat depth, hydrology are key for multi-
levels policy formulation

17. CIFOR advances human well-being, environmental conservation, and equity by conducting
research to inform policies and practices that affect forests in developing countries.
Thank you
www.cifor.org
www.cifor.org/swamp