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Soil GHG emission factors for tropical peatlands: An update for forests and oil palm plantations
The document discusses greenhouse gas (GHG) emission factors for tropical peatlands, particularly focusing on forests and oil palm plantations, highlighting their significant carbon stocks and the impacts of disturbances on GHG emissions. It reviews updated emission factors and the differences between undrained undegraded and degraded forests across regions such as Southeast Asia and Latin America, noting that degradation without drainage is a significant source of GHG. The findings emphasize the need for improved emission factor guidelines for oil palm plantations and additional data for peatlands beyond Southeast Asia.
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Soil GHG emission factors for tropical peatlands: An update for forests and oil palm plantations
- 1. Soil GHG emissionfactors for tropical peatlands: An update for forests and oil palm plantations Kristell Hergoualc’h, Erin Swails Annual Meeting of the Society of Wetland Scientists 1-10th June 2021
- 2. Tropical peatlands • Prominentrole as a global C pool 350 Gt C in the soil only (Gumbricht et al 2017) • Tremendous peat C stocks Higher litter C inputs than decay losses in anoxic conditions over long-term • In pristine peat swamp forests Indonesia 220 Mg C ha-1 in phytomass (Hergoualc’h & Verchot 2011) 670 Mg C ha-1 m-2 in peat (Warren et al 2012)
- 3. GHG emissions fromtropical peatlands • Disturbances alter the function of peatlands & trigger high and long-term GHG emissions from the soil (Leifeld et al 2019, Hergoualc’h and Verchot 2011) ⇒ Need for accurate accounting • 2013 IPPC supplement on wetlands: 1st detailed GHG emission factors for peatlands in the tropics • EF based on data from Southeast Asia (Hergoualc’h and Verchot 2014)
- 4. (Drösler et al2014) Peat GHG emissions N2O emissions: Peat decomposition + N application in fertilized systems CH4 emissions: Soil + ditches + fires
- 5. Updates Peat GHGemissions • Ecosystems considered 1) Undrained forest – A land cover class unconsidered by the IPCC Disaggregate by degradation type i.e. undrained undegraded forest versus undrained degraded forest (degraded: Either logged forest or secondary forest) 2) Oil palm plantation – A land cover which expands to the detriment of peat forest in Southeast Asia • Regions: Latin America in addition to Southeast Asia
- 6. 0 1 2 3 4 5 Undrained forest Undrained forest Undrained undegraded forest Undrained degraded forest Undrained forest Hergoualc'h & Verchot 2014- Southeast Asia Here - Southeast Asia Here - Southeast Asia Here - Southeast Asia Here - Latin America N 2 O (kg N ha -1 y -1 ) N2O from peat decomposition – Undrained Forest Disaggregation by degradation: Undegraded forests emit less N2O than degraded forests Southeast Asia Undrained forest: Similar estimate with reduced uncertainty (n from 7 to 9)
- 7. N2O from peatdecomposition – Undrained Forest 0 1 2 3 4 5 Undrained forest Undrained forest Undrained undegraded forest Undrained degraded forest Undrained forest Hergoualc'h & Verchot 2014 - Southeast Asia Here - Southeast Asia Here - Southeast Asia Here - Southeast Asia Here - Latin America N 2 O (kg N ha -1 y -1 ) Regional comparison Undrained forest: Less emissions in Latin America (n = 3) as compared to Southeast Asia (n = 9)
- 8. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Undrained forest Undrained forest Undrained undegraded forest Undrained degraded forest Hergoualc'h & Verchot 2014 - Southeast Asia Here- Southeast Asia Here - Southeast Asia Here - Southeast Asia CH 4 (kg C ha -1 y -1 ) Southeast Asia Undrained forest: Similar estimate Disaggregation by degradation: Undegraded forests emit less CH4 than degraded forests Peat CH4 emissions – Undrained Forest
- 9. 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 Undrained forest Undrained undegraded forest Undrained degraded forest Here -Latin America Here - Latin America Here - Latin America CH 4 (kg C ha -1 y -1 ) Latin America Disaggregation by degradation: Undegraded forests emit more CH4 than degraded forests (trend opposite to Southeast Asia) Peat CH4 emissions – Undrained Forest
- 10. Regional comparison Emissions inLatin America one order of magnitude higher than in Southeast Asia Peat CH4 emissions – Undrained Forest -40 10 60 110 160 210 260 310 Undrained forest Undrained forest Here - Southeast Asia Here - Latin America CH 4 (kg C ha -1 y -1 )
- 11. Southeast Asia Undrained forest: Similarestimate with reduced uncertainty Disaggregation by degradation: Undegraded forests uptake more CO2 than degraded forests Peat CO2 emissions – Undrained Forest -4 -2 0 2 4 Undrained forest Undrained forest Undrained undegraded forest Undrained degraded forest Hergoualc'h & Verchot 2014 - Southeast Asia Here - Southeast Asia Here - Southeast Asia Here - Southeast Asia CO 2 (Mg C ha -1 y -1 )
- 12. Latin America Disaggregation by degradation: Undegraded forestsare a CO2 sink, degraded forests are a CO2 source Peat CO2 emissions – Undrained Forest -4 -2 0 2 4 Undrained forest Undrained undegraded forest Undrained degraded forest Here - Latin America Here - Latin America Here - Latin America CO 2 (Mg C ha -1 y -1 )
- 13. Regional comparison CO2 sinksimilar in undegraded forests of Southeast Asia and Latin America Peat CO2 emissions – Undrained Forest -4 -2 0 2 4 Undrained undegraded forest Undrained undegraded forest Here - Southeast Asia Here - Latin America CO 2 (Mg C ha -1 y -1 )
- 14. IPCC emission factorlargely underestimated for N2O & CH4 Similar magnitude for CO2 with a reduced uncertainty GHG from peat – Oil palm plantation 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 N2O CH4 CO2 N2O (kg N ha-1 y-1) CH4 (kg C ha-1 y-1) CO 2 (Mg C ha -1 y -1 ) Hergoualc'h & Verchot 2014 / IPCC Here
- 15. Take-home messages • IPCCaccounts for anthropogenic emissions by parties but does not consider degraded peatland ecosystems that are undrained → Our results on undrained forest show that degradation without drainage is an important source of GHG → Emissions from undrained degraded peatlands in other ecosystems and in regions outside of the tropics to be evaluated • Regional difference in emission factors More data needed for peatlands outside of Southeast Asia
- 16. Take-home messages • Oilpalm plantation Emission factors to be improved in IPCC guidelines • Quality data Tendency towards short term experiments with low measurement frequency
- 17. cifor.org forestsnews.cifor.org ForestsTreesAgroforestry.org THANK YOU FORYOUR ATTENTION ! QUESTIONS?