The document describes an experiment to demonstrate that chlorophyll is necessary for photosynthesis. The experiment uses a variegated leaf that has both green, chlorophyll-containing parts and white, chlorophyll-lacking parts. When the leaf is placed in sunlight after being destarched, only the green parts turn blue-black with iodine, indicating the presence of starch. This shows that photosynthesis and starch production occur in the chlorophyll-containing areas, but not in the chlorophyll-lacking areas, demonstrating chlorophyll is required for photosynthesis.
This document discusses various topics related to plant nutrition including:
- The different modes of nutrition in plants including autotrophic nutrition via photosynthesis, heterotrophic nutrition by obtaining nutrients from other organisms as parasites or saprophytes, and symbiotic relationships.
- Key parts and processes involved in photosynthesis such as the role of chloroplasts and chlorophyll in leaves in absorbing carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen.
- Other modes of heterotrophic nutrition including parasitic plants like cuscuta that derive nutrients from a host plant, and insectivorous plants that trap and digest insects for nutrients.
The document discusses key concepts about how plants work through photosynthesis. It explains that plants produce their own food (glucose) through photosynthesis using carbon dioxide, water and light energy to produce glucose and oxygen. Energy from the sun is captured and stored as chemical energy in glucose. Plants are then an important source of food and oxygen for animals. The document outlines plant structures like roots, stems, leaves and flowers and their functions. It also discusses the process of photosynthesis and experiments that can be done to study it.
This document provides instructions for testing plant leaves to detect the presence of starch. The test involves boiling two leaves - one from a light-exposed plant and one from a dark-kept plant - in ethanol to remove chlorophyll. Iodine is then applied to detect if starch is present, which should appear as a blue-black color and indicate the leaf was able to perform photosynthesis in the light.
Guttation is the process by which drops of xylem sap appear on the tips or edges of leaves, usually at night. It occurs through specialized pores called hydathodes, and is caused by root pressure forcing water into the leaves. The water contains minerals and other compounds. Transpiration also involves water movement through plants but occurs during the day through stomata and results in water vapor loss rather than liquid droplets. While both processes move water, guttation provides little benefit to plants and may sometimes injure them by depositing salts.
The document discusses photosynthesis and plant nutrition. It defines photosynthesis as the process by which plants use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of glucose. The requirements for photosynthesis are sunlight, chlorophyll, carbon dioxide and water. Leaves are adapted for photosynthesis through internal structures like stomata, mesophyll and vascular bundles that facilitate gas exchange and transport of nutrients and glucose. Limiting factors like light, carbon dioxide and temperature can affect the rate of photosynthesis. Deficiencies of nitrates and magnesium can stunt plant growth by limiting protein and chlorophyll production respectively.
plant physiology,photosynthesis,tropism in plants,definition for types of tro...VishnuPriyaR14
tropism,types of tropism,photosynthesis,photosynthesis in plants,neccessary activities for photosynthesis,transpiration,points to remember of photosynthesis,plant physiology,tropism in plants
The document discusses the parts of a plant and what plants need to grow. It explains that plants need sunlight, air, water, nutrients from the soil, and space. It then outlines the key parts of a plant - roots, which take in water and nutrients from the soil; a stem, which holds up the plant and transports water and nutrients; and leaves, which use sunlight to produce food for the plant.
This document discusses various topics related to plant nutrition including:
- The different modes of nutrition in plants including autotrophic nutrition via photosynthesis, heterotrophic nutrition by obtaining nutrients from other organisms as parasites or saprophytes, and symbiotic relationships.
- Key parts and processes involved in photosynthesis such as the role of chloroplasts and chlorophyll in leaves in absorbing carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen.
- Other modes of heterotrophic nutrition including parasitic plants like cuscuta that derive nutrients from a host plant, and insectivorous plants that trap and digest insects for nutrients.
The document discusses key concepts about how plants work through photosynthesis. It explains that plants produce their own food (glucose) through photosynthesis using carbon dioxide, water and light energy to produce glucose and oxygen. Energy from the sun is captured and stored as chemical energy in glucose. Plants are then an important source of food and oxygen for animals. The document outlines plant structures like roots, stems, leaves and flowers and their functions. It also discusses the process of photosynthesis and experiments that can be done to study it.
This document provides instructions for testing plant leaves to detect the presence of starch. The test involves boiling two leaves - one from a light-exposed plant and one from a dark-kept plant - in ethanol to remove chlorophyll. Iodine is then applied to detect if starch is present, which should appear as a blue-black color and indicate the leaf was able to perform photosynthesis in the light.
Guttation is the process by which drops of xylem sap appear on the tips or edges of leaves, usually at night. It occurs through specialized pores called hydathodes, and is caused by root pressure forcing water into the leaves. The water contains minerals and other compounds. Transpiration also involves water movement through plants but occurs during the day through stomata and results in water vapor loss rather than liquid droplets. While both processes move water, guttation provides little benefit to plants and may sometimes injure them by depositing salts.
The document discusses photosynthesis and plant nutrition. It defines photosynthesis as the process by which plants use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of glucose. The requirements for photosynthesis are sunlight, chlorophyll, carbon dioxide and water. Leaves are adapted for photosynthesis through internal structures like stomata, mesophyll and vascular bundles that facilitate gas exchange and transport of nutrients and glucose. Limiting factors like light, carbon dioxide and temperature can affect the rate of photosynthesis. Deficiencies of nitrates and magnesium can stunt plant growth by limiting protein and chlorophyll production respectively.
plant physiology,photosynthesis,tropism in plants,definition for types of tro...VishnuPriyaR14
tropism,types of tropism,photosynthesis,photosynthesis in plants,neccessary activities for photosynthesis,transpiration,points to remember of photosynthesis,plant physiology,tropism in plants
The document discusses the parts of a plant and what plants need to grow. It explains that plants need sunlight, air, water, nutrients from the soil, and space. It then outlines the key parts of a plant - roots, which take in water and nutrients from the soil; a stem, which holds up the plant and transports water and nutrients; and leaves, which use sunlight to produce food for the plant.
1. The document discusses different modes of nutrition in plants including autotrophic nutrition, heterotrophic nutrition, photosynthesis, and the materials required for photosynthesis like water, minerals, carbon dioxide, chlorophyll, and sunlight.
2. Heterotrophic nutrition is further divided into parasitic plants, saprophytic fungi and plants, and insectivorous plants. Parasitic plants live on or inside other plants and derive some or all of their nutrition from the host.
3. Saprophytic fungi and plants get their nutrition from dead and decaying organic matter while insectivorous plants trap and digest insects to obtain nitrogen.
Plants undergo photosynthesis to produce food from carbon dioxide and water using chlorophyll and energy from sunlight. They have vascular tissues that transport water, minerals and food throughout the plant. Plants reproduce sexually through flowers that facilitate pollination and fertilization to produce fruits and seeds. Seeds contain embryos that germinate under the right conditions of water and temperature to form new plants.
Photosynthesis allows plants to make their own food by capturing light energy using chlorophyll in their leaves. The process requires carbon dioxide, water, and minerals that are used to build carbohydrates like sugar. Plants use some sugar for energy but also store it. Leaves need carbon dioxide from the air, water from roots, and sunlight to start photosynthesis. Inside the leaf, chlorophyll in chloroplasts captures sunlight which is converted to chemical energy to produce oxygen and sugar from carbon dioxide and water. Leaves change colors in fall because lack of sunlight and water cause chlorophyll to disappear, revealing hidden colors.
The three main processes in plant physiology are photosynthesis, respiration, and transpiration. Photosynthesis allows plants to produce their own food (carbohydrates) from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight using chlorophyll in their leaves. Respiration breaks down carbohydrates to release energy, which is used for growth and tissue building. Transpiration is the process by which plants lose water, primarily through their leaves, which serves purposes like mineral transport and cooling the plant.
Nutrition in plants, Class- VII, NCERT BasedUday Pal
The document discusses nutrition in plants and describes:
1. The school and teacher providing the content on plant nutrition for class 7 students.
2. The key components of food and the process of nutrition whereby living organisms utilize food to obtain energy.
3. The different modes of nutrition in plants - autotrophic nutrition where plants make their own food, heterotrophic nutrition where animals depend on plants for food, and saprotrophic nutrition where organisms obtain nutrients from decaying matter.
Plants obtain nutrients through photosynthesis, a process where they convert sunlight, water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and energy in the form of glucose. There are two modes of nutrition - autotrophic organisms like plants can produce their own food through photosynthesis, while heterotrophic organisms like animals must obtain food from other sources. Photosynthesis takes place in the leaves of plants, which contain chlorophyll and open pores called stomata that take in carbon dioxide from the air.
Nutrition in plants cbse class 10 biology Life Processes Pt. 1IgnitedMindsCBSE
This slides explains the life processes, types of nutrition, mechanism of photosynthesis in plants and the structure of leaf.
Ignited Minds CBSE tuition classes
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https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCsGu08EmuAY9H3L16bft1ig
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1. The document outlines key concepts about photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration, and nutrient and water transport in plants. It defines photosynthesis and respiration equations and describes how their efficiency is determined by various environmental factors.
2. Transportation of water and minerals within plants is described, including the processes of transpiration, diffusion, and osmosis. The roles of xylem and phloem tissues are explained.
3. How stomata control water release from leaves and how plants limit water loss through evaporation is covered. The effects of relative humidity and temperature on transpiration are also stated.
1) Photosynthesis is the process by which plants produce their own food, using carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight as raw materials. Chlorophyll in the leaves captures energy from sunlight and transforms it into chemical energy stored in carbohydrates.
2) The key conditions for photosynthesis are sunlight, chlorophyll, carbon dioxide, water, and a suitable temperature. Carbon dioxide enters the plant through stomata, and water and minerals are absorbed from the soil.
3) Guard cells play an important role in gas exchange by regulating the opening and closing of stomata, allowing carbon dioxide to enter while minimizing water loss. Photosynthesis is essential as it provides food for plants and oxygen for other organisms.
Plants exchange gases through specialized pores called stomata. Stomata are bordered by guard cells that regulate opening and closing. During photosynthesis, stomata open to allow carbon dioxide entry and oxygen release. However, this also causes water loss through transpiration. Plants have developed mechanisms to minimize water loss while allowing gas exchange, including closing stomata in response to hormones like abscisic acid during drought. The size of vacuoles in guard cells changes, controlling turgor pressure and stomatal position.
Integrated Science M1 plants and the making of food eLearningJa
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants produce their own food from carbon dioxide and water, using energy from sunlight. It can be summarized by the word equation: carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen. The chemical equation is: 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (light) → C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2. Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts and is essential because it produces oxygen and food/fuel for all living things on Earth.
Plants are able to produce their own food through the process of photosynthesis, which occurs in their leaves. During photosynthesis, leaves use carbon dioxide, water, sunlight, and chlorophyll to produce carbohydrates from simple raw materials. This process allows plants to be autotrophic, unlike animals which must obtain food from other organisms. Photosynthesis is vital as it produces oxygen and feeds the rest of the world.
Plants produce their own food through the process of photosynthesis. During photosynthesis, chlorophyll in plant leaves uses carbon dioxide and water along with sunlight to produce glucose and oxygen. The glucose is used by the plant for energy, growth, and storage while oxygen is released as a byproduct. Roots take in water and minerals from the soil which are used in photosynthesis while leaves are adapted with features like being broad and flat to maximize sunlight absorption and containing chloroplasts and chlorophyll.
The document discusses several key aspects of plant-water relations:
1. Water transport within plants, including absorption by root hairs, movement through vascular tissues, and evaporation from leaves.
2. The importance of water for many plant functions like photosynthesis and growth, as well as the role of turgor pressure in supporting plant structures.
3. Properties of water that facilitate its transport within plants and allow plants to remain hydrated, such as hydrogen bonding, a liquid state at normal temperatures, and a high heat of vaporization.
The document discusses respiration and the transport of gases in the human body. It explains:
1) How gases are exchanged between the alveoli and blood in the lungs, and between the blood and body cells, via diffusion.
2) How oxygen is transported from the lungs to body cells by binding to hemoglobin in red blood cells and being carried to tissues.
3) How carbon dioxide is transported from tissues to the lungs, carried in three forms: as carbonic acid, carbaminohaemoglobin, and bicarbonate ions.
This document provides instructions and questions for students to learn about photosynthesis through a series of experiments and tests. The objectives are to perform tests to confirm the products of photosynthesis, show conditions necessary for photosynthesis, accurately observe and report on tests, and access information online. Students are asked questions about the reactants and products of photosynthesis, and instructed to do experiments like the starch test on leaves, with and without light and carbon dioxide exposure, to determine if these factors are necessary for photosynthesis. The document provides feedback and explanations to help students understand the results of the experiments and photosynthesis concepts.
BIOLOGY FORM 4 CHAPTER 8 - DYNAMIC ECOSYSTEM PART 5Nirmala Josephine
1. Microorganisms are tiny organisms that can only be seen under a microscope and include bacteria, protozoa, algae, fungi and viruses.
2. Bacteria are unicellular organisms with cell walls made of peptidoglycan that can be spherical, rod-shaped, or spiral. Algae are photosynthetic eukaryotes with cell walls made of cellulose. Fungi are heterotrophic with cell walls made of chitin and feed by secreting enzymes.
3. The nitrogen cycle is mediated by microorganisms and involves nitrogen fixation by bacteria, ammonification of organic nitrogen by bacteria and fungi, nitrification of ammonia by Nitrosomonas and N
The document summarizes an experiment on photosynthesis. [1] Van Helmont planted a willow sapling and measured the soil weight before and after 5 years, finding only a small loss of 52g of soil. [2] However, the tree had gained 74kg, showing that the soil is not the main source of a plant's growth materials. [3] Photosynthesis converts carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight into glucose and oxygen using chlorophyll in the leaves.
The document discusses colonization and succession in ecosystems. It describes how pioneer species first colonize bare areas, changing the environment and allowing later successor species to establish themselves over time. This process of species replacement during ecological succession eventually forms a stable climax community. As examples, it outlines the process of succession in mangrove swamps and ponds, with different plant species colonizing at different stages as environmental conditions become more suitable.
1. The nitrogen cycle describes how nitrogen is converted between its various forms and moves between the atmosphere, soil, plants, and animals.
2. Atmospheric nitrogen is converted to ammonia or nitrates through nitrogen fixation, which allows plants and animals to use it.
3. Nitrification and ammonification convert ammonia into other nitrogen forms that plants can use, and denitrification returns nitrogen to the atmosphere, completing the cycle.
The document discusses pharmaceutical packaging and describes various packaging materials and closure systems used. It covers characteristics of glass and plastic containers, types of closures, tamper resistance, and quality control tests for plastic packaging. The selection of packaging begins by determining the product's needs and marketing requirements to adequately preserve integrity.
This document discusses quality control testing standards and procedures for pharmaceutical packaging materials. It outlines tests for various packaging components like glass containers, plastic packaging, and rubber stoppers. Key tests described include appearance and dimensional checks, compatibility testing, chemical resistance tests like powdered glass tests and water attack tests, sterility validation tests for sterile products, and non-sterile product validation tests. The document emphasizes that quality control testing is important to ensure packaging and components are defect-free and can safely contain drug products.
1. The document discusses different modes of nutrition in plants including autotrophic nutrition, heterotrophic nutrition, photosynthesis, and the materials required for photosynthesis like water, minerals, carbon dioxide, chlorophyll, and sunlight.
2. Heterotrophic nutrition is further divided into parasitic plants, saprophytic fungi and plants, and insectivorous plants. Parasitic plants live on or inside other plants and derive some or all of their nutrition from the host.
3. Saprophytic fungi and plants get their nutrition from dead and decaying organic matter while insectivorous plants trap and digest insects to obtain nitrogen.
Plants undergo photosynthesis to produce food from carbon dioxide and water using chlorophyll and energy from sunlight. They have vascular tissues that transport water, minerals and food throughout the plant. Plants reproduce sexually through flowers that facilitate pollination and fertilization to produce fruits and seeds. Seeds contain embryos that germinate under the right conditions of water and temperature to form new plants.
Photosynthesis allows plants to make their own food by capturing light energy using chlorophyll in their leaves. The process requires carbon dioxide, water, and minerals that are used to build carbohydrates like sugar. Plants use some sugar for energy but also store it. Leaves need carbon dioxide from the air, water from roots, and sunlight to start photosynthesis. Inside the leaf, chlorophyll in chloroplasts captures sunlight which is converted to chemical energy to produce oxygen and sugar from carbon dioxide and water. Leaves change colors in fall because lack of sunlight and water cause chlorophyll to disappear, revealing hidden colors.
The three main processes in plant physiology are photosynthesis, respiration, and transpiration. Photosynthesis allows plants to produce their own food (carbohydrates) from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight using chlorophyll in their leaves. Respiration breaks down carbohydrates to release energy, which is used for growth and tissue building. Transpiration is the process by which plants lose water, primarily through their leaves, which serves purposes like mineral transport and cooling the plant.
Nutrition in plants, Class- VII, NCERT BasedUday Pal
The document discusses nutrition in plants and describes:
1. The school and teacher providing the content on plant nutrition for class 7 students.
2. The key components of food and the process of nutrition whereby living organisms utilize food to obtain energy.
3. The different modes of nutrition in plants - autotrophic nutrition where plants make their own food, heterotrophic nutrition where animals depend on plants for food, and saprotrophic nutrition where organisms obtain nutrients from decaying matter.
Plants obtain nutrients through photosynthesis, a process where they convert sunlight, water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and energy in the form of glucose. There are two modes of nutrition - autotrophic organisms like plants can produce their own food through photosynthesis, while heterotrophic organisms like animals must obtain food from other sources. Photosynthesis takes place in the leaves of plants, which contain chlorophyll and open pores called stomata that take in carbon dioxide from the air.
Nutrition in plants cbse class 10 biology Life Processes Pt. 1IgnitedMindsCBSE
This slides explains the life processes, types of nutrition, mechanism of photosynthesis in plants and the structure of leaf.
Ignited Minds CBSE tuition classes
Tutoring Service in farrukhabad
https://www.facebook.com/ignitedmindscbse
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCsGu08EmuAY9H3L16bft1ig
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ignitedmindscbse@gmail.com
1. The document outlines key concepts about photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration, and nutrient and water transport in plants. It defines photosynthesis and respiration equations and describes how their efficiency is determined by various environmental factors.
2. Transportation of water and minerals within plants is described, including the processes of transpiration, diffusion, and osmosis. The roles of xylem and phloem tissues are explained.
3. How stomata control water release from leaves and how plants limit water loss through evaporation is covered. The effects of relative humidity and temperature on transpiration are also stated.
1) Photosynthesis is the process by which plants produce their own food, using carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight as raw materials. Chlorophyll in the leaves captures energy from sunlight and transforms it into chemical energy stored in carbohydrates.
2) The key conditions for photosynthesis are sunlight, chlorophyll, carbon dioxide, water, and a suitable temperature. Carbon dioxide enters the plant through stomata, and water and minerals are absorbed from the soil.
3) Guard cells play an important role in gas exchange by regulating the opening and closing of stomata, allowing carbon dioxide to enter while minimizing water loss. Photosynthesis is essential as it provides food for plants and oxygen for other organisms.
Plants exchange gases through specialized pores called stomata. Stomata are bordered by guard cells that regulate opening and closing. During photosynthesis, stomata open to allow carbon dioxide entry and oxygen release. However, this also causes water loss through transpiration. Plants have developed mechanisms to minimize water loss while allowing gas exchange, including closing stomata in response to hormones like abscisic acid during drought. The size of vacuoles in guard cells changes, controlling turgor pressure and stomatal position.
Integrated Science M1 plants and the making of food eLearningJa
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants produce their own food from carbon dioxide and water, using energy from sunlight. It can be summarized by the word equation: carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen. The chemical equation is: 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (light) → C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2. Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts and is essential because it produces oxygen and food/fuel for all living things on Earth.
Plants are able to produce their own food through the process of photosynthesis, which occurs in their leaves. During photosynthesis, leaves use carbon dioxide, water, sunlight, and chlorophyll to produce carbohydrates from simple raw materials. This process allows plants to be autotrophic, unlike animals which must obtain food from other organisms. Photosynthesis is vital as it produces oxygen and feeds the rest of the world.
Plants produce their own food through the process of photosynthesis. During photosynthesis, chlorophyll in plant leaves uses carbon dioxide and water along with sunlight to produce glucose and oxygen. The glucose is used by the plant for energy, growth, and storage while oxygen is released as a byproduct. Roots take in water and minerals from the soil which are used in photosynthesis while leaves are adapted with features like being broad and flat to maximize sunlight absorption and containing chloroplasts and chlorophyll.
The document discusses several key aspects of plant-water relations:
1. Water transport within plants, including absorption by root hairs, movement through vascular tissues, and evaporation from leaves.
2. The importance of water for many plant functions like photosynthesis and growth, as well as the role of turgor pressure in supporting plant structures.
3. Properties of water that facilitate its transport within plants and allow plants to remain hydrated, such as hydrogen bonding, a liquid state at normal temperatures, and a high heat of vaporization.
The document discusses respiration and the transport of gases in the human body. It explains:
1) How gases are exchanged between the alveoli and blood in the lungs, and between the blood and body cells, via diffusion.
2) How oxygen is transported from the lungs to body cells by binding to hemoglobin in red blood cells and being carried to tissues.
3) How carbon dioxide is transported from tissues to the lungs, carried in three forms: as carbonic acid, carbaminohaemoglobin, and bicarbonate ions.
This document provides instructions and questions for students to learn about photosynthesis through a series of experiments and tests. The objectives are to perform tests to confirm the products of photosynthesis, show conditions necessary for photosynthesis, accurately observe and report on tests, and access information online. Students are asked questions about the reactants and products of photosynthesis, and instructed to do experiments like the starch test on leaves, with and without light and carbon dioxide exposure, to determine if these factors are necessary for photosynthesis. The document provides feedback and explanations to help students understand the results of the experiments and photosynthesis concepts.
BIOLOGY FORM 4 CHAPTER 8 - DYNAMIC ECOSYSTEM PART 5Nirmala Josephine
1. Microorganisms are tiny organisms that can only be seen under a microscope and include bacteria, protozoa, algae, fungi and viruses.
2. Bacteria are unicellular organisms with cell walls made of peptidoglycan that can be spherical, rod-shaped, or spiral. Algae are photosynthetic eukaryotes with cell walls made of cellulose. Fungi are heterotrophic with cell walls made of chitin and feed by secreting enzymes.
3. The nitrogen cycle is mediated by microorganisms and involves nitrogen fixation by bacteria, ammonification of organic nitrogen by bacteria and fungi, nitrification of ammonia by Nitrosomonas and N
The document summarizes an experiment on photosynthesis. [1] Van Helmont planted a willow sapling and measured the soil weight before and after 5 years, finding only a small loss of 52g of soil. [2] However, the tree had gained 74kg, showing that the soil is not the main source of a plant's growth materials. [3] Photosynthesis converts carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight into glucose and oxygen using chlorophyll in the leaves.
The document discusses colonization and succession in ecosystems. It describes how pioneer species first colonize bare areas, changing the environment and allowing later successor species to establish themselves over time. This process of species replacement during ecological succession eventually forms a stable climax community. As examples, it outlines the process of succession in mangrove swamps and ponds, with different plant species colonizing at different stages as environmental conditions become more suitable.
1. The nitrogen cycle describes how nitrogen is converted between its various forms and moves between the atmosphere, soil, plants, and animals.
2. Atmospheric nitrogen is converted to ammonia or nitrates through nitrogen fixation, which allows plants and animals to use it.
3. Nitrification and ammonification convert ammonia into other nitrogen forms that plants can use, and denitrification returns nitrogen to the atmosphere, completing the cycle.
The document discusses pharmaceutical packaging and describes various packaging materials and closure systems used. It covers characteristics of glass and plastic containers, types of closures, tamper resistance, and quality control tests for plastic packaging. The selection of packaging begins by determining the product's needs and marketing requirements to adequately preserve integrity.
This document discusses quality control testing standards and procedures for pharmaceutical packaging materials. It outlines tests for various packaging components like glass containers, plastic packaging, and rubber stoppers. Key tests described include appearance and dimensional checks, compatibility testing, chemical resistance tests like powdered glass tests and water attack tests, sterility validation tests for sterile products, and non-sterile product validation tests. The document emphasizes that quality control testing is important to ensure packaging and components are defect-free and can safely contain drug products.
Carbon is the major constituent element in plants after water. It is found in important biomolecules like chlorophyll, cytochromes, alkaloids, and many vitamins. Nitrogen plays an important role in plant metabolism, growth, reproduction and heredity. Plants cannot utilize atmospheric nitrogen directly and require nitrogen-fixing bacteria to convert it into bioavailable forms like nitrates, nitrites and ammonia. Nitrogen fixation can occur through both biological and non-biological means, with biological nitrogen fixation involving symbiotic associations between plants and nitrogen-fixing microorganisms like Rhizobium bacteria.
Plants use photosynthesis to produce their own food. The process requires carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight. Chlorophyll in the leaves captures light energy which is used to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose, the plant's food. Oxygen is released as a byproduct. Plants take in carbon dioxide through stomata in their leaves and water and minerals through their roots.
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of glucose. It occurs in chloroplasts and involves the absorption of light by chlorophyll to energize electrons that drive a series of chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and water into organic compounds, such as glucose. These compounds can then be used to fuel plant growth and metabolism. Photosynthesis releases oxygen as a byproduct and is essential for producing the oxygen needed for aerobic respiration in animals and humans.
Chapter 7 Nutrition in Plants Lesson 1 - Structure of plants and leaves, Gase...j3di79
The document discusses photosynthesis and leaf structure and function. It provides:
1) The word and chemical equations for photosynthesis, which converts carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen using chlorophyll and sunlight.
2) Photosynthesis is important as it produces food for animals and stores energy from the sun as fossil fuels, while maintaining atmospheric gas balance.
3) A leaf is made of cells and has specialized structures like the upper and lower epidermis, stomata, and mesophyll tissue that allow it to perform photosynthesis and gas exchange.
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants capture light energy from the sun to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. The chloroplasts in leaves contain chlorophyll which absorbs sunlight to drive the photosynthesis reaction. Carbon dioxide enters leaves through stomata and water is absorbed by roots. Oxygen is released as a byproduct through the stomata. Glucose produced is used by the plant for energy and growth or is stored as starch or oils. Respiration uses glucose and oxygen to produce energy for plant functions, releasing carbon dioxide and water.
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants capture light energy from the sun to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. The chloroplasts in leaves contain chlorophyll which absorbs sunlight to drive the photosynthesis reaction. The requirements for photosynthesis are carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight. The products are glucose and oxygen. Glucose is used by the plant for energy and growth, while oxygen is released as a byproduct important for other living things.
Important Helpful Biology revision notes--Must Seeanicholls1234
The document summarizes key information about cells, including:
- Animal and plant cells contain common structures like the nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane. Plant cells also contain a cell wall and chloroplasts.
- Cells may specialize to carry out specific functions. Substances pass into and out of cells through diffusion or osmosis.
- Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide, water, and light energy to produce glucose and oxygen in plant cells containing chloroplasts. Factors like light intensity and temperature can limit photosynthesis.
- Enzymes act as catalysts for important processes like respiration and digestion. They work best within certain temperature and pH ranges.
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce oxygen and energy in the form of sugar. It occurs through the chlorophyll in leaves, which captures sunlight that is then used to combine carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and glucose. The glucose provides an energy source for the plant. Photosynthesis requires sunlight, carbon dioxide from the air, and water from the soil to function.
Plants undergo photosynthesis, a process where sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water are converted into glucose and oxygen. Chlorophyll in the leaf absorbs sunlight, which is then used along with carbon dioxide from the air and water from the soil to produce glucose and oxygen through a chemical reaction. The glucose is used for plant growth and any excess is stored as starch. Minerals absorbed from the soil like nitrogen, potassium, and magnesium are also required to support plant growth and production of chlorophyll. Leaves are adapted for efficient photosynthesis through features like a large surface area, thinness to allow for gas exchange, and specialized cells containing chloroplasts where the reaction occurs.
(i) The document discusses the processes of nutrition in living organisms, including autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition. Autotrophs like plants obtain energy and materials through photosynthesis, using carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to produce carbohydrates. Heterotrophs depend directly or indirectly on autotrophs for nutrients.
(ii) It describes the process of photosynthesis, in which chloroplasts in plant leaves absorb sunlight and use it to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and carbohydrates like glucose. Chlorophyll is necessary for photosynthesis. Experiments are presented to demonstrate the need for chlorophyll, carbon dioxide, and sunlight in photosynthesis.
(iii) Stomata are pores
The document summarizes photosynthesis in plants. It describes how plants perform autotrophic nutrition by using carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to produce oxygen and glucose through the processes of light and dark reactions in the chloroplasts. Photosynthesis occurs primarily in leaves, which have adaptations like thinness, large surface area, and stomata to facilitate gas exchange and maximize light absorption for efficient photosynthesis.
The document summarizes photosynthesis in plants. It describes how plants produce their own food through the process of photosynthesis using carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight. Photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts in the leaves using chlorophyll. The light reaction uses light energy to produce ATP and NADPH, while the dark reaction uses these products to produce carbohydrates like glucose. Oxygen is released as a byproduct. Experiments are described that show chlorophyll and carbon dioxide are necessary for photosynthesis. Factors like light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, temperature, and water supply can affect the rate of photosynthesis.
The document summarizes photosynthesis in plants. It describes how plants produce their own food through the process of photosynthesis using carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight. Photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts in the leaves using chlorophyll. The light reaction uses light energy to produce ATP and NADPH, while the dark reaction uses these products to produce carbohydrates like glucose. Oxygen is released as a byproduct. Experiments are described that show chlorophyll and carbon dioxide are necessary for photosynthesis. Factors like light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, temperature, and water supply can affect the rate of photosynthesis.
The document discusses different types of sugars and their ability to act as reducing agents. It states that monosaccharides are reducing sugars because of their simple structure. The disaccharides maltose and lactose can also act as reducing agents because they have open chemical structures that allow them to be broken down. However, sucrose and polysaccharides are non-reducing sugars. Sucrose has a closed structure that bonds its rings together, while polysaccharides like starches have multiple bonded rings. Both of these structures prevent them from being easily broken down.
1. Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts and uses carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to produce oxygen and glucose in the form of starch.
2. Environmental factors like light, temperature, water availability affect the rate of photosynthesis, with brighter light and temperatures up to 40°C doubling the rate.
3. Plants have internal and external adaptations to cope with environmental stresses on photosynthesis like water shortages, involving leaf structures and transport tissues.
The document provides information about photosynthesis and plant structures and transport systems. It discusses that photosynthesis mainly occurs in the palisade layer of leaves and involves the absorption of carbon dioxide and water and production of oxygen and glucose. It describes the chloroplast structure and the light-dependent and light-independent reactions of photosynthesis. Furthermore, it summarizes the role of xylem and phloem in transporting water, minerals and glucose throughout the plant.
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants produce their own food, using water, carbon dioxide, and sunlight as raw materials. The byproducts are oxygen and sugars. It occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells, specifically the mesophyll cells of leaves. Chlorophyll in the chloroplasts absorbs sunlight to drive the reaction that produces oxygen and sugars like glucose. Photosynthesis provides food for heterotrophs and oxygen for all organisms on Earth.
Week 2 AssignmentAssignment The Stevens Company is converting f.docxmelbruce90096
Week 2 Assignment
Assignment: The Stevens Company is converting from the SQL Server database to the Oracle® database.
Using the sample shown below, create a Risk Information Sheet for at least five risks that might be encountered during the conversion.
Risk Information Sheet
Risk id: PO2-4-32
Date: March 4, 2014
Probability: 80%
Impact: High
Description:
Over 70% of the software components scheduled for reuse will be integrated into the application. The remaining functionality will have to be custom developed.
Refinement/Context:
· Certain reusable components were developed by a third party with no knowledge of internal design standards.
· Certain reusable components have been implemented in a language that is not supported on the target environment.
Mitigation/Monitoring:
· Contact third party to determine conformance to design standards.
· Check to see if language support can be acquired.
Management/Contingency Plan/Trigger:
· Develop a revised schedule assuming that 18 additional components will have to be built.
· Trigger: Mitigation steps unproductive as of March 30, 2014
Current Status:
In process
Originator:
Jane Manager
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<img src="http://static1.squarespace.com/static/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/t/53d13504e4b0d732cf485abd/1406219591452/Plants.gif" alt="Plants.gif" />
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants and other organisms (i.e. cyanobacteria and algae) convert light energy from the sun into chemical energy. In the process of photosynthesis, carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) undergo a series of chemical reactions initiated by light energy to produce glucose (C6H12O6) and oxygen gas (O2).
As sunlight shines down on plants, water is absorbed by the root system of the plant. Water is carried up by an internal plumbing system, known as the vascular tissue, up to the photosynthetic tissue (i.e. the leaves).
In the leaves, water brought up from the vascular tissue absorbs into the photosynthetic leaf cells via simple or facilitated diffusion. Carbon dioxide (a gas) diffuses into the leaf directly through specialized mouth-shaped cells, known as guard cells. The holes made by guard cells are called stomata. Carbon dioxide and water go through a series of chemical reactions in the chloroplasts of plants to produce glucose with oxygen as a byproduct.
In the leaf of the plant, there are several different tissues. The upper and lower most tissues are composed of small, boxed-shaped cells known as the epidermis. These cells excrete a waxy substance on the outside of the epidermis, known as a cuticle. The cuticle’s function is to prevent water loss in plants. Cuticles are so effective at preventing water loss, plants had to develop a mechanism for getting carbon dioxide gas into the leaf. Guard cells are able to open and close .
More for teachers who do not have much science background than for students. Discusses the ideas of cycles and systems and goes into some detail about some representative sample cycles.
This could be followed by the water cycle slide show:
http://www.slideshare.net/MMoiraWhitehouse/teach-water-cycle-copy
This document summarizes key concepts about ecosystems and photosynthesis. It discusses how organisms depend on each other in an ecosystem, with plants playing a key role as producers. It then focuses on how plants produce food through the process of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis requires chlorophyll, light, carbon dioxide, water, and nutrients. It occurs in two stages - the light-dependent reaction in the thylakoid membrane that converts light to chemical energy, and the light-independent Calvin cycle that fixes carbon dioxide into sugars. Stomata on plant leaves allow for gas exchange of carbon dioxide intake and oxygen release to power photosynthesis, while also enabling water loss through transpiration.
The document discusses the periodic table, including its structure and history. It is arranged in order of increasing atomic number, with elements of similar properties grouped vertically. Dmitri Mendeleev created the first periodic table in 1869, arranging elements by atomic mass and predicting properties of undiscovered elements. Elements are grouped into vertical columns and horizontal rows, with metals on the left and non-metals on the right. Groups contain elements with the same number of valence electrons, while periods contain elements with the same number of electron shells.
The document discusses the systems development lifecycle and roles involved. It explains that the lifecycle consists of four stages: planning, analysis, design, and implementation. It also outlines six major development methodologies and five key team roles, including business analyst, systems analyst, and project manager.
This document contains a general knowledge quiz with 50 multiple choice questions covering topics in history, geography, science, entertainment, and more. The questions test factual knowledge about things like the year the atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, the largest ocean, the capital of Turkey, and which planet is the fifth from the sun. The quiz was created by Rohaan Khan and hosted on his blog at knowladgewithfun.blogspot.com.
The document discusses biomass as a source of energy. Biomass refers to organic material from living or recently living organisms that can be used to generate heat, liquid or gaseous fuels, and electricity. It can be converted directly through combustion or indirectly by converting it into various forms of biofuel through thermal, chemical, or biochemical methods. Wood is currently the largest biomass energy source. Biomass also includes plant or animal matter that can be converted into fibers or biofuels and can be purposely grown from various plant species.
The document discusses biomass as a source of energy. Biomass refers to organic material from living or recently living organisms that can be used as an energy source. It can be combusted directly as a heat source, or converted indirectly to biofuels through various thermal, chemical, or biochemical methods. Wood is currently the largest biomass energy source, including waste wood and plant matter that can be converted to fibers or fuels. Biomass energy is a vital part of the global renewable energy mix and accounts for an increasing share of new electric capacity worldwide.
The document describes an experiment to demonstrate that chlorophyll is necessary for photosynthesis. The experiment uses a variegated leaf that has both green parts containing chlorophyll and white parts without chlorophyll. After placing the leaf in sunlight, iodine solution shows the presence of starch only in the green, chlorophyll-containing parts of the leaf, indicating that photosynthesis and starch production occur only where chlorophyll is present.
How to Manage Reception Report in Odoo 17Celine George
A business may deal with both sales and purchases occasionally. They buy things from vendors and then sell them to their customers. Such dealings can be confusing at times. Because multiple clients may inquire about the same product at the same time, after purchasing those products, customers must be assigned to them. Odoo has a tool called Reception Report that can be used to complete this assignment. By enabling this, a reception report comes automatically after confirming a receipt, from which we can assign products to orders.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
How Barcodes Can Be Leveraged Within Odoo 17Celine George
In this presentation, we will explore how barcodes can be leveraged within Odoo 17 to streamline our manufacturing processes. We will cover the configuration steps, how to utilize barcodes in different manufacturing scenarios, and the overall benefits of implementing this technology.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
2. Photosynthesis is the process of converting light energy to chemical
energy and storing it in the bonds of sugar. This process occurs in plants
and some algae (Kingdom Protista). Plants need only light energy, CO2,
and H2O to make sugar. The process of photosynthesis takes place in
the chloroplasts, specifically using chlorophyll, the green pigment
involved in photosynthesis.
The overall chemical reaction involved in photosynthesis is:
6CO2 + 6H2O (+ light energy) → C6H12O6 + 6O2.
This is the source of the O2 we breathe, and thus, a significant factor in
the concerns about deforestation.
There are two parts to photosynthesis. They are called the light
reaction and the dark reaction
3. Photosynthesis is a very important process because it harnesses the sun's
energy into forms of energy on earth. Photosynthesis converts light energy
into chemical energy in the form of glucose and then the process of cellular
respiration converts the energy in glucose to energy. It also states that the
energy produced by photosynthesis forms the basis of virtually all
terrestrial and aquatic food chains. It is the ultimate source of carbon in the
organic molecules that is found in most organisms.
The primary function of photosynthesis is to convert solar energy into
chemical energy and then store that chemical energy for future use. For the
most part, the planet’s living systems are powered by this process. It’s not
particularly efficient by human engineering standards, but it does the job.
Photosynthesis happens in regions of a cell called chloroplasts. The
chemistry and physics are complex.
4.
5.
6.
1. We take a potted plant having long and narrow leaves and place it in a completely dark place for; about three
days to destarch its leaves.
2. Take a glass bottle having a wide mouth and put some potassium hydroxide solution (KOH solution! in it.
(This potassium hydroxide solution is to absorb the carbon dioxide gas from the air present in the glass bottle
so that no carbon dioxide is left in the air inside the glass bottle).
3. Take a rubber cork which fits tightly into the mouth of the glass bottle and cut it into two halves.
4. Put a destarched leaf of the potted plant (while it is still attached to the plant), in-between the two halves of
the cut cork and then fit the cork in the mouth of the glass bottle. The; upper half of the leaf should remain
outside the glass bottle and only the lower half of the leaf should: be inside the glass bottle.
5. The potted plant (with its one destarched leaf half inside the glass bottle containing potassium hydroxide
solution) is kept in sunlight for 3 to 4 days. During this period, the upper half of the leaf (which is outside the
glass bottle) gets carbon dioxide from the air but the lower half of the leaf (which is inside the glass bottle)
does not get any carbon dioxide. This is because all the carbon dioxide of the air present in the glass bottle has
been absorbed by potassium hydroxide solution. And no fresh air can come into the closed glass bottle.
6. Pluck the leaf from the plant and take it out from the glass bottle. Remove the green coloured chlorophyll
from the leaf by boiling it in alcohol. In this way, we get a decolourised leaf.
7. Wash the decolourised leaf with water to remove any chlorophyll which may be sticking to it.
8. Pour iodine solution over the colourless leaf and observe the change in colour of the leaf.
9. We will find that the lower half part of the leaf (which was inside the glass bottle having no carbon dioxide
around it), does not turn blue-black on adding iodine solution showing that no starch is present in this lower
half of the leaf. From this observation we conclude that the photosynthesis to make starch in the leaf does not
take place without carbon dioxide.
10. The upper half part of the leaf (which was outside the glass bottle, having carbon dioxide around it) turns
blue-black on adding iodine solution showing that starch is present in this upper half of the leaf. From this
observation we conclude that photosynthesis (to make starch) takes place in the presence of carbon dioxide.
In other words, carbon dioxide is necessary for the process of photosynthesis to take place.
7. Raw Materials for Photosynthesis :
The preparation of carbohydrates (food) by plants by the process of photosynthesis requires two
materials (or substances): carbon dioxide, and water. Thus, the raw materials for photosynthesis are:
(i) Carbon dioxide, and
(ii) Water.
We will now describe how these two raw materials become available to plants for photosynthesis.
1. How the Plants Obtain Carbon Dioxide :
There are a large number of tiny pores called stomata on the surface of the leaves of plants (The
singular of stomata is stoma). The green plants take carbon dioxide from air for photosynthesis. The
carbon dioxide gas enters the leaves of the plant through the stomata present on their surface.
Each stomata pore (or stoma) is surrounded by a pair of guard cells. The opening and closing of
stomata pores is controlled by the guard cells. When water flows into the guard cells, they swell,
become curved and cause the pore to open. On the other hand, when the guard cells lose water, they
shrink, become straight and close the stomata pore.
A large amount of water is also lost from the cells of the plant leaves through open stomatal pores. So,
when the plant does not need carbon dioxide and wants to conserve water, the stomatal pores are
closed. The oxygen gas produced during photosynthesis also goes out through the stomatal pores of
the leaves. Please note that in addition to leaves, the stomata are also present in the green stems (or
shoots) of a plant.
So, the green stems (or shoots) of a plant also carry out photosynthesis. It is clear from the above
discussion that stomata allow the movement of gases in and out of plant cells. In other words, the
gaseous exchange in plants takes place through the stomata in leaves (and other green parts).
Please note that in most broad-leaved plants, the stomata occur only in the lower surface of the leaf
but in narrow-leaved plants, the stomata are equally distributed on both the sides of the leaf. Another
point to be noted is that the aquatic plants (or water plants) use the carbon dioxide gas dissolved in
water for carrying out photosynthesis.
8. 2. How the Plants Obtain Water for Photosynthesis:
The water required by the plants for photosynthesis is absorbed by the roots of the plants from the soil
through the process of osmosis. The water absorbed by the roots of the plants is transported upward through
the xylem vessels to the leaves where it reaches the photosynthetic cells and utilized in photosynthesis.
The two raw materials, carbon dioxide and water, are required by the plants to prepare energy foods called
carbohydrates (such as glucose and starch). But the plants also need other raw materials such as nitrogen,
phosphorus, iron and magnesium, etc., for building their body.
The plants take materials like nitrogen, phosphorus, iron and magnesium, etc., from the soil. For example,
nitrogen is an essential element used by the plants to make proteins and other compounds.
The plants take up nitrogen from the soil in the form of inorganic salts called nitrates (or nitrites), or in the
form of organic compounds which are produced by bacteria from the atmospheric nitrogen.
Site of Photosynthesis: Chloroplasts
Chloroplasts are the organelles in the cells of green plants which contain chlorophyll and where photosynthesis
takes place. Thus, photosynthesis occurs in the organelles called chloroplasts present in the photosynthetic cells
(or mesophyll cells) of green plants. In other words, the site of photosynthesis in a: cell of the leaf are
chloroplasts. Chloroplasts can be seen easily by using a light microscope. In a cross-section of a leaf, chloroplasts
can be seen as numerous disc-like organelles in the photosynthetic cells (or mesophyll cells) of the palisade
tissue just below the upper epidermis.
In the structure of a leaf we can see that the middle layers in the leaf (palisade layer and spongy layer) contain
photosynthetic cells called mesophyll cells. These cells contain more chlorophyll than other plant cells. A typical
photosynthetic cell (or mesophyll cell) of a green leaf may contain 100 or more tiny chloroplasts in it, and a
whole leaf may contain many thousands of photosynthetic cells.
Carbon dioxide needed for photosynthesis enters from the air into the leaf through the stomata in its surface,
and then diffuses into the mesophyll cells and reaches the chloroplasts.Water is carried to the leaf by xylem
vessels and passes into the mesophyll cells by diffusion and reaches the chloroplasts.There is a thin, waxy
protective layer called cuticle above and below a leaf which helps to reduce the loss of water from the leaf.
9.
10. 1. We take a potted plant having green leaves and place it in a completely dark place for
about three days to destarch its leaves. So, in the beginning of the experiment, the leaves
do not have any starch in them.
2. Take a thin strip of aluminium foil (or black paper) and wrap it in the centre of one leaf
on both the sides (while the leaf is still attached to the plant). The aluminium foil should
be fixed tightly to the leaf by using paper clips so that sunlight may not enter it from the
sides. The aluminium foil should cover only a small part of the leaf so that the remaining
part of the leaf remains uncovered and exposed to sunlight. We have covered the centre
part of the leaf with aluminium foil so that sunlight may not fall on this covered part of
the leaf.
3. Keep this potted plant (with partially covered leaf) in bright sunshine for three to four
days.
4. Pluck the partially covered leaf from the plant and remove its aluminium foil. Immerse
this leaf in boiling water for a few minutes. This will break down the cell membranes of
leaf cells and make the leaf more permeable to iodine solution (so that it may reach the
starch present inside the leaf cells).This leaf is now to be tested for the presence of
starch. But before testing for starch, chlorophyll has to be removed from the leaf. This is
because chlorophyll interferes in the test for starch due to its green colour.
5. Put the plucked leaf in a beaker containing some alcohol. Place the beaker containing
alcohol and leaf in a water bath (A water bath can be a bigger beaker containing water). A
water bath is being used here for heating alcohol because alcohol is a highly inflammable
liquid. So, if alcohol is heated directly over a flame, then it will catch fire at once.
11.
12. 1. We take a potted plant like croton whose leaves are partly green and partly white.
The green part of the leaf has chlorophyll but the white part of the leaf does not
have chlorophyll.
2. Place this plant in a completely dark place for about three days to destarch its
leaves.
3. Take out the potted plant from the dark place and keep it in bright sunshine for
three to four days.
4. Pluck the variegated leaf from the plant, boil it in water for a few minutes and then
remove its green colour 'chlorophyll' by boiling it in alcohol. The green parts of the
leaf get decolourised. So, we get decolourised leaf.
5. Wash the decolourised leaf with hot water to soften it and remove any chlorophyll
which may be sticking to it.
6. Pour iodine solution over the colourless leaf and observe the change in colour of
the leaf.
13. 7. We will find that the outer part of leaf that was originally white
(without chlorophyll) does not turn blue-black on adding iodine solution
showing that no starch is present in this outer part of the leaf. From this
observation we conclude that the photosynthesis to make starch does
not take place without chlorophyll.
8. The inner part of leaf which was originally green (contained
chlorophyll) turns blue-black on adding iodine solution showing that
starch is present in this inner part of the leaf. From this observation we
conclude that the photosynthesis to make starch takes place in the
presence of chlorophyll. In other words, chlorophyll is necessary for the
process of photosynthesis to take place.