The document outlines India's science and technology policy. It discusses how science has become interdisciplinary and global. The objectives of the policy are to ensure science reaches all citizens and they can participate in S&T development and applications. It aims to ensure food, health, energy and environmental security through S&T. The policy focuses on poverty alleviation and employment generation using S&T. It also discusses strategies to strengthen infrastructure, human resources, innovation and traditional knowledge. Technology transfer and rural industrialization are important parts of implementing this policy.

1. Science and Technology Policy of
India

2. • Science is becoming increasingly inter- and multi-disciplinary,
and calls for multi-institutional and, in several cases, multicountry participation.
• The continuing revolutions in the field of information and
communication technology have had profound impact on the
manner and speed with which scientific information becomes
available, and scientific interactions take place.
• Science and technology have had unprecedented impact on
economic growth and social development.
• Knowledge has become a source of economic might and
power. This has led to increased restrictions on sharing of
knowledge, to new norms of intellectual property rights, and
to global trade and technology control regimes.

3. Objectives
• Recognizing the changing context of the scientific enterprise, and to
meet present national needs in the new era of globalisation,
Government enunciates the following objectives of its Science and
Technology Policy:
• To ensure that the message of science reaches every citizen of
India.
• Make it possible for all our people to participate fully in the
development of science and technology and its application for
human welfare.
• To ensure food, agricultural, nutritional, environmental, water,
health and energy security of the people on a sustainable basis.

4. • To mount a direct and sustained effort on the alleviation of
poverty, enhancing livelihood security, removal of hunger and
malnutrition, reduction of drudgery and regional imbalances,
both rural and urban, and generation of employment, by using
scientific and technological capabilities along with our traditional
knowledge pool.
• This will call for the generation and screening of all relevant
technologies, their widespread dissemination through
networking and support for the vast unorganized sector of our
economy.
• To vigorously foster scientific research in universities and other
academic, scientific and engineering institutions; and attract the
brightest young persons to careers in science and technology.

5. • By conveying a sense of excitement concerning the advancing
frontiers, and by creating suitable employment opportunities
for them.
• To build and maintain centres of excellence, which will raise
the level of work in selected areas to the highest international
standards.
• To promote the empowerment of women in all science and
technology activities and ensure their full and equal
participation.
• To provide necessary autonomy and freedom of functioning
for all academic and R&D institutions so that an ambience for
truly creative work is encouraged

6. • To accomplish national strategic and security-related
objectives, by using the latest advances in science and
technology.
• Key leverage technologies such as information technology,
biotechnology and materials science and technology would
be given special importance.
• To substantially strengthen enabling mechanisms that
relate to technology development, evaluation, absorption
and upgradation from concept to utilization.
• To establish an Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) regime
which maximises the incentives for the generation and
protection of intellectual property by all types of inventors.

7. • To encourage research and application for forecasting,
prevention and mitigation of natural hazards,
particularly, floods, cyclones, earthquakes, drought and
landslides.
• To ensure fullest involvement of scientists and
technologists in national governance so that the spirit
and methods of scientific enquiry permeate deeply into
all
areas
of
public
policy making.

8. Strategies and Implementation Plans
• Science
and Technology Governance and
Investments:
Government ensures continued
existence of an Apex S&T Advisory Body which will
assist in formulating and implementing various
programmes and policies. It will have appropriate
representation of industry leaders, leading scientists
and technologists and various scientific departments.
• Raise the level of investment to at least 2% of GDP
on science and technology by the end of the Tenth
Plan.

9. • Optimal Utilization of Existing Infrastructure and
Competence : infrastructure, investments and intellectual
strengths
• Strengthening of the Infrastructure for Science and
Technology in Academic Institutions
• New Funding Mechanisms for Basic Research in science,
medical and engineering institutions.
• Human Resource Development: scientists and technologists
• Technology Development, Transfer and Diffusion
• Promotion of Innovation
• Indigenous Resources and Traditional Knowledge

10. • Generation and Management of Intellectual Property
• Public Awareness of Science and Technology
• Fiscal Measures: A series of both tax and non-tax fiscal
instruments have to be evolved to ensure a leapfrogging process of development.

11. Government S & T Departments
•
Department of Science &Technology
•
Department of Space
•
Department of Atomic Energy
•
Defence Research & Development Organisation
•
Minstry of Earth Sciences
•
Department of Scientific & Industrial Research
•
Department of Biotechnology
•
Central Government S&T Departments

12. Technology Transfer

13. It is a process which is mainly concerned with the transfer of
technology from the research areas to the “Production and Quality
Assurance” environment .
The Process by which existing knowledge ,
facilities or capabilities developed under R & D
funding are utilized to fulfill public and private
need.
“Technology Transfer” includes a range of
formal & informal cooperation between
technology developers and technology seekers.
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13

14. Varied Roles
IDEA
Start-up
Firms
R&D
Firms
Research
Development
Universities
Research
Institutes
Production
Larger
Larger
Companies
Companies
Manufacturing
Distribution
MARKET
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14

15. Ways “Technology” is Transferred
 Consulting
 Graduating students (“moving heads”)
 Faculty moving on (“moving heads”)
 Collaborative research
 Patenting and licensing
 Service and outreach (“extension”)
 Spin-off companies
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15

16. Technology Transfer Agents
R&D Units
R&D Units
• Universities
• Universities
• Public Research
• Public Research
Centers
Centers
• Technology Institutes
• Technology Institutes
(institutions, labs etc)
(institutions, labs etc)
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Companies
Companies
• Supplier of technology
• Supplier of technology
and R&D to third parties
and R&D to third parties
•Large R&D department
•Large R&D department
• Competitors,
• Competitors,
suppliers…
suppliers…
(technological alliances)
(technological alliances)
16

17. TYPES OF TECHNOLOGY
1) EMERGING TECHNOLOGY- is an innovative technology that
currently is undergoing bench scale testing, in which a small
version of the technology is tested in a laboratory.
2) INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY- is a technology that has been
field tested and applied to a hazardous waste problem at a
site, but lack a long history of full-scale use.
3) ESTABLISHED TECHNOLOGY- is a technology for which cost
and performance information is ready only after a technology
has been used at many different sites and the result fully
documented is that technology considered. established.
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18. CONTENT OF TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
6P
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18

19. Adoption and Diffusion
• The use of new technologies spreads gradually.
• There is a significant time lag between the time a new
innovation is introduced and when it becomes widely used
by producers or consumers.
• Diffusion is the aggregate process of product penetration.
– It is measured by the percentage of potential users who actually
adopt a technology.
• Diffusion curves measure aggregate adoption as a function
of time. They tend to be S-shaped.
• Adoption is a decision by a specific individual to use a
technology. Diffusion is aggregate adoption.

20. The S-Shaped Diffusion Curve

21. Stages of Diffusion

22. Rural Industrialisation

23. • Percentage share of agriculture to gross
domestic production and the percentage of
population engaged in this sector has been
declining.
• saturation in the agricultural sector, there is no
scope to accommodate additional manpower
therein and it has further accentuated the
problem of unemployment.
• diversion of manpower becomes imperative

24. • Rural Industrialization means encouraging
location of large and small scale units away from
urban areas or planned shifting of units from
urban areas to rural areas.
• Rural industrialization aims at all-round
development of an area as well as people living in
such areas.

25. National Programme for Rural
Industrialization (NPRI)
• To promote clusters of units in rural areas aiming to
set up 100 rural clusters in each year.
• Ministry of Agro & Rural Industries has been
designated to coordinate the programme with
various Ministries/agencies engaged in similar
programme.
• Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI),
National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development
(NABARD), Khadi & Village Industries Commission
(KVIC) and states are the major implementing

26. • Integrated Infrastructural Development (IID)
Centres: Central Government provides aid in the
form of grant up tp Rs. 2.00 crores (Rs. 4.00
crores in case of North-East Regions).
• Rural Industrial Units: Assistance given by Khadi
and Village Industries Commission (KVIC) for
setting up units in rural areas.
• Khadi, Bamboo and Cane Industry, Mat Weaving
(Fibre) industry, other traditional items and value
additions.

27. • The KVIC’s developmental activities emphasises
in bringing of scattered artisans under the
institutional framework of cooperative and
registered institutions by providing them
finance, improved tools and equipments and
marketing facilities.
• Assistance provided by Coir Board:
•
•
•
•
Science & technology and training.
Domestic market development.
Export promotion and trade information service.
Welfare measures.

28. • Development of brown fibre sector.
• Mahila coir yojana under targeted programme
for coir development.
• Integrated coir development project under
co-operativisation scheme.
• Rural Employment Generation Programme
(REGP)
• District Special Employment Programme: backward
districts identified
• Block Development Programme
• Hand Made Paper, Leather, Bee Keeping etc.
• MGNREGA; PMRY; PMGSY;

29. Challenges
• Formulation of Rural Industrial Policy
• Multiplicity of Technologies and Reservation of
Industries
• Nature of Employment; wage cum self
employment
• Technology Gap
• Credit Gap
• Marketing Infrastructure