Its about economics reforms that were introduced in 1991.
why such reforms were needed ?
what was situation at that time ?
what were the achievement and limitations of economic reforms ?
Import - Export Policy of India(EXIM POLICY)Sandip Besra
policies in the sphere of Foreign trade i.e. with respect to import & export from the country and more especially export promotion measures, policies and procedure related there to.
Its about economics reforms that were introduced in 1991.
why such reforms were needed ?
what was situation at that time ?
what were the achievement and limitations of economic reforms ?
Import - Export Policy of India(EXIM POLICY)Sandip Besra
policies in the sphere of Foreign trade i.e. with respect to import & export from the country and more especially export promotion measures, policies and procedure related there to.
A power point presentation about India foreign trade's introduction, compostion of its imports and exports, also the direction of its imports and exports, with the help of some data diagrams.
The presentations describes the 1991 Liberalization Privatization Globalization(LPG) model of Indian economy. Following are the topics discussed in the ppt:
Reasons for implementing LPG
Definitions
Advantages
Disadvantages
Disinvestment Commission
Successful privatizations in India
FDI
MNCs
Effects
Trade Policy Reform of India 2008 - 2019
The Trade Policies in India are formulated by Government of India, Ministry Of Commerce And Industries and Department of Commerce.
The world we live in is a global market and we are the generation thriving on Globalisation. Everything that we see around us is there because the markets have come close and have integrated. But every coin has a two sides and similarly globalisation has its flip side too.
The presentation was made for a regional geography assignment on South Asia. It describes the prominent industries in India and Government Policy of India regarding industrialization.
A power point presentation about India foreign trade's introduction, compostion of its imports and exports, also the direction of its imports and exports, with the help of some data diagrams.
The presentations describes the 1991 Liberalization Privatization Globalization(LPG) model of Indian economy. Following are the topics discussed in the ppt:
Reasons for implementing LPG
Definitions
Advantages
Disadvantages
Disinvestment Commission
Successful privatizations in India
FDI
MNCs
Effects
Trade Policy Reform of India 2008 - 2019
The Trade Policies in India are formulated by Government of India, Ministry Of Commerce And Industries and Department of Commerce.
The world we live in is a global market and we are the generation thriving on Globalisation. Everything that we see around us is there because the markets have come close and have integrated. But every coin has a two sides and similarly globalisation has its flip side too.
The presentation was made for a regional geography assignment on South Asia. It describes the prominent industries in India and Government Policy of India regarding industrialization.
Kegler Brown and the Ohio Development Services Agency presented "Succeeding in India: Business and Legal Insights" on Tuesday, October 14, with Dr. Manoj Kumar Mohapatra, Deputy Consul General, Consulate of India, New York, as the keynote speaker.
Topics included legal intelligence when conducting business in India, how the Ohio Development Services Agency can help Ohio businesses and a panel of local business leaders provided insight and practical advice from their experiences in India.
A2 business studies emerging markets indiaSharaff Jamal
This is done by A Level business studies students under the topic Emerging markets, this would be helpful for your Edexcel exam
Prepared by: Sharaff, Juvey, Riyaaxaa, Rifath(Rifoo)
Growth and Development of FDI on Indian EconomyIJMER
India has been attracting substantial of foreign direct investment since last few decades,
highly in services sector, telecommunications, software products, real estate etc. FDI are highly
promoting manufacturing sector of India’s exports & attracting more number of earnings on Foreign
exchange, Institutional Investments, MNCs and speeding up our economic growth through Technology
transfer, Employment generation and improved access to managerial expertise, global capital, product
markets and distribution network. FDI bring out the generation-wise innovation, hidden technology,
spending more on research & development to retain our strength in the globalised competitor
products. Indian economy is going to over track the developed and developing countries. Recently, due
to the recession most of the countries have not able to run their investment as well, but India has been
managed better then developed country without elevated struggling. This paper analyzes the growth
and development of FDI and it discussed the Indian economic growth through FDI. In addition it
explains and showed the various sector-wise FDI performances in India
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International trade plays an important role in the development of economy as a whole. India is the 19th largest exporter with a share of 1.7 to the total global trade and 10th largest importer with share of 2.65 to the global merchandise trade, according to the WTO ranking for the year 2018. International trade enables the countries to widen the scope of marketing for its output. Exports of goods and services of a nation provide better employment opportunities to the people and higher standard of living of home as well as host countries. Exports lead to increase the efficiency on the national output and productivity of factors of production. Export of a country may become a growth driver of national economy. Expansion of foreign trade may bring variety of benefits to the people and economy of the country. Dr. S Senthil | Dr. S Kowsalya "An Analysis on India’s Foreign Trade" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30785.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/international-economics/30785/an-analysis-on-india%E2%80%99s-foreign-trade/dr-s-senthil
The Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill, 2016, cleared by the Cabinet, only allows “altruistic surrogacy” for childless couples who have been married for at least five years. Then too, the surrogate mother should be a “close relative” of the couple, should be married and have borne a child of her own
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
2. Globalization
Expansion of economic activities across the political
boundaries of nation states
Increasing economic openness and growing economic
interdependence between countries
Opening up of markets to foreign players and vice
versa
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3. Globalization
According to IMF globalization stands for ‘the growing
economic interdependence of countries worldwide
through increasing volume and variety of cross-border
transactions in goods and services and of international
capital flows, and also through the more rapid and
widespread diffusion of technology’.
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4. What kinds of things cross international borders?
•
•
•
•
•
•
Trade – goods and services.
– You can buy a TV from China, car from Japan, clothes from Indonesia or
Italy.
– You can hire someone from India to write software or answer your
telephone
Capital – money, investment
– You can put your savings into a bank in Zurich.
– You can buy stock in SONY, a Japanese company
People – immigrants, refugees, tourists
– Immigrants come to Calgary from Asia, Africa, S. America, Europe
– You can easily travel to Europe, Asia, S. America
Communication
– You can easily call or email people around the world
Culture (art, music, cuisine)
– You can hear music from Brazil, South Africa, India
– Nearby restaurants: Chinese, Thai, Ethiopian, Indian
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Ideas
5. 1. International trade (lower trade barriers
2.
3.
4.
5.
and more competition)
Financial
flows
(FDI,
Technology
transfer/licensing,
portfolio
management, debt)
Communications (traditional media and
internet)
Technological advances in
transportation, electronics, bioengineerin
g and related fields.
Population mobility, especially labour.
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6. Driving Forces
1. Improvements in information technology
2. Trade liberalization
3. capital flows
4. Cheap travel
5. Less rigorous immigration policies
6. Marketing
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7. Market drivers
Per capita income converging among
industrialised nations
Convergence of lifestyles and tastes
Organisations beginning to behave as global
customers
Increasing travel creating global consumers
Growth of global and regional channels
Establishment of world brands
Push to develop global advertising
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8. Cost drivers
Continuing push for economies of scale
Accelerating technological innovation
Advances in transportation
Emergence of newly industrialised countries with
productive capability and low labour costs.
Increasing cost of product development relative
to market life
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9. Government drivers
Reduction of tariff barriers
Reduction of non-tariff barriers
Creation of blocs
Decline in role of governments as producers and
customers
Privatisation in previously state-dominated
economies
Shift to open market economies from closed
communist systems in eastern Europe
Increasing participation of China and India in the
global economy
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10. Competitive drivers
Continuing increases in the level of world trade
Increased ownership of corporations by foreign
acquirors
Rise of new competitors intent upon becoming
global competitors
Growth of global networks making countries
interdependent in particular industries
More companies becoming globally centred
rather than nationally centred
Increased formation of global strategic alliances
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11. Other drivers
Revolution in information and communication
Globalisation of financial markets
Improvements in business travel
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12. Pros of Globalization
Increases economic
prosperity and opportunity
Higher degrees of political
and economic freedom in the
form of democracy
Improved standard of living –
reduction in poverty
Improved gender relations
Increased life-span
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13. Cons of Globalization
Increased environmental damage
increased poverty, inequality, injustice
erosion of traditional culture
Corporations are motivated by profit
and have little concern for people
economic globalization developments
feed into ethnic, religious, and factional
tensions that lead to wars and help
breed terrorism
Terrorists now globally interconnected
and empowered with knowledge, create
a whole new category of warfare based,
in part, on the disruption of the
interconnections which are both created
by and necessary for globalization
2/3/2014
Corporations shape political policy of
13
countries e.g. over fishing
14. Benefits
1. Foreign capital if properly utilized can provide
substantial benefit to the economic development
of a nation e.g. China
2. Productivity will increase where countries are
producing
products
where
they
have
comparative advantage. Living standards will
also increase
3. Increase competitiveness make companies more
cost and quality conscious
4. Inflation is less likely to have damaging impact
5. Increased consumer choice.
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6. Export jobs often pay more than other jobs
16. Adverse Effects
1. Global dominance of MNEs
2. Countries indiscriminate attitude toward foreign
investment
3. Large number of takeovers of national firms by foreign
firms
4. Replacement of traditional and indigenous products by
modern products.
5. Sometimes liberalization is adopted to serve the best
interest of a section of people not the masses
6. Domestic firms are playing with big MNEs without
enough protection thus without a level playing field
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17. Adverse Effects
7. MNEs dump obsolete technology to the developing
world.
8. The developing countries as a whole are being in a
disadvantageous position by the international
trading system.
9. Millions of people from developed world have lost
their job due to the shift of the production in low
cost location
10. The job loss, less pay, fear of loosing jobs are
common in both manufacturing and service sector.
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18. Globalization
Good news Bad news
Wider markets for trade
Reduction in sovereignty
Larger private capital inflows
Increase in competition may
Better access to technology
lead to some firms closing
Availability of a wider variety
down
of goods
Risk of being left behind
Payoffs are larger, but so are
the penalties for policyin action
or errors
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19. India Foreign Exchange Reserves
Foreign Exchange Reserves in India increased to 14760.70 INR
Billion in June of 2013 from 14228.40 INR Billion in May of 2013.
Foreign Exchange Reserves in India is reported by the Reserve
Bank of India. India Foreign Exchange Reserves averaged
4856.84 INR Billion from 1990 until 2013, reaching an all time
high of 14760.70 INR Billion in June of 2013 and a record low of
23.86 INR Billion in June of 1991.
In India, Foreign Exchange Reserves are the foreign assets held
or controlled by the country central bank. The reserves are made
of gold or a specific currency.
They can also be special drawing rights and marketable
securities denominated in foreign currencies like treasury bills,
government bonds, corporate bonds and equities and foreign
currency loans
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22. India Exports
Exports in India increased to 1430 INR Billion in June of 2013
from 1348.08 INR Billion in May of 2013.
Exports in India is reported by the Directorate General of
Commerce.
India Exports averaged 243.74 INR Billion from 1978 until 2013,
reaching an all time high of 1678.36 INR Billion in March of 2013
and a record low of 3.75 INR Billion in May of 1978.
India’s main exports are engineering goods (19 percent of total
exports), gems and jewelry (15 percent), chemicals (13 percent),
agricultural products (9 percent) and textiles (9 percent).
India is also one of Asia’s largest refined product exporters with
petroleum accounting for around 18 percent of total exports.
India’s main export partners are United Arab Emirates (12
percent of total exports) and United States (11 percent). Others
include: China, Singapore, Hong Kong and Netherlands.
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23. EXPORT IN INDIA
1990-91 - 406.35
2000-01 - 2781.26
2011-12 - 21817.09
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25. India Imports
Imports in India decreased to 2166 INR Billion in June of
2013 from 2456.19 INR Billion in May of 2013.
Imports in India is reported by the Directorate General of
Commerce.
India Imports averaged 364.23 INR Billion from 1978 until
2013, reaching an all time high of 2475.94 INR Billion in
January of 2013 and a record low of 4.98 INR Billion in April
of 1978.
India is heavily dependent on coal and foreign oil imports
for its energy needs.
Other imported products include: machinery, gems,
fertilizers and chemicals. India’s main import partners are
China (12 percent of total imports), United Arab Emirates,
Switzerland, Saudi Arabia, United States, Iraq and Kuwait.
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26. Import of Goods and
Services
1990-91 - 486.98
2000-01 - 2975.23
2011-12 - 26434.03
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28. India GDP
The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in India was worth
1841.70 billion US dollars in 2012.
The GDP value of India represents 2.97 percent of the
world economy.
GDP in India is reported by the The World Bank Group.
India GDP averaged 485.65 USD Billion from 1970 until
2012, reaching an all time high of 1872.90 USD Billion in
December of 2011 and a record low of 63.50 USD Billion in
December of 1970.
The gross domestic product (GDP) measures of national
income and output for a given country's economy. The
gross domestic product (GDP) is equal to the total
expenditures for all final goods and services produced
within the country in a stipulated period of time
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29. GDP IN INDIA
1990-91 - 5862.12
2000-01 - 21686.52
2011-12 - 88557.97
(Amount in Billion)
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31. India GDP per capita PPP
The Gross Domestic Product per capita in India was last
recorded at 3649.53 US dollars in 2011, when adjusted by
purchasing power parity (PPP).
The GDP per Capita, in India, when adjusted by
Purchasing Power Parity is equivalent to 17 percent of the
world's average. GDP per capita PPP in India is reported by
the World Bank.
India GDP per capita PPP averaged 1446.39 USD from 1980
until 2011, reaching an all time high of 3649.53 USD in
December of 2011 and a record low of 419.87 USD in
December of 1980. The GDP per capita PPP is obtained by
dividing the country’s gross domestic product, adjusted by
purchasing power parity, by the total population
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33. India GDP Growth Rate
The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in India expanded 1.30
percent in the fourth quarter of 2012 over the previous
quarter.
GDP Growth Rate in India is reported by the OECD. India
GDP Growth Rate averaged 1.63 Percent from 1996 until
2012, reaching an all time high of 5.80 Percent in December
of 2003 and a record low of -1.70 Percent in March of 2009.
In India, the growth rate in GDP measures the change in
the seasonally adjusted value of the goods and services
produced by the Indian economy during the quarter.
India is the world’s tenth largest economy and the
second most populous.
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34. The most important and the fastest growing sector
of Indian economy are services. Trade, hotels,
transport and communication; financing,
insurance, real estate and business services and
community, social and personal services account
for more than 60 percent of GDP.
Agriculture, forestry and fishing constitute
around 12 percent of the output, but employs more
than 50 percent of the labor force. Manufacturing
accounts for 15 percent of GDP, construction for
another 8 percent and mining, quarrying,
electricity, gas and water supply for the remaining
5 percent.
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