Science involves the systematic study of the physical world through observation and experimentation. It aims to generate theories and laws to explain natural phenomena in a logical manner that can be tested and verified. The scientific method involves making hypotheses based on observations, experimenting to test hypotheses, and either supporting or rejecting the hypotheses based on the results. If supported, hypotheses may become incorporated into broader scientific theories. Experimentation is important to establish causal relationships, and the scientific process helps minimize bias through transparency, peer review, and independent verification of results.

1. SUMAYYA K

2. What is science
Science is the intellectual
and practical activity
encompassing the
systematic study of the
structure and behavior of
the physical and natural
world through
observation and
experiment.

3. Conant defined science as:
An inter connected series of
concepts and conceptual
schemes that have developed
as a result of experimentation
and observation and are fruitful
of further experimentation and
observation.

4. Science as a process

5. Science as a body of knowledge
• An older meaning still in use today is that of
Aristotle, for whom scientific knowledge was a
body of reliable knowledge that can be
logically and rationally explained.

6. Science is the study of natural world
• The narrower sense of "science" that is also
commonly used today developed as a part of science
being a distinct enterprise of defining "laws of
nature", based on early examples such as Kepler's
laws, Galileo's laws, and Newton's laws of motion.
Over the course of the 19th century, the word
"science" became increasingly associated with the
disciplined study of the natural world including
physics, chemistry, geology and biology. Thus, when
we think of science, we normally think of the
“natural sciences”.

7. Science as a method of inquiry
• According to karl pearson the scientific method
involve following methods,
• Identification of the problem
• Gathering observation relevant to the problem on
hand.
• Testable prediction s developed from hypothesis.
• Hypothesis tested through observation.
• As a result of observation hypothesis is supported
or rejected.

8. Science as attitude towards life
A person with scientific attitude will have the
following characteristics,
• Open mindedness
• Objectivity
• Free from beliefs in superstitions
• Belief in cause and effect relationships
• Accuracy and truthfulness in reporting
observations.
• Up to datedness.

9. What Scientists Do
• Based on observations of a phenomenon,
scientists generate a model or theory to
explain a phenomenon of interest. This is an
attempt to describe or depict the
phenomenon in terms of a logical, physical, or
mathematical representation.

10. • Once a hypothesis has survived testing, it
may become adopted into the
framework of a scientific theory. This is a
logically reasoned, self-consistent model
or framework for describing the behavior
of certain natural phenomena

11. • A theory typically describes the behavior of
much broader sets of phenomena than a
hypothesis; commonly, a large number of
hypotheses can be logically bound together by
a single theory. Thus a theory is a hypothesis
explaining various other hypotheses. In that
vein, theories are formulated according to
most of the same scientific principles as
hypotheses.

12. • Experimentation is especially important in
science to help establish a causational
relationships.
• While performing experiments, scientists may
have a preference for one outcome over
another, and so it is important to ensure that
science as a whole can eliminate this bias.

13. • However, normative bias can be minimized
and even eliminated by process. Science
requires transparency. It also requires careful
experimental design and a thorough peer
review process of the experimental results as
well as any conclusions.

14. • After the results of an experiment are
announced or published, it is normal practice
for independent researchers to double-check
how the research was performed, and to
follow up by performing similar experiments
to determine how dependable the results
might be.