Science
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Science can be defined in three parts: 1) As a body of knowledge consisting of facts, concepts, hypotheses, theories, principles and laws obtained through experimentation and observation. 2) As a method of inquiry involving identifying problems, gathering observations, formulating hypotheses, making testable predictions, and testing hypotheses through further observation. 3) As an attitude or way of thinking characterized by open-mindedness, objectivity, accuracy, belief in cause and effect, and respect for evidence over opinions.
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Science & the scientific approach
1. Science is a systematic and controlled extension of common sense that uses conceptual frameworks, theories, and hypotheses to test explanations of observed phenomena.
2. It differs from common sense in its use of theories, systematic testing of hypotheses, focus on control and observable relationships, and concern only with publicly testable explanations.
3. Scientific research is a guided, empirical, and critical investigation of natural phenomena aimed at developing theories to explain observations.
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The document provides an overview on how to read and evaluate academic papers. It discusses the typical structure of papers, known as IMRAD (Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion). It outlines factors to consider in determining if a paper is worth reading such as the study design presented in the methods section. The document describes how to critically appraise papers by considering why the study was done, what type of study design was used, and if the design was appropriate. It also reviews hierarchies of evidence, common terms, the peer review process, and reasons why papers may be rejected.
How To Read A Medical Paper: Part 2, Assessing the Methodological Quality
This document outlines five essential questions to ask when assessing the methodological quality of papers: 1) Was the study original? 2) Whom is the study about? 3) Was the design of the study sensible? 4) Was systematic bias avoided or minimized? 5) Was the study large enough and long enough to make the results credible? It discusses factors to consider for each question when evaluating a study's methods section such as sample size, duration of follow up, and completeness of follow up.
Research notes B.sc nursing 4rth year +919887888167
Nursing research is important to develop the scientific foundation of clinical practice and provide evidence-based care. The scientific method involves asking questions, conducting background research, developing hypotheses, experimentation, analysis of data, and communication of results. Nursing research helps build standards of care, scientific knowledge, and high quality evidence-based practice. Identifying a clear research problem is the first step in the scientific research process.
What is the Nature of Science?
The document discusses the nature of science. It describes science as understandable, following consistent basic rules everywhere, and producing durable yet changing knowledge. Scientific inquiry uses evidence and facts to develop hypotheses and theories, which are continually tested through experimentation and observation. Well-established scientific theories represent our best current explanations but are still subject to revision. The scientific process aims to identify and avoid bias while building knowledge through self-correction.
Scientific methods of research
This document discusses the scientific method. It defines scientific methods as systematic investigations aimed at developing general knowledge about natural phenomena through objective and empirical means. The characteristics described include being orderly, attempting to control external factors, and basing findings on evidence that can be generalized. The purposes are listed as description, exploration, explanation, prediction, control, prescription, and identifying relationships. The steps outlined are selecting a topic, defining objectives and variables, stating hypotheses, designing the study, collecting and analyzing data, and communicating findings. Limitations discussed include ethical issues with human subjects, complexity of human behavior, measurement challenges, and difficulty controlling external variables.
Characteristics of Scientific method
The scientific method has several key characteristics:
1. It is systematic and considers all aspects of the research process in a planned manner.
2. Experiments are controlled to avoid chance and ensure truthful results.
3. It is empirical and based on direct observation or experience to gain knowledge.
4. It is rational and logical rather than subjective.
EBR external presentation
This document introduces evidence-based research (EBR). It discusses the scientific ideal of building upon past knowledge and systematically reviewing existing evidence before embarking on new research. However, the evidence shows researchers rarely use a systematic or transparent approach. To address this, an international group established the Evidence-Based Research Network to implement systematicity and transparency in all research phases through initiatives like the EVBRES COST action. Adopting an evidence-based approach could help prevent research waste, improve resource allocation, reduce errors, and restore trust by focusing on research that is relevant, necessary, and placed in proper context of prior results.
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Science & the scientific approach
1. Science is a systematic and controlled extension of common sense that uses conceptual frameworks, theories, and hypotheses to test explanations of observed phenomena.
2. It differs from common sense in its use of theories, systematic testing of hypotheses, focus on control and observable relationships, and concern only with publicly testable explanations.
3. Scientific research is a guided, empirical, and critical investigation of natural phenomena aimed at developing theories to explain observations.
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The document provides an overview on how to read and evaluate academic papers. It discusses the typical structure of papers, known as IMRAD (Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion). It outlines factors to consider in determining if a paper is worth reading such as the study design presented in the methods section. The document describes how to critically appraise papers by considering why the study was done, what type of study design was used, and if the design was appropriate. It also reviews hierarchies of evidence, common terms, the peer review process, and reasons why papers may be rejected.
How To Read A Medical Paper: Part 2, Assessing the Methodological Quality
This document outlines five essential questions to ask when assessing the methodological quality of papers: 1) Was the study original? 2) Whom is the study about? 3) Was the design of the study sensible? 4) Was systematic bias avoided or minimized? 5) Was the study large enough and long enough to make the results credible? It discusses factors to consider for each question when evaluating a study's methods section such as sample size, duration of follow up, and completeness of follow up.
Research notes B.sc nursing 4rth year +919887888167
Nursing research is important to develop the scientific foundation of clinical practice and provide evidence-based care. The scientific method involves asking questions, conducting background research, developing hypotheses, experimentation, analysis of data, and communication of results. Nursing research helps build standards of care, scientific knowledge, and high quality evidence-based practice. Identifying a clear research problem is the first step in the scientific research process.
What is the Nature of Science?
The document discusses the nature of science. It describes science as understandable, following consistent basic rules everywhere, and producing durable yet changing knowledge. Scientific inquiry uses evidence and facts to develop hypotheses and theories, which are continually tested through experimentation and observation. Well-established scientific theories represent our best current explanations but are still subject to revision. The scientific process aims to identify and avoid bias while building knowledge through self-correction.
Scientific methods of research
This document discusses the scientific method. It defines scientific methods as systematic investigations aimed at developing general knowledge about natural phenomena through objective and empirical means. The characteristics described include being orderly, attempting to control external factors, and basing findings on evidence that can be generalized. The purposes are listed as description, exploration, explanation, prediction, control, prescription, and identifying relationships. The steps outlined are selecting a topic, defining objectives and variables, stating hypotheses, designing the study, collecting and analyzing data, and communicating findings. Limitations discussed include ethical issues with human subjects, complexity of human behavior, measurement challenges, and difficulty controlling external variables.
Characteristics of Scientific method
The scientific method has several key characteristics:
1. It is systematic and considers all aspects of the research process in a planned manner.
2. Experiments are controlled to avoid chance and ensure truthful results.
3. It is empirical and based on direct observation or experience to gain knowledge.
4. It is rational and logical rather than subjective.
EBR external presentation
This document introduces evidence-based research (EBR). It discusses the scientific ideal of building upon past knowledge and systematically reviewing existing evidence before embarking on new research. However, the evidence shows researchers rarely use a systematic or transparent approach. To address this, an international group established the Evidence-Based Research Network to implement systematicity and transparency in all research phases through initiatives like the EVBRES COST action. Adopting an evidence-based approach could help prevent research waste, improve resource allocation, reduce errors, and restore trust by focusing on research that is relevant, necessary, and placed in proper context of prior results.
Research methodology: Scientific Attitude, Methodology and Writing
Research methodology: Scientific Attitude, Methodology and WritingDr. Sudesh D. Rathod, B N Bandodkar College of Science
Science means ‘to know’.
To gain knowledge through the mode of thinking and experimenting with reasoning.
Ideas are tested and hypotheses are set and finally the concept is accepted or rejected.
Person involved in these activities is known as ‘scientist’.
Chapter III
This chapter outlines the methodology used for the study. It discusses the qualitative research design and phenomenological approach that will be used. It describes that a small sample size will be used that is determined by fitness of purpose rather than quantity. Research instruments will include interviews, questionnaires, and focused group discussions. The data gathering procedure will be explained in detail, including the construction and validation of original questionnaires, their distribution and collection, as well as the collation and interpretation of data. Any limitations or weaknesses in the procedures will also be noted.
Introduction to Research Methods in the Social Services 04
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This document provides an overview of the scientific method and research process. It discusses that research is an organized study conducted to discover facts, establish or revise theories, and develop plans of action. The scientific method involves both inductive and deductive reasoning. There are different types of research methods that can be used individually or combined, including theoretical, applied, policy, empirical, action research, and more. The document then discusses key aspects of the scientific research process like establishing needs, defining problems, developing hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, and presenting findings. It emphasizes that the scientific method has proven valuable as it allows for constant updating of knowledge through validity testing and supports decision making and policy.
Research methodology
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nature and scope of science
This document outlines the three facets of science: content (body of knowledge including facts, concepts, hypotheses and theories), process (scientific inquiry including processes like observing, classifying and experimenting), and context (scientific attitudes like curiosity, open-mindedness and collaboration). It describes each facet in more detail and provides examples of scientific processes and attitudes. The conclusion states that the three facets should form the framework for understanding and teaching science at all levels, but that often only the content knowledge of specific fields is taught without the genuine nature of science.
Scientific method and research
The document discusses scientific method and research. It defines scientific method as integrating deductive and inductive reasoning to systematically study problems through hypothesis formulation, evidence collection, and hypothesis testing. Research is defined as the objective analysis and recording of controlled observations that can lead to generalizations, principles, or theories. The key aspects of research discussed include formulating problems, developing hypotheses, collecting evidence, analyzing data, and reporting results. Both qualitative and quantitative research approaches are described.
Introduction to EVBRES
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Criteria of_scientific_research
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enjoy...Ch01
This chapter discusses science as a way of systematically asking and answering questions about the physical universe. It outlines the scientific method, which involves making observations and measurements, identifying patterns and regularities, developing hypotheses and theories, making predictions, and rigorously testing explanations against evidence. The chapter also briefly describes different branches of science and how scientific knowledge is interconnected and advances through basic research, applied research, and technological development.
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This presentation is created by Dr. Nizar Saleh Abdelfattah in 2017. He used it in his episodes of "Research Fundamentals For Dummies" on YouTube.
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLuDFktFSWZ_XVufo7h9bDIerKoo7s3ouA
* The original presentation on Mediafire:
http://www.mediafire.com/file/mu5dml695g5r8qf/How-to-Research-by-Nizar-Abdelfattah.pptx/file
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The document discusses the development of science from several perspectives. It describes how science evolved from early concepts of knowledge in Arabic and Latin. Knowledge is defined as the accumulation of information that explains cause-and-effect relationships systematically. Science differs from knowledge in that it can explain "why" something occurs rather than just "what" is occurring. The document also outlines different ways of obtaining science, including rationalism, empiricism, and the scientific method, which combines rational thinking and empirical evidence testing. Lastly, it provides a brief overview of quantitative and qualitative research methodologies.
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The document discusses key aspects of developing a research study, including definitions of research, the importance of research questions and hypotheses, and the FINER criteria for formulating good research questions. It provides definitions of research from various sources and outlines the steps to developing a clear research question. It also discusses how to write a good hypothesis and the different types of hypotheses. Finally, it explains each letter in the FINER mnemonic - Feasible, Interesting, Novel, Ethical, and Relevant - as a framework for evaluating proposed research questions.More Related Content
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Research methodology: Scientific Attitude, Methodology and Writing
Research methodology: Scientific Attitude, Methodology and WritingDr. Sudesh D. Rathod, B N Bandodkar College of Science
Science means ‘to know’.
To gain knowledge through the mode of thinking and experimenting with reasoning.
Ideas are tested and hypotheses are set and finally the concept is accepted or rejected.
Person involved in these activities is known as ‘scientist’.
Chapter III
This chapter outlines the methodology used for the study. It discusses the qualitative research design and phenomenological approach that will be used. It describes that a small sample size will be used that is determined by fitness of purpose rather than quantity. Research instruments will include interviews, questionnaires, and focused group discussions. The data gathering procedure will be explained in detail, including the construction and validation of original questionnaires, their distribution and collection, as well as the collation and interpretation of data. Any limitations or weaknesses in the procedures will also be noted.
Introduction to Research Methods in the Social Services 04
Slide series for AS6230 Introduction to Research Methods. These slides cover research methods and analysis
scientific method and the research process
This document provides an overview of the scientific method and research process. It discusses that research is an organized study conducted to discover facts, establish or revise theories, and develop plans of action. The scientific method involves both inductive and deductive reasoning. There are different types of research methods that can be used individually or combined, including theoretical, applied, policy, empirical, action research, and more. The document then discusses key aspects of the scientific research process like establishing needs, defining problems, developing hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, and presenting findings. It emphasizes that the scientific method has proven valuable as it allows for constant updating of knowledge through validity testing and supports decision making and policy.
Research methodology
The document provides an overview of research methodologies that could be used for studies conducted in an academic library setting. It discusses 7 potential research study topics that include assessing student learning outcomes, developing a library collection allocation formula, examining the impact of virtual reference services, and evaluating library user satisfaction. The document also outlines basic steps for conducting research like identifying a topic and questions, defining the study population, selecting a design and measurements, gathering and interpreting evidence. Finally, it discusses common methodologies like qualitative and quantitative approaches and some typical areas libraries conduct research like online resources, instruction programs, and user behaviors.
nature and scope of science
This document outlines the three facets of science: content (body of knowledge including facts, concepts, hypotheses and theories), process (scientific inquiry including processes like observing, classifying and experimenting), and context (scientific attitudes like curiosity, open-mindedness and collaboration). It describes each facet in more detail and provides examples of scientific processes and attitudes. The conclusion states that the three facets should form the framework for understanding and teaching science at all levels, but that often only the content knowledge of specific fields is taught without the genuine nature of science.
Scientific method and research
The document discusses scientific method and research. It defines scientific method as integrating deductive and inductive reasoning to systematically study problems through hypothesis formulation, evidence collection, and hypothesis testing. Research is defined as the objective analysis and recording of controlled observations that can lead to generalizations, principles, or theories. The key aspects of research discussed include formulating problems, developing hypotheses, collecting evidence, analyzing data, and reporting results. Both qualitative and quantitative research approaches are described.
Introduction to EVBRES
EVBRES is a 4-year EU-funded research network that aims to encourage clinical researchers to use an evidence-based research (EBR) approach. The network was established to address issues found in meta-research indicating that clinical researchers do not systematically consider or place new study results in the context of existing evidence. Not doing so can lead to redundant and unnecessary studies, waste of resources, and patient exposure to suboptimal treatments. The EVBRES network, consisting of over 100 participants from 35 European countries, establishes four working groups to identify stakeholder implications, develop EBR training and resources, support systematic review efforts, and conduct meta-research on EBR implementation. The overall goal is to promote systematicity and transparency across
Criteria of_scientific_research
The document outlines the criteria for scientific research and theory, including that results must be objective and based on facts, not opinions. Research must also be parsimonious, autonomous from outside influence, published publicly so others can check and repeat experiments, assessed critically by the scientific community through peer review, able to correct mistakes and change over time, and admit that findings might not be certain. The cycle of scientific research is also described as moving from theory to collecting data through empirical research and analysis to induction and deduction.
The journal club (education purpose)
Research scholars gather knowledge to discuss critically evaluate the contents of a scientific/research articles published in a journal
Choosing the research topic to framing the question why what how satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the question why what how satya pptxxsathyanarayanan varadarajan
Difficulty in choosing research topic in medical research ?!!
Difficulty in the framing the right research question ??!!
This ppt is for you!!!...
It deals with the basic questions WHY, WHAT, HOW in medical research, in choosing topic, framing right research question and
methods to test the effectiveness and validity of the question..
its an eyeopener for the beginners of medical research particularly for those involved in PG thesis..
enjoy...Ch01
This chapter discusses science as a way of systematically asking and answering questions about the physical universe. It outlines the scientific method, which involves making observations and measurements, identifying patterns and regularities, developing hypotheses and theories, making predictions, and rigorously testing explanations against evidence. The chapter also briefly describes different branches of science and how scientific knowledge is interconnected and advances through basic research, applied research, and technological development.
How to Read a Research Article? By Dr. Nizar Saleh Abdelfattah, 2017
This presentation is created by Dr. Nizar Saleh Abdelfattah in 2017. He used it in his episodes of "Research Fundamentals For Dummies" on YouTube.
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLuDFktFSWZ_XVufo7h9bDIerKoo7s3ouA
* The original presentation on Mediafire:
http://www.mediafire.com/file/mu5dml695g5r8qf/How-to-Research-by-Nizar-Abdelfattah.pptx/file
HEALTHCARE RESEARCH METHODS: More on reviewing the literature
Once you have a good idea about the existing literature in general (Gather as many articles, reports and books as possible), You can start digging into individual articles.
2. overview of study designs
This document provides an overview of common study designs used in public health research. It describes qualitative and quantitative study designs, as well as observational and experimental designs. For observational designs, it distinguishes between descriptive studies like case reports, cross-sectional and longitudinal studies, and analytical studies like case-control and cohort studies. Experimental designs actively modify a study variable through an intervention to examine outcomes between groups. The objectives are to help participants understand different study designs and choose appropriate designs according to their research questions.
Assumptions and delimitations (Nursing research)
This document discusses assumptions and delimitations in research. It defines assumptions as statements taken as true without proof, such as beliefs about a phenomenon. Assumptions provide a foundation for research but are not proven. The document outlines different types of assumptions and how they are used in research. Delimitations define the boundaries or limits set by the researcher to control the scope of a study, such as the population, location, or methodology. Delimitations are used to make a study feasible and avoid ambiguities. Examples of delimitations include limiting the sample, geographic area, or tools used in a study.
Hans Lund: Background and Introduction to the COST Action EVBRES
Feb 2019: Prof Hans Lund's presentation on the background to what EVBRES is, why it is important and its main aims. See www.evbres.eu for more information.
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This document discusses scientific methods of research. It begins by defining scientific methods as systematic observation, measurement, experimentation, and formulation of questions or hypotheses to develop general knowledge about natural phenomena. It then lists the characteristics of scientific methods, including being orderly, attempting to control external factors, being based on empirical evidence, and allowing findings to be generalized. The purposes of scientific methods are described as description, exploration, explanation, prediction, control, and identifying relationships. The document outlines the typical steps of scientific methods, from selecting a topic to collecting and analyzing data. It concludes by discussing limitations of scientific methods when applied to humans, such as ethical issues, difficulty measuring human behavior, and inability to fully control external variables.
Introduction to Research Methodology
1. Research is a systematic investigation to increase knowledge. It is needed locally to account for ethnic, cultural, economic factors.
2. Research methodology involves designing and conducting research, while EBM uses existing research evidence along with clinical expertise and patient preferences.
3. The main types of research are quantitative (descriptive, analytical) and qualitative. Descriptive studies observe phenomena while analytical studies assess relationships.
Nature of Science
The document discusses the nature of science, defining it as the discovery of nature through following scientific methods like making hypotheses, conducting experiments and observations, and using reason and evidence to organize facts into theories. It contrasts science with pseudoscience, noting that pseudoscience lacks supporting evidence. The document also outlines what teachers should understand about science, such as its historical and cultural development and distinguishing characteristics compared to other ways of thinking.
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HEALTHCARE RESEARCH METHODS: More on reviewing the literature
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The document discusses the development of science from several perspectives. It describes how science evolved from early concepts of knowledge in Arabic and Latin. Knowledge is defined as the accumulation of information that explains cause-and-effect relationships systematically. Science differs from knowledge in that it can explain "why" something occurs rather than just "what" is occurring. The document also outlines different ways of obtaining science, including rationalism, empiricism, and the scientific method, which combines rational thinking and empirical evidence testing. Lastly, it provides a brief overview of quantitative and qualitative research methodologies.
DR. SUNIL NATHA MHASKE....pptx
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The document discusses research objectives, purposes, definitions, and processes. It outlines the main objectives of research as discussing new facts, verifying important facts, analyzing causes and effects, developing new tools and theories, and finding solutions to problems. The key purposes of research are exploratory research to gain new insights, descriptive research to accurately portray characteristics, diagnostic research to determine frequencies of occurrences, and hypothesis-testing research to test causal relationships. Research is defined as a systematic process of enunciating problems, formulating hypotheses, collecting data, analyzing facts, and reaching conclusions. The stages of research include topic selection, problem definition, literature review, hypothesis formulation, research design, data collection and analysis, interpretation, and findings.
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This document provides an introduction to research methodology, outlining different types of research such as descriptive, analytical, fundamental, applied, conceptual, and empirical research. It also discusses quantitative and qualitative approaches and the objectives, definitions, and criteria for proper research. The types of research are defined and key aspects of conducting valid research like clearly defining objectives and being able to replicate studies are emphasized.
introduction to research-2023.ppt
This document provides an introduction and overview of research methods. It outlines the aim and objectives of the course which are to give participants an appreciation of the research process and enable them to describe research, prepare proposals, design instruments, collect and analyze data, and write reports. It defines research and describes the importance of research being systematic, logical, empirical, and replicable. It also discusses the different types of research including basic research, applied research, and evaluation research. The document outlines the overall research process and covers topics such as identifying research areas, the qualities of a good topic, research philosophies including epistemology and axiology, and the different methodologies of quantitative and qualitative research.
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What is Research
The search for knowledge is closely linked to the object of study; that is, to the reconstruction of the facts that will provide an explanation to an observed event and that at first sight can be considered as a problem. It is very human to seek answers and satisfy our curiosity. Let’s talk about research.
Research is the careful consideration of study regarding a particular concern or problem using scientific methods. According to the American sociologist Earl Robert Babbie, “research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict, and control the observed phenomenon. It involves inductive and deductive methods.”
Inductive methods analyze an observed event, while deductive methods verify the observed event. Inductive approaches are associated with qualitative research, and deductive methods are more commonly associated with quantitative analysis.
Research is conducted with a purpose to:
Identify potential and new customers
Understand existing customers
Set pragmatic goals
Develop productive market strategies
Address business challenges
Put together a business expansion plan
Identify new business opportunities
What are the characteristics of research?
Good research follows a systematic approach to capture accurate data. Researchers need to practice ethics and a code of conduct while making observations or drawing conclusions.
The analysis is based on logical reasoning and involves both inductive and deductive methods.
Real-time data and knowledge is derived from actual observations in natural settings.
There is an in-depth analysis of all data collected so that there are no anomalies associated with it.
It creates a path for generating new questions. Existing data helps create more research opportunities.
It is analytical and uses all the available data so that there is no ambiguity in inference.
Accuracy is one of the most critical aspects of research. The information must be accurate and correct. For example, laboratories provide a controlled environment to collect data. Accuracy is measured in the instruments used, the calibrations of instruments or tools, and the experiment’s final result.
What is the purpose of research?
There are three main purposes:
Exploratory: As the name suggests, researchers conduct exploratory studies to explore a group of questions. The answers and analytics may not offer a conclusion to the perceived problem. It is undertaken to handle new problem areas that haven’t been explored before. This exploratory process lays the foundation
Theoretical Research
Theoretical research, also referred to as pure or basic research, focuses on generating knowledge, regardless of its practical application. Here, data collection is used to generate new general concepts for a better understanding of a particular field or to answer a theoretical research question.
Results of this kind are usually oriented towards the formulation of theories and are usually based on documentary analysis, the developme
Amsale Read.ppt
The document discusses research in nursing. It defines research and describes the roles of nurses in research from producer to consumer. The importance of research to the nursing profession is outlined as building nursing knowledge, validating improvements, and making healthcare more efficient. The sources and types of knowledge and reasoning in research are examined, including basic and applied research. The history of nursing research from Florence Nightingale to modern evidence-based practice is summarized.
Research methodology Chapter 1
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It discusses different types of research including exploratory, descriptive, analytical, and predictive research. It also outlines the qualities of a good researcher and covers deductive, inductive, and retroductive approaches to research logic. Additionally, it presents a combined inductive-deductive approach and depicts the research process in a flow chart showing key steps like defining the problem, reviewing literature, formulating hypotheses, designing the study, collecting and analyzing data, and interpreting results.
UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH.pptx
Research is defined as a systematic, empirical, and critical investigation to develop reliable knowledge. It involves formulating hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, reaching conclusions, and testing conclusions to determine if they fit the hypotheses. The goal is to make an original contribution to the existing body of knowledge. Scientific research follows a process including identifying a problem, developing a theoretical framework, formulating hypotheses, designing a study, collecting and analyzing data, and refining theories. It aims to explain phenomena through purposive, testable, replicable, objective, rigorous, precise, and parsimonious methods to develop generalizable knowledge.
Chapter i
This document provides an overview of key concepts in psychology. It defines psychology as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. It describes the various fields of psychology and traces the history and development of the field from early philosophers like Aristotle and Socrates to modern perspectives like biological, cognitive, humanistic, and psychodynamic approaches. The document also outlines important research methods like the scientific method, experimental and observational designs, and ethical considerations in psychological research with humans and animals.
Lec. 1 11.pdf
This document provides an overview of research methodology for a master's degree in computer science. It defines key terms like research, hypothesis, theory, and law. It discusses the benefits of conducting research and qualities of good researchers. The scientific method is explained as a process involving observation, hypothesis development, experimentation, and evaluation. Research methodology refers to general research approaches while research methods provide precise procedures. The document outlines the typical steps in the research process from identifying a problem to publishing results.
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Science
- 1. SCIENCE
- 2. What is Science? • Science is a body of useful knowledge and method of obtaining it. • An interconnected series of concepts and conceptual schemes that have developed as a result of experimentation and observation and are fruitful of further experimentation and observation. - Conant
- 3. Nature of Science Systematic and Understandable Accuracy Validity Subject to change Durability
- 4. Three fold nature of Science 1 • A body of knowledge 2 • A method of inquiry • A way of investigation 3 • An attitude towards life • A way of thinking
- 5. Science as a Product & a Process SCIENCE PROCESS Way of inquiry Way of thinking PRODUCT Body of knowledge
- 6. Science as a body of knowledge Fact Concept Hypothesis Theories Principles Laws
- 7. Science as a method of inquiry 1. Identification of the problem 2. Gathering observation relevant to the problem on hand. 3. Statement of a hypothesis based on observation gathered 4. Testable predictions of other related phenomena are developed from the hypothesis
- 8. Science as a method of inquiry 5. The hypothesis is tested through observation 6. As a result of empirical observation, the hypothesis is supported, rejected or modified.
- 9. Science as a way of thinking -an attitude towards life Open mindedness Objectivity Freedom from belief in superstitions Belief in cause effect Accuracy and truthfulness in reporting observations Methodical way of solving problem on hand
- 10. Science as a way of thinking -an attitude towards life Up-to-datedness Respect for other pupils opinion, though may not agree with them Ability to distinguish between scientific evidence and scientific proof Ability to discern between fact and fiction