This document provides an overview of different types of microbes (microorganisms) that can only be seen with a microscope. It discusses three main types: viruses, bacteria, and fungi. Viruses are the smallest and use host cells to reproduce. Bacteria come in various shapes and sizes and can cause illnesses. Fungi include unicellular yeast and multicellular mushrooms; yeast reproduces through budding from parent cells. The lesson aims to distinguish between these microbe types and describe their important characteristics and examples of diseases they cause.
Viruses are microscopic organisms that exist almost everywhere on earth. They can infect animals, plants, fungi, and even bacteria.Viruses vary in complexity. They consist of genetic material, RNA or DNA, surrounded by a coat of protein, lipid (fat), or glycoprotein. Viruses cannot replicate without a host, so they are classified as parasitic.They are considered the most abundant biological entity on the planet.
Here we discuss the general properties of viruses in detail.
Thirty soil borne viruses or virus like agents are transmitted by five species of fungal vectors i.e soil inhibiting fungi or protists.
Known vectors are from members of class Plamodiophoromycetes in the division Myxomycota & class Chytridiomycetes in the division Eumycota.
Foundations of Medical Virology: A Comprehensive Guide for Medical Lab Techno...Vamsi kumar
Medical virology notes typically cover the study of viruses and their impact on human health. The notes may include information on the structure and replication of viruses, how they infect and replicate within host cells, the immune response to viral infections, and the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of viral diseases.
Additionally, medical virology notes may cover specific viral infections, such as influenza, herpes, HIV/AIDS, hepatitis, and emerging viral diseases like COVID-19. The notes may also address the use of vaccines and antiviral therapies for the prevention and treatment of viral infections.
Medical virology notes can be essential for medical students, laboratory technologists, and healthcare professionals in understanding the mechanisms of viral infections, diagnosing and treating viral diseases, and designing strategies to prevent viral outbreaks. The notes may also explore the impact of viral infections on public health and discuss measures to control and prevent viral epidemics.
Viruses are microscopic organisms that exist almost everywhere on earth. They can infect animals, plants, fungi, and even bacteria.Viruses vary in complexity. They consist of genetic material, RNA or DNA, surrounded by a coat of protein, lipid (fat), or glycoprotein. Viruses cannot replicate without a host, so they are classified as parasitic.They are considered the most abundant biological entity on the planet.
Here we discuss the general properties of viruses in detail.
Thirty soil borne viruses or virus like agents are transmitted by five species of fungal vectors i.e soil inhibiting fungi or protists.
Known vectors are from members of class Plamodiophoromycetes in the division Myxomycota & class Chytridiomycetes in the division Eumycota.
Foundations of Medical Virology: A Comprehensive Guide for Medical Lab Techno...Vamsi kumar
Medical virology notes typically cover the study of viruses and their impact on human health. The notes may include information on the structure and replication of viruses, how they infect and replicate within host cells, the immune response to viral infections, and the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of viral diseases.
Additionally, medical virology notes may cover specific viral infections, such as influenza, herpes, HIV/AIDS, hepatitis, and emerging viral diseases like COVID-19. The notes may also address the use of vaccines and antiviral therapies for the prevention and treatment of viral infections.
Medical virology notes can be essential for medical students, laboratory technologists, and healthcare professionals in understanding the mechanisms of viral infections, diagnosing and treating viral diseases, and designing strategies to prevent viral outbreaks. The notes may also explore the impact of viral infections on public health and discuss measures to control and prevent viral epidemics.
This is a lesson on types of microbes, according to objectives from the Caribbean Secondary Education Certificate (CSEC) Syllabus for Integrated Science.
It focuses on the three main types of microbes - viruses, bacteria and fungi, comparison of their sizes as well as structure and function.
I teach online exclusively, and this is one of the slide decks that I use for my live session and/or recorded lectures.
Food Microorganisms Food microbiology encompasses the stu.docxAKHIL969626
Food Microorganisms
Food microbiology encompasses the study of microorganisms that have either a
beneficial or deleterious effect on the quality and safety of foods.
Food microbiology focuses on the microorganisms that are found in and around foods.
It includes studies of microbial growth characteristics, identification, and prevention.
Specific areas of interest are: foodborne illness, food spoilage, food preservation,
sanitation, and food legislation. These interest areas comprise this course.
The microbiological world consists of bacteria, yeasts, molds, viruses, parasites,
algae and prions. All except algae are considered food microorganisms. Let’s look at
each group briefly.
Bacteria
Bacteria are prokaryotes because they do not possess nuclei. They have a normal
double stranded DNA genome. Sometimes there may be extracellular DNA fragments
known as plasmids. Plasmids can often encode proteins that make the cell enhanced
such as antibiotic resistance.
Plasmids can be shared with other
cells usually of a similar genus or
species. The DNA clusters in the
center of the cell forming a nucleoid.
(If it had a membrane around it, it
would be a nucleus). Closely
associated with the nucleoid are the
ribosomes. Ribosomes translate
DNA into amino acids which are the
building blocks of proteins.
Discuss plasmids and food
microbiology
The main interior is called the
cytoplasm. This is where water,
enzymes, and nutrients all work to
power the cell. There are three main
functions, energy production,
metabolism and catabolism. Energy
naturally is in the form of ATP
generated from metabolic reactions.
Metabolism also consists of enzymes
that build up the components of the
cell. Catabolism consists of enzymes
that break down nutrients. All three
work congruently.
Figure 1. Diagram of bacterial structures.
Discuss catabolic enzymes and food
microbiology
The cytoplasm is surrounded by a
cytoplasmic membrane which
determines what goes in and out of
the organism. Water, dissolved gases
(e.g. CO2 and O2) and lipid-soluble
molecules simply diffuse across the
phospholipid bilayer. Water-soluble
ions generally pass through small
pores in the membrane. All other
molecules require carrier molecules to
transport them through the
membrane.
Discuss membrane function and food
microbiology
Immediately outside of the
cytoplasmic membrane is the cell
wall. This is the component that
stains differently in the Gram stain.
Red is gram negative a thinner peptidoglycan cell wall. Blue or purple is gram positive
usually a much thicker peptidoglycan cell wall. Its main function is structural. The cell
wall provides the bacteria shape: cocci, rods, spirals, etc.
External to the cell wall in SOME bacteria is a capsule layer.
This is a polysaccharide/protein layer that can protect the cell
from desiccation. There are other benefits. Similar to a
capsule, s ...
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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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1.4 modern child centered education - mahatma gandhi-2.pptx
Sci4 lesson types of microbes
1. CLASS: Integrated Science Form 4
TOPIC OF LESSON: Types of Microbes
MODULE / SECTION: Cells & Unicellular Organism
2. OBJECTIVES
SYLLABUS OBJECTIVE(S) [OBJETIVO DE SYLLABUS]
Candidate should be able to:
● Discuss the importance of selected microbes;
El candidato debe ser capaz de:
● Discuta la importancia de los microbios seleccionados;
3. OBJECTIVES
LESSON OBJECTIVE(S) [OBJETIVOS DE LA LECCIÓN]
By the end of this lesson, the student should be able to:
● Distinguish between the different types of microbes - viruses, bacteria, and fungi;
● Describe important characteristics of each type of microbe;
● List examples of diseases caused by each type of microbe.
Al final de esta lección, el estudiante debe poder:
● Distinguir entre los diferentes tipos de microbios: virus, bacterias y hongos;
● Describa las características importantes de cada tipo de microbio;
● Lista de ejemplos de enfermedades causadas por cada tipo de microbio.
4. GLOSSARY [will fit better in platform]
ENGLISH SPANISH
attach adjuntar
be of benefit ser de beneficio
burst ráfaga
can lead to puede llevar a
copies of Copias de
crops cultivos
disease enfermedad
enclosed adjunto
even incluso
eventually finalmente
float freely flotar libremente
focusing on enfocado en
food spoilage deterioro de los alimentos
fungus hongo
host anfitrión
5. KeyWords
Look out for the Key Words. They are new words that will be in the
Glossary above.
They will be highlighted like this:
Key Word
6. INTRODUCTION
In this lesson we will be looking at
microorganisms.
The gif is that of BACTERIA,
which is one type of
microorganism (aka microbe).
This lesson will look at this and
two other types of microbes.
What do you think those other
types are?
Do you think they will look the
same?
8. EXPLANATION
There are three types of
microbes:
● Viruses
● Bacteria
● Fungi
Viruses are the smallest,
fungi are the largest.
They have various shapes
and sizes.
9. VIRUSES
All are pathogens.
However, not all hosts are
humans. Therefore not all
viruses are harmful to
humans.
Some can even be of benefit.
Pathogenic viruses cause
diseases such as influenza,
cold sores, chicken pox,
mumps, measles and AIDS. HEPATITIS C VIRUS
(Centre for Disease Control)
10. VIRAL STRUCTURE
All consist of genetic material
(DNA or RNA) enclosed in a
protective protein coat.
Size range:
20 to 400 nm (nanometres)
[1 million nm in 1 mm).
HEPATITIS C VIRUS
(Centre for Disease Control)
11. HOW DO VIRUSES REPRODUCE?
Viral reproduction (aka viral replication) has three (3)
main stages:
1. The virus attaches itself to the host cell and injects
its genetic material into the cell
2. The genetic material then forces the cell’s
machinery to make more copies of the virus’
material (genetic material + components of the
protein coat)
3. The host cell eventually bursts to release new
viruses into its surroundings.
Click on the triangle and watch the video for more
details…
12. BACTERIA
Some bacteria are harmful to our health,
and also cause food spoilage.
Pathogenic bacteria cause illnesses such
as:
● Food poisoning caused by salmonella
● Whooping cough
● Meningitis
● Tuberculosis (TB)
● Gonorrhoea
14. BACTERIAL STRUCTURE II
Bacteria are larger than viruses but smaller than fung, as well as animal & plant cells.
Width ranges from 0.1 to 50 µm (micrometres) [1,000 µm in 1.0 mm]
15. BACTERIAL STRUCTURE III
All bacteria have a typical cell structure,
with some differences.
The most important difference is that the
genetic material is not contained in a
nucleus. Instead, it floats freely in the
cytoplasm.
Another difference is that, like a plant cell,
it has cell wall. But it also has an additional
cell capsule with a slimy consistency.
16. FUNGI
There is a wide variety in the types of fungi that exist.
Some, like yeast, is unicellular. This lesson will focus on
yeast.
Others, like mushrooms, are multicellular and can be seen
with the naked eye.
Overgrowth can harm the host organism / substrate on
which they grow.
For example:
● The unpleasant and unsightly growth of mould,
athlete’s foot or thrush
● In agriculture, fungal infestations can lead to loss of
crops and income.
17. YEAST STRUCTURE
Yeast has the typical structure of
a plant cell, minus the
photosynthesizing chloroplast.
18. YEAST REPRODUCTION
They reproduce asexually
by a process called
BUDDING.
The buds eventually break
away from the parent cell
to form a new yeast cell.
19. SUMMARY
● A microorganism is also known as a microbe.
● A microbe is an organism that can only be seen with a microscope. It is too small to be seen with
the naked eye. It is usually unicellular, which means it is made of one cell.
● This lesson looked at three main types of microbes: viruses, bacteria and fungi. Viruses are the
smallest and fungi are the largest.
● Viruses are basically made up of a protein coat protecting genetic material. All are pathogens but
not all are harmful to humans. They use their host cells to reproduce.
● Bacteria have a wide range of sizes and shapes, but typically have a structure similar to a cell, with
an extra cell wall and cell capsule protecting it.
● Most fungi are multicellular. Yeast, however, is unicellular, with a structure very similar to that of a
plant cell, minus the chloroplast.
● Yeast reproduces asexually via a process called budding.
20. Now Let’s See if You Understand...
Click on the following link. It is a quiz.
https://quizizz.com/join?gc=033290&source=liveDashboard
21. REFERENCES
Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Illustration of the Hepatitis C Virus, viewed on 16th July 2019,
<https://www.cdc.gov/nchhstp/newsroom/images/2016/HCV-virus-highres.png>
CNX OpenStax, viewed on 16th July 2019,
<https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:OSC_Microbio_01_03_sizes.jpg>
Conn, H.W., 1917, Image from page 110 of “Bacteria, yeasts and molds in the home”, viewed on 16th July 2019,
<https://www.flickr.com/photos/internetarchivebookimages/20772715922/>
Domdomegg (Wikimedia Commons), File: Simple diagram of bacterium (en).svg, viewed on 16th July 2019,
<https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Simple_diagram_of_bacterium_(en).svg>
DONIYER YAKHSHIBAYE / 7, viewed on 16th July 2019, <https://pxhere.com/en/photo/1583873>
Doug Jordan, M.A, USCDCP, viewed on 16th July 2019, <https://pixnio.com/science/microscopy-
images/influenza/portion-of-the-virions-outer-protein-coat-has-been-cut-away-which-reveals-the-virus-
contents>
22. REFERENCES
Mariana Ruiz, File: Bacterial morphology diagram.svg, viewed on 16th July 2019,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria#/media/File:Bacterial_morphology_diagram.svg>
NA, (gIF: bacteria moving around), viewed on 16th July 2019,
<https://media3.giphy.com/media/8lsNyZVWcpZ2o/giphy.gif?cid=e1bb72ff5d2df504677445476b283dc4
&rid=giphy.gif>
OpenClipart-Vectors from Pixabay, (Microscope-Scientist-Image), viewed on 16th July 2019,
<https://pixabay.com/vectors/analysis-biology-cell-cell-culture-2025834/>
Public Domain, viewed on 16th July 2019, <https://pxhere.com/en/photo/171607>
Ricochet Science, 24th Nov 2014, The Viral Life Cycle, viewed on 16th July 2019,
<https://youtu.be/uIut0oVWCEg>
Tania Chung, 2017, Integrated Science for CSEC Examinations, Macmillan Education, London, viewed on 16th
July 2019
UMass Amherst Libraries, 11th May 2016, 57. Budding of Yeast Cells, viewed on 16th July 2019,
<https://youtu.be/GFEgB_ytDZY>
![OBJECTIVES
SYLLABUS OBJECTIVE(S) [OBJETIVO DE SYLLABUS]
Candidate should be able to:
● Discuss the importance of selected microbes;
El candidato debe ser capaz de:
● Discuta la importancia de los microbios seleccionados;](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)