Several soil-borne viruses are transmitted by fungal vectors belonging to the classes Chytridiomycetes and Plamodiophoromycetes. Key fungal vectors include the chytrid Olpidium brassicae and plasmodiophorids Polymyxa graminis and Spongospora subterranea, which transmit viruses through both in vitro and in vivo acquisition and transmission mechanisms. The document discusses the life cycles and diseases caused by these important fungal vectors of plant viruses.
The most troublesome pests of paddy along with their control measures
For more information :
visit the link below:
http://infentfun.blogspot.in/p/blog-page_17.html
The most troublesome pests of paddy along with their control measures
For more information :
visit the link below:
http://infentfun.blogspot.in/p/blog-page_17.html
Undergraduate students' slide presentation of Plant pathogenesis caused by fungi for SHEQ3329 Agricultural Microbiology under Dr. Khanom Simarani (2014/2015).
Seed borne diseases are caused by micro-organisms infecting seeds. Seeds are attacked by various fungi, bacteria and viruses at various stages viz., in the field ,during processing, at the time of transportation, and during storage.
This includes detailed explanation with examples on diseases, disease cycle, its importance to study, types of disease cycle and pathogenesis including its components, like, means of survival, dispersal of the plant pathogens, inoculation, type of inoculum, pre-penetration, penetration including different means of entry of pathogens, post-penetration activities of the pathogens inside the plant host and its exit from the host.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
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Thanks...!
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
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FUNGAL VECTORS IN VIRAL
DISEASES OF PLANTS.
2. Thirty soil borne viruses or virus like agents
are transmitted by five species of fungal
vectors i.e soil inhibiting fungi or protists.
Known vectors are from members of class
Plamodiophoromycetes in the division
Myxomycota & class Chytridiomycetes in the
division Eumycota.
INTRODUCTION
4. What are the MECHANISM
behind FUNGI acting as a
VECTOR for VIRAL diseases
in plants??
5. 2 types of Virus-Fungal vector relationships.
1. In Vitro Transmission.
2. In Vivo Transmission.
Characterized by-
1. Method of virus acquisition
2. Locations of Virions relative to the resting spore.
To undertand the Epidemiology of a viral disease.
Possibilities for its control.
VECTOR RELATIONSHIPS.
6. Involves In Vitro acquisition;
Acquisition begin when virus-free zoospores released from resting
spore or vegetative sporangia encounter virions from soil water.
Virons are not located within the resting spore.
Virons particles- tightly & specifically adsorbed to the zoospore
membrane.
Adsorption- involves receptors in the zoospore membrane &
particular coat proteins of the virions.
Enter the zoospore cytoplasm when the flagellum is reeled in.
Found between isometric viruses of Tombusviridae & 2 Olpidium
species.
E.g.- (Olpidium brassicae * Tobacco necrosis virus).
1. In Vitro Transmission.
7. Involves In Vivo acquisition,
virus is located within the resting spore.
Virus is taken in by the fungus thallus while its growing in a virus
infected host.
Virus is within the zoospore when they are released from vegetative
sporangia or resting spore & infects the new hosts.
E.g.- (Olpidium brassicae* Lettuce Big vein virus.)
(Polymyxa betae* Bean Necrotic yellow vein virus.)
2. In Vivo Transmission.
8. What are types of VECTORS
involved in VIRAL-FUNGAL
VECTOR relationship??
9. Survive from crop to crop as resting spores.
Produce Zoospores & infect host.
Thalli-embedded in host cytoplasm ( from which they are seperated
by only a membrane in the early part of infection cycle).
Movement of viruses between host plants & fungal vectors occurs
before a thallus forms a wall.
Holocarpic ( entire thallus is converted into vegetative sporangia or
resting spores)
Obligate parasites of plant roots & have similar development stages
( Endoparasites).
ZOOSPORIC VECTORS
10.
11.
12. Endobiotic Thallus ( remains inside host cells).
Holocarpic ( entire thallus is converted into a Zoosporangium or a resting
sporangium, which on germination give rise to Zoospores.)
Inoperculate Sporangium.
Sexual reproduction is by fusion of two isogametes.
Biflagellate diploid zygote penetrates the host.
Posteriorly uniflagellate zoospores have “jerky” swimming characteristic.
Single celled resting spores ( Remain viable for 8 years)
Habitat- Water or Wet soil.
Parasitizes algae & roots of higher plants.
Vectors of viral diseases.
Transmit viruses with Isometric particles.
2 species: Olpidium brassicae & Olpidium bornovanus (=O. radicale)
GENERAL CHARACTERS OF Chytrid
vectors.
16. CAUSAL ORGANISM-
Virus- Lettuce Big Vein Virus.
(Mirafiori lettuce big-vein virus or
MiLBVV)
Fungal vector- Olpidium
brassicae.
Soil borne.
Cool Weather.
SYMPTOMS-
1. Veins enlarge, clear & show
discolouration.
2. Leaves- Puckered, ruffled &
thickened.
3. Outer leaves become upright.
1. LETTUCE BIG VEIN
17. CAUSAL ORGANISM-
Virus- Melon Necrotic Spot virus.
(Carmovirus) Tombusviridae family.
Fungal vector- Olpidium branovanus.
SYMPTOMS-
1. Chloretic lessions on leaves, stems/
cotyledons turning dark brown.
2. Brown local lession indicate
Necrosis.
3. Irregular shaped fruit – discoloured
& prominent brown ring rot.
2. MELON NECROTIC SPOT
18.
19. Biflagellate, Heterokont zoospores.
Remain viable in soil for >15 years.
Form Cytosori consisting of single celled resting spores
formed by division of thallus.
Trasmit Rod-shaped or filamentous viruses.
Endoparasitic Slime Mould.
3 species: Polymyxa graminis, Polymyxa betae &
Spongospora subterranea.
GENERAL CHARACTERS OF
Plasmodiophoral vectors.
23. CAUSAL ORGANISM-
Virus- Wheat Spindle Streak Mosaic
Virus.
Fungal vector- Polymyxa graminis.
Cool weather.
SYMPTOMS-
1. Spindle shaped lession.
2. Green up-Dashes pointed at one or
both ends with island of green tissue
at center.
3. Affected plants- Stunted & thin.
1. WHEAT SPINDLE STREAK
MOSAIC
