Scaling transforms data values to fall within a specific range, such as 0 to 1, without changing the data distribution. Normalization changes the data distribution to be normal. Common normalization techniques include standardization, which transforms data to have mean 0 and standard deviation 1, and Box-Cox transformation, which finds the best lambda value to make data more normal. Normalization is useful for algorithms that assume normal data distributions and can improve model performance and interpretation.
Linear regression with gradient descentSuraj Parmar
Intro to the very popular optimization Technique(Gradient descent) with linear regression . Linear regression with Gradient descent on www.landofai.com
Part 2 of the Deep Learning Fundamentals Series, this session discusses Tuning Training (including hyperparameters, overfitting/underfitting), Training Algorithms (including different learning rates, backpropagation), Optimization (including stochastic gradient descent, momentum, Nesterov Accelerated Gradient, RMSprop, Adaptive algorithms - Adam, Adadelta, etc.), and a primer on Convolutional Neural Networks. The demos included in these slides are running on Keras with TensorFlow backend on Databricks.
Welcome to the Supervised Machine Learning and Data Sciences.
Algorithms for building models. Support Vector Machines.
Classification algorithm explanation and code in Python ( SVM ) .
Linear regression with gradient descentSuraj Parmar
Intro to the very popular optimization Technique(Gradient descent) with linear regression . Linear regression with Gradient descent on www.landofai.com
Part 2 of the Deep Learning Fundamentals Series, this session discusses Tuning Training (including hyperparameters, overfitting/underfitting), Training Algorithms (including different learning rates, backpropagation), Optimization (including stochastic gradient descent, momentum, Nesterov Accelerated Gradient, RMSprop, Adaptive algorithms - Adam, Adadelta, etc.), and a primer on Convolutional Neural Networks. The demos included in these slides are running on Keras with TensorFlow backend on Databricks.
Welcome to the Supervised Machine Learning and Data Sciences.
Algorithms for building models. Support Vector Machines.
Classification algorithm explanation and code in Python ( SVM ) .
This presentation gives the idea about Data Preprocessing in the field of Data Mining. Images, examples and other things are adopted from "Data Mining Concepts and Techniques by Jiawei Han, Micheline Kamber and Jian Pei "
Anomaly detection (or Outlier analysis) is the identification of items, events or observations which do not conform to an expected pattern or other items in a dataset. It is used is applications such as intrusion detection, fraud detection, fault detection and monitoring processes in various domains including energy, healthcare and finance. In this talk, we will introduce anomaly detection and discuss the various analytical and machine learning techniques used in in this field. Through a case study, we will discuss how anomaly detection techniques could be applied to energy data sets. We will also demonstrate, using R and Apache Spark, an application to help reinforce concepts in anomaly detection and best practices in analyzing and reviewing results.
Anomaly detection (or Outlier analysis) is the identification of items, events or observations which do not conform to an expected pattern or other items in a dataset. It is used is applications such as intrusion detection, fraud detection, fault detection and monitoring processes in various domains including energy, healthcare and finance.
In this workshop, we will discuss the core techniques in anomaly detection and discuss advances in Deep Learning in this field.
Through case studies, we will discuss how anomaly detection techniques could be applied to various business problems. We will also demonstrate examples using R, Python, Keras and Tensorflow applications to help reinforce concepts in anomaly detection and best practices in analyzing and reviewing results.
What you will learn:
Anomaly Detection: An introduction
Graphical and Exploratory analysis techniques
Statistical techniques in Anomaly Detection
Machine learning methods for Outlier analysis
Evaluating performance in Anomaly detection techniques
Detecting anomalies in time series data
Case study 1: Anomalies in Freddie Mac mortgage data
Case study 2: Auto-encoder based Anomaly Detection for Credit risk with Keras and Tensorflow
Methods of Optimization in Machine LearningKnoldus Inc.
In this session we will discuss about various methods to optimise a machine learning model and, how we can adjust the hyper-parameters to minimise the cost function.
Data pre-processing for neural networks
NNs learn faster and give better performance if the input variables are pre-processed before being used to train the network
This presentation gives the idea about Data Preprocessing in the field of Data Mining. Images, examples and other things are adopted from "Data Mining Concepts and Techniques by Jiawei Han, Micheline Kamber and Jian Pei "
Anomaly detection (or Outlier analysis) is the identification of items, events or observations which do not conform to an expected pattern or other items in a dataset. It is used is applications such as intrusion detection, fraud detection, fault detection and monitoring processes in various domains including energy, healthcare and finance. In this talk, we will introduce anomaly detection and discuss the various analytical and machine learning techniques used in in this field. Through a case study, we will discuss how anomaly detection techniques could be applied to energy data sets. We will also demonstrate, using R and Apache Spark, an application to help reinforce concepts in anomaly detection and best practices in analyzing and reviewing results.
Anomaly detection (or Outlier analysis) is the identification of items, events or observations which do not conform to an expected pattern or other items in a dataset. It is used is applications such as intrusion detection, fraud detection, fault detection and monitoring processes in various domains including energy, healthcare and finance.
In this workshop, we will discuss the core techniques in anomaly detection and discuss advances in Deep Learning in this field.
Through case studies, we will discuss how anomaly detection techniques could be applied to various business problems. We will also demonstrate examples using R, Python, Keras and Tensorflow applications to help reinforce concepts in anomaly detection and best practices in analyzing and reviewing results.
What you will learn:
Anomaly Detection: An introduction
Graphical and Exploratory analysis techniques
Statistical techniques in Anomaly Detection
Machine learning methods for Outlier analysis
Evaluating performance in Anomaly detection techniques
Detecting anomalies in time series data
Case study 1: Anomalies in Freddie Mac mortgage data
Case study 2: Auto-encoder based Anomaly Detection for Credit risk with Keras and Tensorflow
Methods of Optimization in Machine LearningKnoldus Inc.
In this session we will discuss about various methods to optimise a machine learning model and, how we can adjust the hyper-parameters to minimise the cost function.
Data pre-processing for neural networks
NNs learn faster and give better performance if the input variables are pre-processed before being used to train the network
Regression takes a group of random variables, thought to be predicting Y, and tries to find a mathematical relationship between them. This relationship is typically in the form of a straight line (linear regression) that best approximates all the individual data points.
Lecture 7 - Bias, Variance and Regularization, a lecture in subject module St...Maninda Edirisooriya
Bias and Variance are the deepest concepts in ML which drives the decision making of a ML project. Regularization is a solution for the high variance problem. This was one of the lectures of a full course I taught in University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka on 2023 second half of the year.
how,when and why to perform Feature scaling?
Different type of feature scaling Technique.
when to perform feature scaling?
why to perform feature scaling?
MinMax feature scaling techniques.
Unit vector scaling.
Explore how data science can be used to predict employee churn using this data science project presentation, allowing organizations to proactively address retention issues. This student presentation from Boston Institute of Analytics showcases the methodology, insights, and implications of predicting employee turnover. visit https://bostoninstituteofanalytics.org/data-science-and-artificial-intelligence/ for more data science insights
Lecture 8 - Feature Engineering and Optimization, a lecture in subject module...Maninda Edirisooriya
This lesson covers the core data science related content required for applying ML. This was one of the lectures of a full course I taught in University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka on 2023 second half of the year.
Contains different types of Data Visualizations, best practices to follow for each case and what type of visualization should be made for different kinds of datasets.
Wireless charging using electromagnetic induction, and resonance magnetic coupling. Effects and limitations, cheallenges faced and meathods to overcome. Success Case study. References included.
Opendatabay - Open Data Marketplace.pptxOpendatabay
Opendatabay.com unlocks the power of data for everyone. Open Data Marketplace fosters a collaborative hub for data enthusiasts to explore, share, and contribute to a vast collection of datasets.
First ever open hub for data enthusiasts to collaborate and innovate. A platform to explore, share, and contribute to a vast collection of datasets. Through robust quality control and innovative technologies like blockchain verification, opendatabay ensures the authenticity and reliability of datasets, empowering users to make data-driven decisions with confidence. Leverage cutting-edge AI technologies to enhance the data exploration, analysis, and discovery experience.
From intelligent search and recommendations to automated data productisation and quotation, Opendatabay AI-driven features streamline the data workflow. Finding the data you need shouldn't be a complex. Opendatabay simplifies the data acquisition process with an intuitive interface and robust search tools. Effortlessly explore, discover, and access the data you need, allowing you to focus on extracting valuable insights. Opendatabay breaks new ground with a dedicated, AI-generated, synthetic datasets.
Leverage these privacy-preserving datasets for training and testing AI models without compromising sensitive information. Opendatabay prioritizes transparency by providing detailed metadata, provenance information, and usage guidelines for each dataset, ensuring users have a comprehensive understanding of the data they're working with. By leveraging a powerful combination of distributed ledger technology and rigorous third-party audits Opendatabay ensures the authenticity and reliability of every dataset. Security is at the core of Opendatabay. Marketplace implements stringent security measures, including encryption, access controls, and regular vulnerability assessments, to safeguard your data and protect your privacy.
Explore our comprehensive data analysis project presentation on predicting product ad campaign performance. Learn how data-driven insights can optimize your marketing strategies and enhance campaign effectiveness. Perfect for professionals and students looking to understand the power of data analysis in advertising. for more details visit: https://bostoninstituteofanalytics.org/data-science-and-artificial-intelligence/
Data Centers - Striving Within A Narrow Range - Research Report - MCG - May 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) expects to see demand and the changing evolution of supply, facilitated through institutional investment rotation out of offices and into work from home (“WFH”), while the ever-expanding need for data storage as global internet usage expands, with experts predicting 5.3 billion users by 2023. These market factors will be underpinned by technological changes, such as progressing cloud services and edge sites, allowing the industry to see strong expected annual growth of 13% over the next 4 years.
Whilst competitive headwinds remain, represented through the recent second bankruptcy filing of Sungard, which blames “COVID-19 and other macroeconomic trends including delayed customer spending decisions, insourcing and reductions in IT spending, energy inflation and reduction in demand for certain services”, the industry has seen key adjustments, where MCG believes that engineering cost management and technological innovation will be paramount to success.
MCG reports that the more favorable market conditions expected over the next few years, helped by the winding down of pandemic restrictions and a hybrid working environment will be driving market momentum forward. The continuous injection of capital by alternative investment firms, as well as the growing infrastructural investment from cloud service providers and social media companies, whose revenues are expected to grow over 3.6x larger by value in 2026, will likely help propel center provision and innovation. These factors paint a promising picture for the industry players that offset rising input costs and adapt to new technologies.
According to M Capital Group: “Specifically, the long-term cost-saving opportunities available from the rise of remote managing will likely aid value growth for the industry. Through margin optimization and further availability of capital for reinvestment, strong players will maintain their competitive foothold, while weaker players exit the market to balance supply and demand.”
As Europe's leading economic powerhouse and the fourth-largest hashtag#economy globally, Germany stands at the forefront of innovation and industrial might. Renowned for its precision engineering and high-tech sectors, Germany's economic structure is heavily supported by a robust service industry, accounting for approximately 68% of its GDP. This economic clout and strategic geopolitical stance position Germany as a focal point in the global cyber threat landscape.
In the face of escalating global tensions, particularly those emanating from geopolitical disputes with nations like hashtag#Russia and hashtag#China, hashtag#Germany has witnessed a significant uptick in targeted cyber operations. Our analysis indicates a marked increase in hashtag#cyberattack sophistication aimed at critical infrastructure and key industrial sectors. These attacks range from ransomware campaigns to hashtag#AdvancedPersistentThreats (hashtag#APTs), threatening national security and business integrity.
🔑 Key findings include:
🔍 Increased frequency and complexity of cyber threats.
🔍 Escalation of state-sponsored and criminally motivated cyber operations.
🔍 Active dark web exchanges of malicious tools and tactics.
Our comprehensive report delves into these challenges, using a blend of open-source and proprietary data collection techniques. By monitoring activity on critical networks and analyzing attack patterns, our team provides a detailed overview of the threats facing German entities.
This report aims to equip stakeholders across public and private sectors with the knowledge to enhance their defensive strategies, reduce exposure to cyber risks, and reinforce Germany's resilience against cyber threats.
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Empowering the Data Analytics Ecosystem: A Laser Focus on Value
The data analytics ecosystem thrives when every component functions at its peak, unlocking the true potential of data. Here's a laser focus on key areas for an empowered ecosystem:
1. Democratize Access, Not Data:
Granular Access Controls: Provide users with self-service tools tailored to their specific needs, preventing data overload and misuse.
Data Catalogs: Implement robust data catalogs for easy discovery and understanding of available data sources.
2. Foster Collaboration with Clear Roles:
Data Mesh Architecture: Break down data silos by creating a distributed data ownership model with clear ownership and responsibilities.
Collaborative Workspaces: Utilize interactive platforms where data scientists, analysts, and domain experts can work seamlessly together.
3. Leverage Advanced Analytics Strategically:
AI-powered Automation: Automate repetitive tasks like data cleaning and feature engineering, freeing up data talent for higher-level analysis.
Right-Tool Selection: Strategically choose the most effective advanced analytics techniques (e.g., AI, ML) based on specific business problems.
4. Prioritize Data Quality with Automation:
Automated Data Validation: Implement automated data quality checks to identify and rectify errors at the source, minimizing downstream issues.
Data Lineage Tracking: Track the flow of data throughout the ecosystem, ensuring transparency and facilitating root cause analysis for errors.
5. Cultivate a Data-Driven Mindset:
Metrics-Driven Performance Management: Align KPIs and performance metrics with data-driven insights to ensure actionable decision making.
Data Storytelling Workshops: Equip stakeholders with the skills to translate complex data findings into compelling narratives that drive action.
Benefits of a Precise Ecosystem:
Sharpened Focus: Precise access and clear roles ensure everyone works with the most relevant data, maximizing efficiency.
Actionable Insights: Strategic analytics and automated quality checks lead to more reliable and actionable data insights.
Continuous Improvement: Data-driven performance management fosters a culture of learning and continuous improvement.
Sustainable Growth: Empowered by data, organizations can make informed decisions to drive sustainable growth and innovation.
By focusing on these precise actions, organizations can create an empowered data analytics ecosystem that delivers real value by driving data-driven decisions and maximizing the return on their data investment.
Chatty Kathy - UNC Bootcamp Final Project Presentation - Final Version - 5.23...John Andrews
SlideShare Description for "Chatty Kathy - UNC Bootcamp Final Project Presentation"
Title: Chatty Kathy: Enhancing Physical Activity Among Older Adults
Description:
Discover how Chatty Kathy, an innovative project developed at the UNC Bootcamp, aims to tackle the challenge of low physical activity among older adults. Our AI-driven solution uses peer interaction to boost and sustain exercise levels, significantly improving health outcomes. This presentation covers our problem statement, the rationale behind Chatty Kathy, synthetic data and persona creation, model performance metrics, a visual demonstration of the project, and potential future developments. Join us for an insightful Q&A session to explore the potential of this groundbreaking project.
Project Team: Jay Requarth, Jana Avery, John Andrews, Dr. Dick Davis II, Nee Buntoum, Nam Yeongjin & Mat Nicholas
2. Topics
1. Scaling of Data
2. Data Normalization
3. Difference between Scaling and Normalization
4. Min-max scalar and Box-Cox Transformation
3. Scaling of data
• Variable scaling requires taking values that span a specific range and representing them in another range.
• The standard method is to scale variables to [0,1].
• This may introduce various distortions or biases into the data but the distribution or shape remains same.
• Depending on the modeling tool, scaling variable ranges can be beneficial or sometimes even required.
One way of doing this is:
Linear Scaling Transform
• First task in this scaling is to determine the minimum and maximum values of variables.
• Then applying the transform:
(x - min{x1, xN}) / (max{x1, xN} - min{x1, xN})
• This introduces no distortion to the variable distribution.
• Has a one-to-one relationship between the original and scaled values.
4. Scaling of data
Out of Range values
• In data preparation, the data used is only a sample of the population.
• Therefore, it is not certain that the actual minimum and maximum values of the variable have been
discovered when scaling the ranges.
• If some values that turn up later in the mining process are outside of the limits discovered in the sample,
they are called out-of-range values.
5. Scaling of data
Dealing with Out of Range values
• After range scaling, all variables should be in the range of [0,1].
• Out-of-range values, however, have values like -0.2 or 1.1 which can cause unwanted behavior.
Solution 1: Ignore that the range has been exceeded.
• Most modeling tools have (at least) some capacity to handle numbers outside the scaling range.
• Important question to ask: Does this affect the quality of the model?
Solution 2: Exclude the out of range instances.
• One problem is that reducing the number of instances reduces the confidence that the sample represents
the population.
• Another problem: Introduction of bias. Out-of-range values may occur with a certain pattern and ignoring
these instances removes samples according to a pattern introducing distortion to the sample
6. Scaling of data
Dealing with Out of Range values
Solution 3: Clip the out of range values
• If the value is greater than 1, assign 1 to it. If less than 0, assign 0.
• This approach assumes that out-of-range values are somehow equivalent with range limit values.
• Therefore, the information content on the limits is distorted by projecting multiple values into a single
value.
• This also introduces some bias.
Solution 4: Making room for out of range values
• The linear scaling transform provides an undistorted normalization but suffers from out-of-range values.
• Therefore, we should modify it to somehow include also values that are out of range.
• Most of the population is inside the range so for these values the normalization should be linear.
• The solution is to reserve some part of the range for the out-of-range values.
• Reserved amount of space depends on the confidence level of the sample:
e.g. - 98% confidence linear part is [0.01, 0.99]
7. Scaling of data
Dealing with Out of Range values
Squashing the out of range values
• Now the problem reduces to fitting the out-of-range values into the space left for them.
• The greater the difference between a value and the range limit, the less likely any such value is found.
• Therefore, the transformation should be such that as the distance to the range grows, the smaller the
increase towards one or decrease towards zero.
• One possibility is to use functions of the form y =1/x and attach them to the ends of the linear part.
Its difficult to carry out the scaling in pieces depending on the nature of the data point.
We can do all of the above steps using one function called Softmax scaling.
8. Scaling of data
Dealing with Out of Range values
Softmax Scaling –
• The extent of the linear part can be controlled by one parameter.
• The space assigned for out-of-range values can be controlled by the level of uncertainty in the sample.
• Non identical values have always different normalized values.
Softmax scaling is based on the logistic function:
y = 1 / (1 + e-x)
Where y is the scaled value and x is the input value.
• The logistic function transforms the original range of
[-,] to [0,1] and also has a linear part on the transform.
10. Data Normalization
• Applying a function to each data point z in the data: yi = f(zi)
• Unlike scaling, not only the data is distorted, but the shape or distribution of the data changes as well.
• The point of normalization is to change your observations so that they can be described as a normal
distribution.
• In general, you'll only want to normalize your data if you're going to be using a machine learning or
statistics technique that assumes your data is normally distributed.
• Or before using any technique containing “Gaussian” in its name.
11. Data Normalization
Data Standardization
• Also called z-scores.
• The terms normalization and standardization are
sometimes used interchangeably.
• Standardization transforms data to have a mean of
zero and a standard deviation of 1.
• Done by subtracting the mean and dividing by the
standard deviation for each data point.
12. Data Normalization
Log Transformation
• The log transformation can be used to make highly skewed distributions less skewed.
• This can be valuable both for making patterns in the data more interpretable and for helping to meet the
assumptions of inferential statistics.
• Figure shows an example of how a log transformation can make patterns more visible. Both graphs plot
the brain weight of animals as a function of their body weight. The raw weights are shown in the left
panel; the log-transformed weights are plotted in the right panel.
13. Data Normalization
Box-Cox Transformation
The Box-Cox transformation of the variable x is also indexed by λ, and is defined as:
• Box-Cox transformations cannot handle negative values.
• One way to deal with this is by adding the minimum data point value to add the data points.
• We want to use the same lambda generated from the training set of box cox transformation in the test
set.
• Another way to write this equation:
as ƛ turns to be 0
14. Data Normalization
Box-Cox Transformation
Notice with this definition of that x = 1 always maps to the point = 0 for all values of λ. To see how
the transformation works, look at the examples in Figure.
15. Data Normalization
Box-Cox Transformation
In the top row, the choice λ = 1 simply shifts x to the value x−1, which is a straight line. In the bottom row (on
a semi-logarithmic scale), the choice λ = 0 corresponds to a logarithmic transformation, which is now a
straight line. We superimpose a larger collection of transformations on a semi-logarithmic scale in Figure 2.
17. Data Normalization
Why do we need normalization?
1. Some algorithms need normally distributed data as input, otherwise the results are not reliable.
2. Easy comparison of values.
3. Interpretation of results makes more sense.
4. Objective function works faster in some cases if the data is normalized, i.e., speed of the algorithm
increases.
5. Can create complex features that may improve the model (or make it non-linear)