Saliva has become a tool in diagnosis of diseases as well as forensics..this ppt helps to gain knowledge about about how saliva is use in forensics

1. SALIVA IN FORENSICS
Dr.Shilpa PG II yr

2. Contents:
• Introduction.
• Why saliva? Which components are reservoirs of evident material?
• Advantages of saliva for sample collection.
• Methods of collection of sample from saliva.
• Saliva in personal identification.
• Deoxyribonucleic acid profiling/fingerprinting.

3. • Saliva in sex determination.
• Saliva in ABO blood group identification.
• Saliva in age estimation.
• Saliva in drug abuse.
• Limitations.
• Conclusion.

4. Introduction:

5. Evidence:

6. Biofluids:

7. Saliva:

8. Why saliva?
• The inorganic part is composed of weak and strong ions, with the most important being Na+, K+, Cl,
Ca2+, HCO3, Mg2+, and NH3.
• The organic part contains components such as body secretion products (urea, uric acid and creatinine),
putrefaction products (putrescine, cadaverine; lipids such as cholesterol and fatty acids), and more than
400 types of protein.
• The most relevant proteins have a glandular origin (amylase, histatins, cystatins, lactoferrins,
lysozymes, mucins, and proline-rich proteins (PRPs)) or are plasma-derived (albumin, secretory
immunoglobulin A (sIgA), transferrin).
• Epithelial cells of oral mucosa.

9. Which components are reservoirs of evident material?
• Enzymes such as Amylase.
• Genes such as STATETHIN and HISTATIN 3.
• Total proteins and mineral content.
• Immunoglobulins.
• Epithelial cells
• DNA cytosine methylation.
DNA & m RNA

10. Source:

11. ADVANTAGES OF SALIVA AS A SAMPLE:
1. Collection is easier.
2. Painless Method.
3. Can be done on babies, children and elderly subjects.
4. Does not have any religious implications which are present while using blood.
5. Safe method.

12. METHODS OF COLLECTION OF SALIVA FROM
OBJECT/VICTIM:
• FRESH SALIVA: Rinse methods.
• DRIED SALIVA STAINS: Chemicals and Light systems.
• FROM SKIN: Single and Double swab techniques and Phenol chloroform technique.

13. Methods of collection:
• FRESH SALIVA:
• DRIED SALIVA:

14. • FROM SKIN:
SWAB TECHNIQUES:

15. Storage and transportation:
• Oral diffusion sink
• Proflow
• Sialometer TM
• Orasure
• Salivette
• Intercept
• Finger collector
• Oralscreen

16. Protectors:
• Iso code cards.
• FTA cards.

17. Forensic saliva tests:
• COLORIMETRIC.
• IMMUNOCHROMATOGRAPHIC STRIP TESTS.
• LIGHT BASED SYSTEMS.
• ELISA.
• NMR.
• MICRO CHIPS.
• RT-PCR.

18. COLORIMETRIC:
PHADEBASE TEST PHADEBASE STRIP TEST SALIGAE TEST

19. IMMUNOCHROMATOGRAPHIC STRIPS:
RSID TEST

20. LIGHT BASED SYSTEMS:
RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY
FLOURESCENCE SPECTROMETRY
QUARTZ TUBES

21. ELISA:

22. NMR:

23. MICROCHIPS:

24. PCR:

25. SALIVA IN PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION:

26. Chelex:

27. Phenol chloroform:

28. Automated kits:

29. 1)DNA isolation and extraction.
2) VISUALIZATION & Quantification.
3) AMPLIFICATION .
4) ANALYSIS ( Detection & interpretation ).

32. STR:

34. SALIVA IN SEX DETERMINATION:

36. AMELOGENIN GENE EXPRESSION:

37. STAINING METHODS:

38. SALIVA IN AGE ESTIMATION:
• Total protein content and mineral content estimation.
• DNA cytosine methylation.

39. SALIVA IN ABO BLOOD GROUP
DETERMINATION:
• Absorption inhibition method
• Adsorption elution method
Boil and Centrifuge
Suspensi
on
Stock
preparati
on
Sample
collection

40. Suspension of A & b cells:
Suspension
of A &B
cells
Boil and
centrifuge
Add reagents
of A &B
cells
Examine for
agglutination

42. SALIVA IN DRUG ABUSE:

43. Ria:

44. IMMUNOASSAY:

45. NMR:

47. LIMITATIONS:
• Contamination.
• DNA degradation.
• Overestimation of DNA quality and quantity.(with microbes)
• Variable interpretations.
• Adherence reduces quantity of DNA.
• Misinterpretation of high specific equipment.

48. CONCLUSION:

49. REFERENCES:
• Sex Determination by Cytological Examination of Salivary and Urinary SedimentsEmilio
BattagliaInternational Journal of Cytology, Cytosystematics and Cytogenetics
• Forensic Biology: Serology and DNA Lisa Gefrides,
• Automated Low-Cost Smartphone-Based Lateral Flow Saliv Test Reader for Drugs-of-Abuse
Detection Adrian Carrio. Sensors 2015,
• Saliva: An Expert Witness Sood S. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR
• The Fractionation of ABH Blood Grou-p Substances in Saliva E. R. RUTTER. 3. Forens. Sci.
Sac. (1977), 16, 241.
• Recent Advances in Forensic DNAAnalysis Jennifer M RomenikaJ Forensic Res 2013, S12.

50. • Analysis of Salivary DNA Evidence from a Bite Mark on a Body Submerged in Water. David
Sweet,
• Role of oral fluids in DNA investigations Padma Pandeshwar. Journal of Forensic and Legal
Medicine 22 (2014) 45e50.
• Quality evaluation of DNA obtained from stored human saliva and its applicability to
identification in Forensic Dentistry.
• Specimens for Drugs-of-Abuse Testing Leo J. Kadehjian.
• Forensic Biology: Serology and DNA Lisa Gefrides, MS, FABC and Katie Welch, MS,
FABC.
• Review: The physiology of saliva and transfer of drugs into saliva Johan K.M. Forensic
Science International 150 (2005) 119–131.

51. • DNA extraction from human saliva deposited on skin and its use in forensic
identification proceduresBrazilian Oral Research · September 2005.
• saliva in forensic dentistry- a comprehensive Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial
Pathology · August 2015review
• Collection and Extraction of Saliva DNA for Next Generation SequencingMichael R.
GoodeJournal of Visualized Experiments

52. Thank you..