The study was conducted to find out the performance of broiler birds fed different levels of potato meal (PM). The levels of potato meal in the different treatment rations were control 0, 5, 10, and 15 g/kg, respectively. Dietary levels of PM did not affect live weight at 7, 21, 28, 35 and 42 days of age. However, live weight of broiler differed significantly (p<0.05)><0.05)>0.05) among different levels of PM in diet at 21, 28, 35, and 42 days of age. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) decreased between 7 and 14 days of age with the least conversion observed at 15 g/kg PM level. FCR didn’t differ significantly (p<0.05)><0.05). However, sale price (Taka/broiler) and sale price (Taka/kg broiler) were more or less similar in all treatments. Profit per broiler and per kg broiler were reduced as the PM level increased in the diet. It was therefore concluded that use of potato meal at 5 to 15g/kg diet may not be suitable for growth and profitability in broiler production
Crop Colonies- Seed to Plate Value Chain of Pulses in TelanganaDr. Poshadri Achinna
Crop Colonies are market driven, location specific crop production in cluster approach to achieve Self sufficiency in food production as well as creation of warehouse infrastructure, easy access to market , better market price to farm produce and production of affordable quality processed food with the state of Art agro processing technologies to reduce post harvest losses and better control of retail prices. Thus, finally leads to Agriculture as a lucrative profession.
Effect of cereal, millet and legume bran supplement on yield and biological e...Dr. siddhant
Different bran, viz., wheat, rice, maize, barley (cereal bran), sorghum (millet bran) pea, gram and pigeon pea (legume bran) were evaluated as supplement @ 10% on dry weight basis of substrate for enhancing yield and biological efficiency of Pleurotus flabellatus. Among the bran used, wheat, rice, sorghum, pea and pigeon pea bran produced significant yield and biological efficiency of mushroom than the control. It was recorded maximum in rice bran (655 g, 131%) followed by wheat bran (615 g, 123%), pea bran (600 g, 120%), pigeon pea bran (595 g, 109%) and sorghum bran (580 g, 116%). Significantly (P=0.05) higher weight/sporocarp was obtained from the barley (12.50 g), pea (13.63 g) and pigeon pea bran (15.42 g) while none of them produced significant no of sporocarp.
Crop Colonies- Seed to Plate Value Chain of Pulses in TelanganaDr. Poshadri Achinna
Crop Colonies are market driven, location specific crop production in cluster approach to achieve Self sufficiency in food production as well as creation of warehouse infrastructure, easy access to market , better market price to farm produce and production of affordable quality processed food with the state of Art agro processing technologies to reduce post harvest losses and better control of retail prices. Thus, finally leads to Agriculture as a lucrative profession.
Effect of cereal, millet and legume bran supplement on yield and biological e...Dr. siddhant
Different bran, viz., wheat, rice, maize, barley (cereal bran), sorghum (millet bran) pea, gram and pigeon pea (legume bran) were evaluated as supplement @ 10% on dry weight basis of substrate for enhancing yield and biological efficiency of Pleurotus flabellatus. Among the bran used, wheat, rice, sorghum, pea and pigeon pea bran produced significant yield and biological efficiency of mushroom than the control. It was recorded maximum in rice bran (655 g, 131%) followed by wheat bran (615 g, 123%), pea bran (600 g, 120%), pigeon pea bran (595 g, 109%) and sorghum bran (580 g, 116%). Significantly (P=0.05) higher weight/sporocarp was obtained from the barley (12.50 g), pea (13.63 g) and pigeon pea bran (15.42 g) while none of them produced significant no of sporocarp.
The main feedstuffs fed to cattle include: grass, hay, grain, silage and total mixed ration. There are in fact, many types of feeds that can be fed to cattle, for example, crumbles, meals, coarse mix and pellets made from raw material such as corn, wheat, soybean. In this article, Elena Forbes of Azeus Machinery takes a closer look at the processes involved in creating a good quality pellet. With the global demand for cattle feed ever increasing, the need to produce high quality and nutritionally balanced feed has become an essential issue in the feed market.
To get practical knowledge about poultry management.
To practice Broiler management.
To identify the problem in poultry and broiler management.
Poultry is the domestication and rearing of birds like
Chicken
Turkeys
Guinea fowls
Ducks
Quails
for the purpose of meat and eggs which are highly nutritive supplementing foods and high-quality protein.
Daily observation & cleaning
Housing
Feeding
Watering
Weighing
Egg collection
Debeaking
Culling
Feed supplement
Egg quality parameters
Effect of Malting and Fermentation on the Proximate Composition and Sensory P...theijes
Four maize flour samples comprising non-malted non-fermented maize (NMNFZ), non-malted fermented maize (NMFZ), malted non-fermented maize (MNFZ), malted fermented maize (MFZ) flour were blended with African yam bean flour to yield test flours consisting of NMNFZB, NMFZB, MNFZB and MFZB with 16g protein/100g flour each. Native maize flour was used as control. The test flours were used for production of tortilla designated as NMNFZBT, NMFZBT, MNFZBT and MFZBT respectively with NT (native tortilla) as control. Proximate composition and sensory attributes of the tortilla products were evaluated using standard methods. Malting and fermentation resulted in apparent increase in protein content of maize from 11.25g/100g solids (NMNFZ) to 11.67g/100g solids (MFZ). Complementation with African yam bean increased the protein content of the test flours. Crude protein values of the tortilla products ranged from 16.27g/100g solids (NMNFZBT) to 21.68g/100g solids (MFZBT). The MFZBT had the lowest carbohydrate content (59.17g/100g solids) while NMNFZBT had the highest value of 68.87g/100g solids. MFZBT had the highest values of 8.75, 1.35 and 5.77g/100g solids for moisture, fibre and ash contents respectively. NMNFZBT had the highest energy value of 1510.11kJ/100g. The flavour of the tortillas improved significantly (p<0.05) with MFZBT having the highest overall acceptability mean score (8.30±0.20).
Farming system is the scientific integration of different interdependent and interacting farm enterprises for the efficient use of land, labour and other resources of a farm family which provide year round income to the farmers.
The main feedstuffs fed to cattle include: grass, hay, grain, silage and total mixed ration. There are in fact, many types of feeds that can be fed to cattle, for example, crumbles, meals, coarse mix and pellets made from raw material such as corn, wheat, soybean. In this article, Elena Forbes of Azeus Machinery takes a closer look at the processes involved in creating a good quality pellet. With the global demand for cattle feed ever increasing, the need to produce high quality and nutritionally balanced feed has become an essential issue in the feed market.
To get practical knowledge about poultry management.
To practice Broiler management.
To identify the problem in poultry and broiler management.
Poultry is the domestication and rearing of birds like
Chicken
Turkeys
Guinea fowls
Ducks
Quails
for the purpose of meat and eggs which are highly nutritive supplementing foods and high-quality protein.
Daily observation & cleaning
Housing
Feeding
Watering
Weighing
Egg collection
Debeaking
Culling
Feed supplement
Egg quality parameters
Effect of Malting and Fermentation on the Proximate Composition and Sensory P...theijes
Four maize flour samples comprising non-malted non-fermented maize (NMNFZ), non-malted fermented maize (NMFZ), malted non-fermented maize (MNFZ), malted fermented maize (MFZ) flour were blended with African yam bean flour to yield test flours consisting of NMNFZB, NMFZB, MNFZB and MFZB with 16g protein/100g flour each. Native maize flour was used as control. The test flours were used for production of tortilla designated as NMNFZBT, NMFZBT, MNFZBT and MFZBT respectively with NT (native tortilla) as control. Proximate composition and sensory attributes of the tortilla products were evaluated using standard methods. Malting and fermentation resulted in apparent increase in protein content of maize from 11.25g/100g solids (NMNFZ) to 11.67g/100g solids (MFZ). Complementation with African yam bean increased the protein content of the test flours. Crude protein values of the tortilla products ranged from 16.27g/100g solids (NMNFZBT) to 21.68g/100g solids (MFZBT). The MFZBT had the lowest carbohydrate content (59.17g/100g solids) while NMNFZBT had the highest value of 68.87g/100g solids. MFZBT had the highest values of 8.75, 1.35 and 5.77g/100g solids for moisture, fibre and ash contents respectively. NMNFZBT had the highest energy value of 1510.11kJ/100g. The flavour of the tortillas improved significantly (p<0.05) with MFZBT having the highest overall acceptability mean score (8.30±0.20).
Farming system is the scientific integration of different interdependent and interacting farm enterprises for the efficient use of land, labour and other resources of a farm family which provide year round income to the farmers.
А знаете ли вы, как нужно правильно переходить улицу через дорогу? А об удивительной «зебре» родом совсем не из Африки, которая отлично прижилась в городе? А знаете, что такое «лежачий полицейский» и почему его так называют?
Если не знаете, не беда: обо всем этом вам расскажут выпуски книг по "Правилу дорожного движения". Прочитайте эти книги и вы почувствуете себя хозяевами своего города, знающими его законы.
A study was carried out to evaluate the nutritive value and enzyme supplementation of different sources of energy in broiler diets on the growth performance and heamatological parameters of broiler chickens supplemented with Mazigrain® enzyme within the treated groups. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets less (23.17 % CP; 2831 Kcal/ME and 21.73 % CP; 2929 Kcal/ME) for the broiler starter (0 - a month) and finisher phases (5–8 months) respectively were formulated. Diet 1(maize based diet) served in as the control while diets 2, 3, 4 and 5 were supplemented with sorghum, pearl millet, cassava and sweet potatoes based diets separately. A sum of 225 day-old NAPRI X broiler chicks were haphazardly distributed to the five treatments. Every treatment comprised of 45 broilers with three repeats of fifteen birds each in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The general linear model protocol of S.A.S. 9.0. was used to analyze the collected data. Among the dietary groups significant changes (P<0.05) was found utilizing a Tukey test. Enzyme along with various energy sources have noteworthy (P<0.05) changes on every one of the parameters (final weight, daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, water intake, water to feed ratio and feed cost per kilogram weight gain) except for death rate at the starter phase. Broilers that had sorghum based diet had the best performance at starter stage (final weight; 627 g, weight gain; 576.85 g, feed cost/kg gain; ^ 187.95 k). At the finisher stage, sorghum supplemented with enzyme had the best feed conversion ratio (1.96) and feed cost/kg gain; ^ 171.15 k. The optimal performance characteristics were recorded for sorghum based diets. Feed cost / kg gain was the cheapest on birds fed sorghum based diet with enzyme supplementation which was comparable with those fed the maize based diet. However, the use of enzyme enhanced the performance of birds at both the starter and finisher phases.
A study was carried out to evaluate the nutritive value and enzyme
supplementation of different sources of energy in broiler diets on the growth
performance and heamatological parameters of broiler chickens supplemented with
Mazigrain® enzyme within the treated groups. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets
less (23.17 % CP; 2831 Kcal/ME and 21.73 % CP; 2929 Kcal/ME) for the broiler starter
(0 - a month) and finisher phases (5–8 months) respectively were formulated. Diet 1
(maize based diet) served in as the control while diets 2, 3, 4 and 5 were
supplemented with sorghum, pearl millet, cassava and sweet potatoes based diets
separately. A sum of 225 day-old NAPRI X broiler chicks were haphazardly distributed
to the five treatments. Every treatment comprised of 45 broilers with three repeats of
fifteen birds each in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The general linear model
protocol of S.A.S. 9.0. was used to analyze the collected data. Among the dietary
groups significant changes (P<0.05) was found utilizing a Tukey test. Enzyme along
with various energy sources have noteworthy (P<0.05) changes on every one of the
parameters (final weight, daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, water intake, water
to feed ratio and feed cost per kilogram weight gain) except for death rate at the
starter phase. Broilers that had sorghum based diet had the best performance at
starter stage (final weight; 627 g, weight gain; 576.85 g, feed cost/kg gain; ^ 187.95 k).
At the finisher stage, sorghum supplemented with enzyme had the best feed
conversion ratio (1.96) and feed cost/kg gain; ^ 171.15 k. The optimal performance
characteristics were recorded for sorghum based diets. Feed cost / kg gain was the
cheapest on birds fed sorghum based diet with enzyme supplementation which was
comparable with those fed the maize based diet. However, the use of enzyme
enhanced the performance of birds at both the starter and finisher phases.
Study of Intake, Growth and Nutrient Utilization of Growing Bulls Fed Forages...IJEAB
The study was conducted to rank Napier, jumbo, maize and rice straw on the basis of their yield, production cost, nutritional value and productivity of native growing bulls. Thirty native bulls (Bos indicus) of 135 (+28/-28) kg live weight (LW) were randomly allocated to five treatments in a completely randomized design and fed silage of maize (Zea mays; Hybrid, PG-1000), jumbo (Sorghum bicolor; Hybrid Sugar graze), Napier (Pennisetum perpureum; hybrid) and urea molasses straw of whole straw (UMS-WS) and UMS of stover (UMS-S) for a period of 90 days. The dry matter (DM) intake of Napier, jumbo, maize, UMS-WS and UMS-S was 2.08, 1.79, 2.01, 1.92 and 2.08 % LW, respectively which differed significantly (P<0.01).><0.01)><0.01) in bulls fed maize silage (273.3 g/d) followed by Napier silage (81.4 g/d), UMS-S (75.3 g/d), jumbo silage (39.9 g/d) and UMS-WS (39.6 g/d). Considering the cost of beef production, maize may be ranked on the top followed by Napier, jumbo, UMS-S and UMS-WS, respectively which may be taken in profitable beef production system.
Performance Characteristics and Carcass Yield of Indigenous Turkeys Fed Indom...iosrjce
This study evaluated the performance of turkey poults fed indomie waste (IW) based-diet. A total of
one hundred and forty-four (144) local strain of turkey poults were allotted to four dietary treatments in which
indomie waste was used to replace maize at 0%, 33.33%, 66.67%, and 100% levels, representing treatments one
to four (T1- T4) respectively. Each treatment was replicated three times with 12 poults per replicate using the
Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The study lasted for eight weeks. The initial weights of the poults were
taken while the final weight record was taken at the end of the study. The feed intake record was taken daily and
computed as total feed consumed per bird at the end of the study while weight gain, feed conversion ratio and
feed cost were calculated. Three birds were randomly selected from each replicate for carcass and organ
evaluation and were expressed as percentages of the body weight. The result showed that the IW significantly
(p< 0.05) affected the average weight gain and improved feed conversion ratio. The cost of feed per kg
decreased with increasing levels of IW in the diet. Significant differences were not observed in the carcass and
organ except in the breast yield. The lowest cost of feed was obtained at 100% inclusion level. The reduction in
feed cost is an advantage to the farmer who desires low cost of production. It was evident that IW could be
incorporated into the diet of local strain of turkey poults up to 100% level without any deleterious effect on the
performance of the turkeys, however, the 66.67% replacement which led to higher final body weight and better
feed conversion is recommended.
Annual Biomass Production, Chemical Composition and In- sacco Degradability o...IJEAB
Types of plant cultivars and seasons often affect production and productivity of fodder biomass and nutritional quality to animals. Selection of suitable cultivars and better understanding of year round biomass production are indispensable for improving quality feed supply to animals. Black Seed Moringa (BSM-L) and White Seed Moringa (WSM), the two local cultivars and Black Seed Moringa (BSM-T) cultivar of Thailand origin of Moringa oleifera were cultivated in the fodder research field of the Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI) during the period of 19 August 2014 to 23 December 2015. An agronomical trial was conducted to determine the biomass yield of the three cultivars in different seasons of a year under common agronomical practices. The effect of the cultivars on the daily relative growth rate (RGR), chemical composition and in-sacco dry matter (DM) degradability were also evaluated. The cultivar response to biomass production performances, chemical composition and nutritional values were analyzed in an ANOVA of a Randomized Block Design (RBD), while the differences in the rate and extent of the DM degradability in-sacco determined using three rumen cannulated bulls were analyzed in an ANOVA of 3x3 Latin Square Design. The annual biomass yield of BSM-L tops (114.5 t/ha fresh; 22.7 t/ha DM) was significantly higher than that of WSM (29.0 t/ha fresh; 5.80 t/ha DM) or BSM-T (83.5 t/ha fresh; 16.0 t/ha DM). No significant difference in chemical composition (224.9, 222.4 & 223.8 g.kg-1 DM of crude protein (CP), respectively, and 450.9, 455.3 & 435.4 g.kg-1 DM of neutral detergent fiber, respectively) or nutritional value (47.4, 46.7 & 45.3% of potential, and 62.8, 64.2 and 63.6% of effective degradability of dry matter) was found for the cultivars. BSM-L had a significantly higher survivability (97.2%), prune number per plant (3.50) and RGR (15.6 mg DM/day) than WSM (25.0%, 2.30 & 4.20 mg DM/day) or BSM-T (55.6%, 3.10 & 10.8 mg DM/day) respectively. The hot and dry, and hot and humid climate having a Heat Index (HI) range of 25o to 35o F and monthly total rainfall of 130 mm to 332 mm were suitable for cultivation of all the Moringa cultivars. It was concluded that considering biomass production and its quality in terms of chemical composition and nutritional values, Black Seed Moringa (Moringa oleifera) may be cultivated as a plant fodder crop for the production of feed for ruminant animals.
Performance and Blood Profiles of Finisher Broilers Fed Diets Containing Grad...BRNSS Publication Hub
A 4-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the performance and blood profiles of finisher broilers fed cashew pulp meal (CPM) based diets. 135 finisher broilers, “Arbor acre” strain was randomly allocated to five dietary treatments consisting of three replicates of 9 finisher broilers each. Five on-farm diets containing 0 (control), 10, 20, 30, and 40% CPM replacing maize coded as T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5, respectively, were formulated. All performance parameters measured were significantly different (P < 0.05). Final weight, daily weight gain (DWG), daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio, mortality, feed cost/kg gain (feed cost/kg gain), and cost of 1 kg feed ranged from 1042.54 to 1305.55g, 16.31 to 28.51g, 91.86 to 110.54g, 3.26 to 5.56, 0 to 22.22%, 115.43 to 135.46, and 414.23 to 611.43, respectively. Hematological profile show that packed cell volume varied from 28.67 to 31.00%, hemoglobin (Hb) 9.07 to 10.60g/dl, red blood cell 1.80 to 2.31 × 106/μl, white blood cell 213.13 to 223.67 × 103/μl, mean corpuscular volume 132.27 to 134.87 fl, means corpuscular Hb (MCH) concentration 29.80 to 31.63 g/dl, and MCH 40.10 to 41.87 pg, respectively, and were significantly (P < 0.05) different. Treatments showed significant difference (P < 0.05) all serum parameters, the obtained values were total protein 4.25–4.92 g/dl, albumin 1.73–2.37 g/dl, aspartate aminotransferase 102.33–135.67 μ/l, alanine aminotransferase 4.00–7.33 μ/l, and total cholesterol 2.37–3.73 Mmol/l. The study showed that CPM depressed live weight but did not affect birds’ health even at 40% replacement of maize.
Performance and Blood Profiles of Finisher Broilers Fed Diets Containing Grad...BRNSS Publication Hub
A 4-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the performance and blood profiles of finisher
broilers fed cashew pulp meal (CPM) based diets. 135 finisher broilers, “Arbor acre” strain was randomly
allocated to five dietary treatments consisting of three replicates of 9 finisher broilers each. Five on-farm
diets containing 0 (control), 10, 20, 30, and 40% CPM replacing maize coded as T1, T2, T3, T4, and
T5, respectively, were formulated. All performance parameters measured were significantly different
(P < 0.05). Final weight, daily weight gain (DWG), daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio, mortality,
feed cost/kg gain (feed cost/kg gain), and cost of 1 kg feed ranged from 1042.54 to 1305.55g, 16.31 to
28.51g, 91.86 to 110.54g, 3.26 to 5.56, 0 to 22.22%, 115.43 to 135.46, and 414.23 to 611.43, respectively.
Hematological profile show that packed cell volume varied from 28.67 to 31.00%, hemoglobin (Hb)
9.07 to 10.60g/dl, red blood cell 1.80 to 2.31 × 106
/µl, white blood cell 213.13 to 223.67 × 103
/µl,
mean corpuscular volume 132.27 to 134.87 fl, means corpuscular Hb (MCH) concentration 29.80
to 31.63 g/dl, and MCH 40.10 to 41.87 pg, respectively, and were significantly (P < 0.05) different.
Treatments showed significant difference (P < 0.05) all serum parameters, the obtained values were total
protein 4.25–4.92 g/dl, albumin 1.73–2.37 g/dl, aspartate aminotransferase 102.33–135.67 μ/l, alanine
aminotransferase 4.00–7.33 μ/l, and total cholesterol 2.37–3.73 Mmol/l. The study showed that CPM
depressed live weight but did not affect birds’ health even at 40% replacement of maize
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
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Comparative Study of Feeding Different Levels of Black Cumin (Nigella sativa)...BRNSS Publication Hub
The present work was aimed to determine the comparative effect of feeding different levels of black cumin
on growth, feed consumption, and feed efficiency of COBB-500 broiler. Three hundred and twenty, daysold straight run COBB-500 chicks from a lot of the same hatch were brooded in an electrically operated
battery brooder for a period of 7 days, where pre-experimental diet was offered. On the 8th day, chicks
having uniform body weight were randomly allocated into four dietary treatments with four replications
(20 chicks in each). The isoproteinous and isocaloric formulated standard starter (1–10 days), grower
(11–20 days), and finisher (21–42 days) diets were supplemented with different levels of black cumin of
T1 – control, T2 – 0.25% black cumin, T3 – 0.5% black cumin, and T4 – 0.75% black cumin, respectively.
The chicks were offered ad libitum treatment diets and clean drinking water. The desired data were
recorded weekly, which included live weight, weight gain, feed consumption, and feed efficiency of
broiler birds. The obtained data were subjected to statistical analysis under completely randomized design
as per the methods of MSTAT. Final live weight of the birds was found highly significant (P < 0.01) for
all treatment groups. Highest final weight gain (2244.59 g) was found in birds fed ration supplemented
with 0.5% black cumin. Daily live weight of the birds was also found highly significant (P < 0.01) for all
treatment groups. Highest daily live weight gain (60.27 g) was found in birds fed ration supplemented
with 0.5% black cumin. Supplementation of black cumin in the broiler rations did not exhibit any
significant effect (P > 0.05) on the total feed consumption. Feed conversion ratio was found significantly
different (P < 0.01) for all treatment groups. It is, therefore, concluded that inclusion of black cumin in
the broiler rations could be economical and efficient production of broilers
Presentation by Michael Blummel at the 2012 Agriculture and Rural Development Day (ARDD) in Rio de Janiero, Learning Event No. 3, Session 2: Key Findings from Research Aimed at Enhancing the Feed Value of Crop Residues through Multi-Dimensional Crop Improvement. http://www.agricultureday.org
Performance, Egg Qualities, and Blood Parameters of Layers Fed Diets Containi...BRNSS Publication Hub
A 10-week feeding trial was conducted to determine the performance, egg qualities, and hematology of layers fed diets containing sun-dried sweet orange peel meal (SOPM). A total of 140 Isa brown point of lay birds, aged 20 weeks were used for the experiment. SOPM was incorporated to replace 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40% maize. The birds were randomly assigned to the diets in a Completely Randomized Design; each diet group had 28 birds and 4 replicates with each replicate having 7 birds. Observed results showed that SOPM did not significantly (NS) (p>0.05) affect final weight and egg number. However, weight change, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, mortality, cost of 1 kg feed, and cost of feed consumed were significantly different (P < 0.05) among treatments. Egg weight and egg length were significantly (P < 0.05) different, which ranged from 56.18 to 58.73 g and 3.74–4.17 cm, respectively. Shell thickness and egg width were NS (P > 0.05) influenced, and ranged from 0.80 to 0.84 and 2.63–2.71 cm, respectively. Internal egg parameters, i.e., yolk width, yolk height, albumin weight, albumin length, and yolk index were significantly (P < 0.05) affected. Hematological profile (packed cell volume, hemoglobin, white blood cell, red blood cell, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), MCH concentration, lymphocyte, and neutrophil) of birds showed significant differences (P < 0.05). The study revealed that SOPM did not have an adverse effect on the performance of layers even at 40% replacement of maize while in lay. Its inclusion decreased the cost of feed linearly, did not compromise external and internal qualities of eggs or the health of the birds.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
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Effect of Potato Meal on Broiler Production
1. 192
Effect of potato (Solanum tuberosum) meal on broiler production
N Sakib1
, F Sultana2
, MAR Howlider2
, MS Rana*1
1
Poultry Production Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka; 2
Abstract
Department of
Poultry Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
The study was conducted to find out the performance of broiler birds fed different levels of potato meal
(PM). The levels of potato meal in the different treatment rations were control 0, 5, 10, and 15 g/kg,
respectively. Dietary levels of PM did not affect live weight at 7, 21, 28, 35 and 42 days of age.
However, live weight of broiler differed significantly (p<0.05) among different levels of PM in the diet at
14 days of age and increasing level of PM had a tendency to decrease live weight between 7 and 14 days
of age. Feed intake increased linearly with the increasing level of dietary PM (p<0.05) up to 35 days of
age followed by a decline at 42 days of age. At 14 days of age, feed intake in control diet and 10g PM
diets were similar and intermediate, it was highest in 15g PM and lowest on 5g PM diet. However, feed
intake did not differ (p>0.05) among different levels of PM in diet at 21, 28, 35, and 42 days of age.
Feed conversion ratio (FCR) decreased between 7 and 14 days of age with the least conversion observed
at 15 g/kg PM level. FCR didn’t differ significantly (p<0.05) among different levels of PM in diet.
Mortality did not alter due to the increasing levels of PM regardless of age of broiler. Dietary PM did not
modify the dressing yield, breast meat, thigh meat and other carcass traits. Feed cost in different
dietary PM groups were more or less similar, whereas total production cost per kg broiler were increased
in 10 % Potato Meal than control (p<0.05). However, sale price (Taka/broiler) and sale price (Taka/kg
broiler) were more or less similar in all treatments. Profit per broiler and per kg broiler were reduced as
the PM level increased in the diet. It was therefore concluded that use of potato meal at 5 to 15g/kg diet
may not be suitable for growth and profitability in broiler production.
Key words: Broiler, dressing yield, FCR, potato meal
Bangladesh Animal Husbandry Association. All rights reserved. Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2014. 43 (3): 192-196
Introduction
One of the major problems facing the broiler
industry today, particularly the broiler production
is the high cost of feeds resulting from shortage
of high energy grains (Mmereole 1996; Mmereole
2008). The grains are known to constitute 60-
70% of the broiler feed (Ekenyem 2007). The
high cost of grains are due largely to competition
for grains between livestock and human. Some
low-income and food deficit countries (LIFDC)
have shut down their broiler farms due to high
cost of broiler feeds (Ekenyem 2007). Traditional
broiler diet is formulated with high proportion of
grains. Maize has traditionally been the ingredient
of choice for the supply of energy in monogastric
animal diets with inclusion levels of 50-70% (PAN
1995). It accounts for 18% of the world cereal
acreage and about 25% of the world cereal
production (Haque 1996). In the year of 2003-
2004 the local production of Wheat and Maize are
1497105 ton and 38055 ton (Hasan et al. 2008)
which cannot meet up the demand of human,
broiler and livestock. As a result, huge grain is
imported each year using hard earn foreign
currency. Moreover, use of costly imported grains
in diet increases feed cost high enough to limit
broiler rearing. Therefore, nutritionists are
suggesting to use cheaper unconventional locally
available substitute to grains like Cassava Tuber
Meal (CTM), potato meal for increasing
profitability (Rahman and Reza 1983; Hossain et
al. 1989). The high cost of energy sources like
maize and wheat for broiler diet has been the
main cause of the high cost broiler products
especially in developing countries. To arrest this
situation, broiler raising all over the world and
those of developing countries are forced to think
*
Corresponding Author: sohelrana.bau@gmail.com
2. Shakib et al. (2014) Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 43 (3): 192- 196
193
of those plants that can be easily grown and yield
more per unit area as compared to maize for
inclusions in broiler rations. Potato (Solanum
tuberosum) is one of the most important food
crops grown all over the world, a significant
source of energy for 4000 million people mainly
in Asia. It is an unconventional feed ingredient for
broiler. Potato has a high production potential
(fresh tuber yield, 20 tons/ha) whereas maize
and wheat yielded 5 tons/ha and 7 tons/ha,
respectively and can adapt to different types of
soils. It is an energy source which could
substitute maize or other cereals used for feeding
broiler. Potato Meal (PM) may be used as an
energy value of more than 2830 ME per kg.
According to composition values, potato meal
(PM) contains more than 65% starch, 6.74% ash,
12.72% CP, 23.48% CF, and 0.99% EE on DM
basis. PM has been reported to be cheaper than
maize and wheat (PAN 1995). Moreover, huge
amount of potato are being wasted due to lack of
adequate number of cold storage in the country.
Considering the above points for reducing
competition with human consumption and make
the energy source available, potato was partially
used with the basal feed to replace the maize
that reduces the cost of production of broiler.
The experiment was conducted with 96,
straight run Cobb 500 commercial broilers
during 14-42 days of age at Bangladesh
Agricultural University (BAU) Poultry Farm,
Mymensingh.
Materials and Methods
Potatoes were collected from a local market. After
proper washing and cleaning of soil and dust,
skins were removed and the flesh was cut in
desirable pieces (2mm). Then pieces of raw
potato were spread on clean polythene for sun
drying. To prevent the formation of fungus during
drying of potato, proper care was taken. After
sun drying potato was ground mechanically.
The ground potato was kept in airtight
polythene bags until used in feed
preparation.
The experiment was conducted in an open
sided a gable type tin-shed house. The
house was partitioned into 16 pens using wire-net
(38cm height) where a group of 6 broilers were
randomly allocated to each pen. Each pen was
257cm x 64cm and was allotted for 6 broilers.
Therefore, floor space for each broiler was 3433
cm
Polythene bags were used for
short term storage of potato meal.These bags
also helped to prevent spoilage from insect and
fungus formation. Approximately 20kg PM was
used.
2
. One trough (90cm x 11.5cm x 6cm)
feeder and one pot drinker with a capacity of
one litter were provided in each pen up to 42
weeks.
The chicks were collected from a local market
(dealer) in Mymensingh district.
The experimental rooms in the broiler
house were properly washed and cleaned
by using tap water and disinfected by
using disinfectant Iosan.
They were
equally and randomly divided and assigned to
four dietary treatments (0, 5, 10 and 15g/kg
PM) with four replications for each treatment.
Each treatment consisted of 24 birds and
distributed into four replicated pens each of 6
broilers.
Feeders were cleaned every week and drinkers
were cleaned every morning. Fresh clean drinking
water was provided twice daily up to 42 days
(7AM, 6PM). Fresh and dried rice husk was
used as litter at a depth of about 3cm. The
nutrient requirements of the birds were satisfied
as per recommendation of BSTI (1988) feeding
standard. Feed and water were supplied
ad libitum to the broilers. The broilers
were exposed to a continuous lighting of 23
hours and 30 minutes and a dark period of 30
minutes in each 24 hours. Electric bulbs were
used for lighting. The experiment was conducted
in summer (23 April to 5 June). The chicks were
brooded up to one week. During the early period
of brooding the environmental temperature
was lower than the required brooding
temperature. Therefore, additional heat was
provided to chicks by using 100-watt electrical
bulbs in the respective pens. Strict sanitary
measures were taken during the experimental
The broilers were given a starter diet
followed by a grower diet up to 42 days of age.
3. Potato meal in broiler diet
194
period. The temperature of the house was
recorded 3 times a day (7AM, 12PM and 6PM)
and the relative humidity of the house was
also recorded 3 times of a day (7AM, 12PM and
6PM) by using hygro-thermometer. A vaccination
schedule was followed during the experimental
period. All vaccines were applied by following
manufacturer's instruction.
At the end of the experiment, 16 broilers; one
broiler (straight run) from each plot (4 diets x 4
replications), weighing average of pen weight
were selected to determine meat yield
characteristics. To facilitate processing, all
birds had their feed and water withheld 12
hours prior to killing. After complete bleeding, the
slaughtered broilers were immersed in water
heated to 51-55°C for 120 seconds in order to
loosen the feathers of the carcass. Final
processing was performed by removal of the
head, shanks, viscera, oil gland, kidneys and
lungs of the carcasses.
Cost of production was included considering
expenses on chicks, feed and other costs
(other costs included vaccine, labour,
transport, litter, electricity, water, etc). Chick
cost was that of purchasing cost. Feed cost was
calculated on the basis of market price of the
ingredients. Litter cost was calculated on the
basis of market price saw dust.
All recorded and calculated data were statistically
analyzed using analysis of variance technique by
a computer using a SAS statistical computer
package program in accordance with the
principles of Completely Randomized Design. The
LSD were calculated to compare variations
among diets where ANOVA showed significant
differences.
Results and Discussion
Kratzer et al. (1987) observed decreased live
weight with increasing proportion of PM in diet.
They observed that diet with 20% PM
reduced live weight. However, the increasing
level PM might have failed to correct the
nutritive value at most of the ages because raw
potato contains some anti- nutritional factors
that caused low dry matter digestibility, though
the diet contains adequate high quality protein in
the feed (Gerpacio et al. 1978).
Live weight of broilers did not differ
significantly among the diet groups except at
14 days of old. Increasing level of PM
decreased live weight at 7, 21, 28, 35 and 42
days of age although the differences were not
significant.
Feed intake increased linearly with increasing
level of dietary PM (p<0.05) up to 35 days of
age followed by a decline at 42 days of age
(Table 1). At 14 days of age, feed intake on
control diet and 10g PM diets were similar and
intermediate, highest on 15g PM and lowest on
5g PM diet. However, feed intake did not differ
(P>0.05) among different levels of PM in diet at
7, 21, 28, 35, and 42 days of age. Kratzer et al.
(1987) observed that feed intake increased
linearly with the increased proportion of PM in the
diet.
FCR decreased at 7 and 14 days of age with the
least conversion observed at 15g/kg PM (Table
1). FCR did not differ (p<0.05) among different
levels of PM in the diet. Gradual decrease of feed
conversion ratio (FCR) regardless of age for an
increase of dietary PM is supported by Kratzer
et al. (1987). They observed decreasing FCR on
increasing PM proportion in diet. PM does not
affect directly on growth and feed intake at 21,
28, 35 and 42 days.
There was no difference in mortality which could
be explained by dietary PM at all ages in broiler
(Table 1). The results agreed with Akintala et
al. (2002). Dietary PM could not modify the
dressing yield, breast meat, thigh meat and
variation in other parameters (Table 2),
irrespective of age. This result was in
accordance with Awojobi and Adekunmi (2002).
Feed cost was highest in 15g/kg dietary PM
group, whereas total production cost per kg
broiler was increased by 10% PM than
control (0%) and other PM groups (p<0.05)
(Table 3). However, sale price (Tk./broiler)
4. Shakib et al. (2014) Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 43 (3): 192- 196
195
and sale (Tk./kg broiler) were more or less
similar in all other treatments. Profit per
broiler and per kg broiler was highest on
control diet (p<0.05). On the other hand,
there was no difference (p>0.05) in cost/kg
diet at different level of Potato meal.
Table 1. Effect of different dietary levels of
potato meal (PM) (g/kg) on growth
performance of commercial broilers at
different ages
Parameter
Age
(day)
Dietary potato meal (g/kg)
0 5 10 15
Cumulative
Live weight
(g/kg)
0 44.25 44.49 44.52 44.30
7 138.66 137.25 131.25 129.50
14 311.00 310.50a 274.50a 284.75b
21
ab
464.75 451.25 459.50 450.75
28 711.25 641.25 668.75 646.00
35 954.66 861.00 881.25 845.50
42 1150.00 1083.00 1099.75 1088.75
Feed
intake
(g/kg)
7 181.54 173.00 161.25 163.00
14 309.50 288.25ab 311.50b 334.75ab
21
a
428.75 418.00 445.00 406.50
28 595.75 528.25 562.25 636.75
35 694.25 656.00 649.00 671.00
42 460.50 481.25 514.50 499.25
Cumulative
Feed
conversion
ratio (FCR)
7 1.91 1.78 1.86 1.91
14 1.84 1.73ab 1.97b 2.06ab
21
a
2.18 2.16 2.25 2.17
28 2.27 2.32 2.35 2.49
35 2.40 2.63 2.58 2.46
42 2.47 2.56 2.45 2.63
Mortality
(%)
7 0 0 0 0
14 0 0 0 4.17
21 4.17 0 0 0
28 0 4.17 0 0
35 0 0 0 4.17
42 0 0 0 0
Means with different superscript in the same row differ significantly
(**, p<0.01)
A gradual increase in production cost (Table 3)
due to increase of dietary PM was in
agreement with Maust et al. (2005). They
observed that production cost (Tk./kg broiler)
increased with the increased proportion of
PM in the diet. They further suggested lower
biological value of PM was responsible for
increased production cost (Tk./kg broiler) by
increasing dietary concentration of PM. The
result of this study suggested that rearing of
broiler on PM based diet reduced profit.
Table 2. Meat yield characteristics at 42 days of
age of broilers fed different level of
dietary potato meal (PM) (g/kg)
Variables
Dietary potato meal (g/kg)
0 5 10 15
Live weight (g) 1120.50 1198.75 1198.00 1181.25
BLW (%) 4.59 3.75 4.15 4.57
FLW (%) 6.73 7.8 7.47 7.07
Head weight (%) 2.80 2.62 2.66 2.63
Neck weight (%) 2.01 1.93 1.97 2.45
Thigh weight (%) 8.84 9.49 9.20 8.99
Back weight (%) 9.33 9.26 9.67 9.69
Giblet weight (%) 5.94 5.92 6.19 5.95
Drumstick weight (%) 7.86 7.87 8.44 8.68
Wing weight (%) 8.44 7.60 8.12 8.39
Breast weight (%) 9.98 10.10 10.21 10.44
Viscera weight (%) 8.80 8.95 9.15 8.96
Dressing % 51.55 50.10 51.65 51.17
BLW, blood loss weight; FLW, feather loss weight
Table 3. Production cost and profit (Tk.) of
broiler on dietary potato meal (PM)
(g/kg) at marketing (42 days)
Parameters
Dietary potato meal (g/kg)
0 5 10 15
52Feed cost (Tk./kg broiler) 55 58 62
134Total cost (Tk./broiler) 141c 146bc 153ab a
112Total cost (Tk./kg broiler) 117c 124bc 121a ab
148Sale price (Tk./broiler) 150 147.5 155.25
125Sale price (Tk./kg live broiler) 125 125 125
14Profit (Tk./broiler) 9a 1.5ab 1.75c bc
13Profit (Tk./kg broiler) 8a 1.0ab 1.5c bc
Means with different superscript in the same row differ significantly
(p<0.05)
It may be suggested that potato meal may not be
a good substitute to grain for feeding broilers.
Conclusions
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