This document outlines security measures at two international airports, Changi International Airport in Singapore and Sydney International Airport in Australia. It discusses procedures for check-in, immigration, customs, and passenger screening. Key security aspects at Changi include restrictions on liquids in carry-on luggage, departing passenger screening at gates, perimeter fencing monitoring, and use of metal detectors. Sydney has issues like lack of passenger screening at immigration, inadequate cargo scanning, poor perimeter fencing monitoring, and shortage of trained staff. The document recommends future airport security technologies.

1. Safety & Security
Case Study Page0
Table of contents
Contents
Acknowledgement……………………………………………………………….. I
1.0: Introduction……………………………………...………………………..…. 1
2.0: Check In Counter...………………………………………..……………....... 1
3.0: Immigration………………...…………………….………………………….. 2
4.0: Custom….……………………………………………………………..….….. . 3
5.0: Flow chart of an EMBARK/ DISEMBARKING passenger …..................... 4
6.0: Comparison between 2 international airport……………………………….. 5
7.0:Changi International Airport…………………………………………………. 6
7.1: Security measurement…...…………………………………..... 6
7.2:Check In ………….……………………………………………. 8
7.3:Departure Check In Counter Layout…………………………. 9
7.4:Immigration & Custom……..…………………………………. 10
7.5:Airport Police Division………………………………………. … 11
7.6:Perimeter Gates/Fencing………………………………………. 12
8.0:Sydney International Airport………………………………………………….. 13
8.1:Custom & Check In Counter,Immigration…………………………… 13
8.2:Other Security Issues…………………………………………………… 14
9.0:Comparison&Recommendation………………………………………………. 15
10.0Conclusion………………………………………………………………………. 16
11.0:Bibliography……………………………………………………………………. 17
~………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……~

2. Safety & Security
Case Study Page1
Introduction
The most important security measures at an airport is such as confirming the identity
of travelers. This is done by checking a photo ID, such as a driver's license. If you are
traveling internationally, you need to present your passport. There's also security check before
embark and disembarking passenger and luggage.
Check In
Airport Check-in are service counters found at commercial airports handling
commercial air travel. The check-in is normally handled by an airline or a handling agent
working on behalf of an airline. Passengers usually hand over any baggage they do not wish
or are not allowed to carry-on to the aircraft's cabin and receive a boarding pass before they
can proceed to board their aircraft. They various of type of security that been provide at the
check in counter for safety of passenger boarding the aircraft.

3. Safety & Security
Case Study Page2
Immigration
Immigration responsible for:
Monitor persons who leave or enter the country,
Checking for appropriate documentation,
Arresting people wanted by international arrest warrants.
Block the entry of dangerous people to the country.

4. Safety & Security
Case Study Page3
Custom
Customs responsible for :
The processing of people, carriers, cargo, and mail into and out of the
country.(including animals & hazardous items)
The proper collection of taxes, fees, penalties for imported items.
The prohibition of narcotics and illegal drugs.

5. Safety & Security
Case Study Page4
Flow chart of an EMBARK/ DISEMBARKING passenger
This is the flowchart of section that passenger have to go through before get into
aircraft or out from aircraft.This section is where airport authority or Personnel wil put their
security measurement consist of people and equipment or machine.

6. Safety & Security
Case Study Page5

7. Safety & Security
Case Study Page6
Security measurement
WHAT ARE THE MEASURES?
The measures restrict the amount of liquids, aerosols and gels that passengers
can carry in hand-carry luggage on all flights departing from Changi Airport. The
guideline are :
Liquids, aerosols and gels must be in containers with a maximum capacity of not more
than 100ml each.
Containers must be placed in a transparent re-sealable plastic bag with a maximum
capacity not exceeding 1-litre.
Each passenger is allowed to carry only one transparent re-sealable plastic bag, which
must be presented separately for examination;
Exemptions will be made for medications, baby food and special dietary items. These
items will be subjected to additional checks at the security screening point.

8. Safety & Security
Case Study Page7
WHY HAVE THE SECURITY MEASURES BEEN IMPLEMENTED?
o International Civil Aviation Organization's (ICAO) recommendation- *Made
after the United Kingdom (UK) aviation terror plot in August 2006.
DO THE MEASURES APPLY TO BOTH ARRIVING AND DEPARTING
FLIGHTS AND AT WHICH AIRPORTS IN SINGAPORE?
o The measures apply to departing flights only
WHEN WERE THE MEASURES IMPLEMENTED?
o The measures were implemented on 8 May 2007.
ENSURE A SMOOTH TRANSITION THROUGH THE SECURITY
SCREENING POINTS?
o To facilitate their check-in and security screening processes, passengers are
advised to pack all liquid, aerosol and gel items appropriately before arriving at
the airport.
*The 2006 transatlantic aircraft plot was a terrorist plot to detonate liquid explosives carried
on board at least 10 airliners travelling from the United Kingdom to the United States and
Canada.

9. Safety & Security
Case Study Page8
Check In
Passengers are advised to check in for their flights early. Most airlines start operating
their Check-in counters at least 2 hours before flight departure. Before proceeding to the
Check-in counters, have your own valid passport, valid visa (if necessary) and air ticket ready.
If you have an e-ticket, bring along a print-out of your e-ticket.
All checked baggage will be screened by airport security. Passengers should not pack
any weapons, combustible items, explosive materials, toxic or other dangerous substances
into their Check-in baggage. This luggage will be screened before passengers board the plane.
Passengers may be required to have their checked baggage undergo further security screening
if deemed necessary.
All passengers will go through metal detector for body screening before boarding the
aircraft. Departing passengers are checked at the entrance of the gate rather than after
immigration . This security measure is easily noticed by the presence of X-Ray machines and
metal detectors at every gate which is not normally seen at other airports.

10. Safety & Security
Case Study Page9
Upon arrival at the airport, please refer to the Flight Information Boards and Plasma
Screens (conveniently located beyond the Departure Hall entryways) for your airline's check-
in row information. Many airlines offer Early and Off-Airport Check-In options. For greater
convenience, check-in "Off-Airport" anywhere you please via the internet or by phone. We
invite you to check-in early at the airport and enjoy Changi's great transit facilities, food and
beverages, and shopping!
Departure Check In Counter Layout

11. Safety & Security
Case Study Page10
Immigration
The Immigration Halls are located at the ground floor. There are two queuing areas -
one is for Singaporeans and residents, the other would be for all nationalities. All foreign
visitors are required to complete the disembarkation/embarkation (D/E) card and have valid
travel documents and visa (if applicable) before proceeding for immigration clearance.
Custom
Upon your arrival at the Singapore Changi Airport, your baggage will be subjected to
checks by the Immigration and Checkpoints Authority and other security agencies.
Under Singapore law, prohibited items such as arms and explosives, bullet-proof
clothing, antique guns, toy guns and swords etc require authorization from the Police
Licensing & Regulatory Department of the Singapore Police Force.
If you have prohibited items in your possession, please declare them and produce valid
permits or authorization documents. Your understanding and cooperation will help speed up
checkpoints clearance and prevent further verification by the authorities which may result in
administrative and personal inconveniences.
Police dog services for explosive detection, drug detection and other purposes.

12. Safety & Security
Case Study Page11
Airport Police Division
The Airport Police Division was formed on 1 Nov 1970 when the State Police
assumed the responsibility for airport security at Changi Airport - Deal with ever changing
security challenges.
Responsible for the maintenance of law and order which encompasses the Singapore
Changi Airport - The Appropriate Authority for security at the airport.
APD maintains Law regulated by Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore (CAAS),
Immigration & Checkpoints Authority ( ICA ) and other government agencies, as well as
Changi Airport Group ( CAG ).

13. Safety & Security
Case Study Page12
Perimeter Gates/Fencing
Patrol teams of two soldiers and a police officer armed with machine guns monitoring
around the terminals at random.Also been Monitoring by CCTV. Install over 400 cameras to
monitor the airport. Electric monitoring of the perimeter fence; and the screening of personnel
and cargo entering through the control gates

14. Safety & Security
Case Study Page13
Sydney International Airport
The main focus on security measurement
They inspect goods, search passengers
Detect smuggling activities and monitor exit and departure flows.
The Border Police operate on an information and profiling system
Spot checks are also made on incoming and outgoing cargo goods and passengers.
Custom & Check In Counter
There is no x-ray scanner big enough to inspect an entire container(cargo).Currently
the Border Police at the Sydney Airport have only hand-held x-ray scanners to search for
drugs and explosives. Current pallet-sized x-ray scanner too small for the purposes of the
police scanning procedure.
Immigration
The documentation verification system is still manual for passenger & cargo.
Information not centralize & not link. Border Police had no access to Customs to get
information.

15. Safety & Security
Case Study Page14
Other Security Issues
Shortage of staff - Border Police at the Sydney Airport need more members who are
specifically trained to undertake physical inspections.71 Because of the current
shortage of trained personnel, not all profiled cargo and passengers documentation can
be inspected accurately
Didn’t Separate between domestic & international pax -The mixing of international
and domestic cargo create more security problem
Lack of scanner capacity.
No (walk-through metal detectors)
Poor fencing
Poor reporting of security issues
o Smuggling detected by other security personnel goes unreported – poor link
Lack of surveillance system for Freight and Terminal systems
o No CCTV cameras linked to a central control room
o Problem lost , damage , stolen luggage
o Not enough CCTV cameras to cover their operations
Poor organization structure
o Overlapping responsibility

16. Safety & Security
Case Study Page15
Comparison between 2 international airport security measurements
Both Airport similar on early check in security check.Also both have Police
department division.Baggage will be subjected to checks by the Immigration and
Checkpoints Authority and other security agencies. Other security measurement like metal
and other restricted luggage are same.
Changi:Restrict on liquid and passenger hand-carry luggage.Departing passengers are
checked at entrance get rather than after immigration.Fencing monitoring regularly by
personnel and CCTV.Passenger have to go through metal detector. Enough scanner x-ray.
Sydney :Restrict to smuggling activities.Departing passengers checked at the
immigration.Fencing didn’t monitor by security and no CCTV. No metal detector for
departing passengers.Easy to smuggling things.Lack of surveillance system.There is no x-
ray scanner big enough to inspect an entire container(cargo).Only hand-held x-ray
scanners to search for drugs and explosives.
Recommendation for future development
General Electric (GE) started to develop the Secure Registered Traveler System. The
new system would use newly developed technology such as automated carry-on scanning,
automatic biological pathogen detection, millimeter-wave full body scanning and a quadruple
resonance carpet that would detect threats in shoes without having to take them off. The SRT
program also works with smartcard technology along with fingerprint technology to
helpverify passengers. The fingerprint scanner also detects for explosive material traces on the
person's fingers.
Demand for new technology in airport security increasing

17. Safety & Security
Case Study Page16
Conclusion
International safety measures are in place to protect you and your loved
ones when travelling. It is important to comply with these measures, as failure to
do so could endanger the safety of all passengers on board the aircraft. It is also
an offence if you fail to comply with them. Safety and security is a top priority
for all air travelers.
….Statically speaking Air
Transport still the safest
way to travel……………….
Clark Kent
Bibliography

18. Safety & Security
Case Study Page17
wikipedia. (2006, 06 04). Retrieved from http://wikipedia.com/safetysecurity
Dictionary, A. (1999). US airforce dictionary. Retrieved from http://USairforce
Elbert, R. (2005). Safety andsecurity measurement
ICAO. (2001, july 2). PDF. Retrieved from http://ICAO/airport annexes
NASA. (n.d.). NASA Theasaurus. Retrieved from Washington DC.
Changiinternationalairport. Retrieved from http://www.changi.com/
Sydneyinternationalairport. Retrieved from http://www.sydneyairport.com/
SPECIAL THANKS
TO
Malaysia Airport Holdings
Berhad
(MAHB)