There are three stages of technology application in schools: using technology to do existing tasks, improving on existing tasks, and enabling new tasks not previously possible. Schools face pressure to integrate technology from various stakeholders. Technologies can be used as productivity tools to accomplish tasks more efficiently or as cognitive tools to enhance thinking. Technologies affect student learning in different subject areas such as providing simulations in science, tutorials and graphing in math, and communication tools in foreign language. Technologies also benefit students with special needs and allow distance learning. As technologies are integrated, teachers take on more of a facilitator role and emphasize formative assessment to confirm student understanding of concepts and tools. Key issues for schools regarding technology include infrastructure, budgets, professional development, equity, and

1. What Should Teachers Know About Technology and Its Impact on Schools? Chapter Seven

2. Three Stages of Technology Application Technology is: Applied to things we already do Used to improve on tasks we already do Used to do things that were not possible before

3. Sources of Pressure to Integrate Technology Parents Students Teachers Businesses Global competition Governmental agencies Digital Divide

4. VIDEO CASE: An Expanded Definition of Literacy: Meaningful Ways to Integrate Technology

5. Productivity v. Cognitive Tools Productivity Tools Computer applications used to accomplish tasks more efficiently than if you had to use a typewriter, a calculator, or postal mail Examples: word processor, spreadsheet, email programs Cognitive Tools Computer applications used to engage and enhance thinking Allow users to organize information in new ways, to evaluate it, and to construct new, personally meaningful representations of the information

6. Tasks and Technology Tools for Teachers and Students

7. How Technologies Affect Student Learning English/Language Arts Word processors Communicating in multimedia - digital storytelling - blogs Drill-and-practice Mind maps/webs Social Studies Accessing information Simulations Virtual fieldtrips Webquests

8. VIDEO CASE: Multimedia Literacy: Integrating Technology into the Middle School Curriculum

9. How Technologies Affect Student Learning (continued) Science Hardware Digital imagery Tools for analysis Communication with other scientists Enhancing problem solving Mathematics Tutorial and other math software Graphing calculators Foreign Language/ESL Accessing international media Connecting with people - newsgroups

10. VIDEO CASE: Integrating Technology to Improve Student Learning: A High School Science Simulation

11. How Technologies Affect Student Learning (continued) Distance education Uses technology to link students and instructors in separate locations Allows the rapid exchange of data over distances Increase schools’ educational opportunities by offering courses otherwise prohibited by cost or other constraints Ever-increasing role in the education of rural students

12. How Technologies Affect Student Learning (continued) Students with special needs Help level the playing field by presenting information in a manner best suited to the student’s preferred learning style and unique needs An alternative, individualized curriculum that parallels the standard school curriculum can be created Assistive technology - devices and services that help people with disabilities perform better in their daily lives (e.g. voice recognition software)

13. Teaching Changes Related to Integrating Technology Teacher becomes more of a facilitator or coach. Technology teaching is embedded into the rest of the curriculum. Teachers emphasize small-group instruction over whole-class learning. Teachers use formative assessment to confirm students’ understanding of the concept and also their understanding of the technology tools they are using.

14. Teacher Uses of Technology Communication, collaboration, research e-mail, web Classroom management Software gradebook Test generators and question bank software IEP software Time management tools

15. Arrangements for Computer Technologies

16. Key Issues in Educational Technology Infrastructure and Budgeting Electrical problems Network wiring Access Bandwidth Technology Budgets Professional development and support Education of Teachers Teacher preparation Staff development Parents Equity Integration Into the Curriculum