1. Under Peter the Great in the early 18th century, Russia began developing its medical system and education by inviting Western specialists and sending Russians abroad for education.
2. Hospital schools were established throughout the 18th century to train physicians and provide clinical education, graduating over 1,000 doctors.
3. Major reforms under Catherine the Great expanded cities, population, and universities like Moscow State University which established Russia's first medical faculty in 1764.
4. Figures like Mikhail Lomonosov made important contributions to science and advocated for improvements in medical education, training, and public health.
Arquitetura da Informação e Avaliação de Websites, considerando critérios de ...Maiara Zenatti
Estudos e levantamentos sobre conceitos e técnicas na área de IHC voltados a Websites com aplicação das técnicas, modelos e tecnologias resultantes dos estudos no site da Biblioteca da Unesp do Câmpus de Rio Claro.
Is there an EFI monster inside your apple? by Pedro Vilaça - CODE BLUE 2015CODE BLUE
A few months ago I publicly disclosed an Apple EFI firmware zero day. It was a very powerful bug allowing direct access to the EFI firmware from the operating system. EFI rootkits are some of the most powerful and most interesting rootkits. Because they work at a very low level they can play a lot of tricks to hide themselves from forensics and persist for a long time. EFI monsters are a bit like jaguars, stealthy and rarely seen by humans. This doesn't mean they do not exist. EFI monsters are most certainly part of spy agencies rootkits catalog. Very few tools exist to chase them.
This talk is about introducing you to the EFI world so you can also start to chase these monsters. EFI world might look scary but it's a bit easier than you think and a lot of fun.
Thunderstrike 2 (to be presented at BlackHat) is a fine example of the power of EFI rootkits and the problems they present.
Network Reliability Monitoring for ICS: Going Beyond NSM and SIEMJim Gilsinn
Presented: BSidesDC 2015, Washington, DC, October 18, 2015
YouTube Video @ https://youtu.be/v3LBywLthjY
Determining the overall health and security of an industrial control system (ICS) network is currently done by looking at the negative case. If the network infrastructure devices indicate that all the devices are connected and communicating, then the network must be operating correctly. If the controllers indicate that they are able to communicate with the other devices in the system, then the system must be operating correctly. If the network security monitoring (NSM) or security information and event management (SIEM) system are not indicating any security events, then the system must be operating correctly. In each of these cases, the assumption is that the system is operating correctly if there are no errors or events being indicated by any of the devices. In reality, the actual health and security of the system can only be determined by positive conditions. The communication streams need to be measured to determine that they are operating within certain limits based upon a desires set of conditions, like rate and maximum latency. Many controllers keep track of these factors for real-time communications, however they are often only recorded as averages and not high-fidelity measurements.
This paper presents an approach to analyzing the real-time network traffic performance of an ICS by measuring the jitter and latency associated with individual network traffic streams in the system. By using statistical and mathematical analysis of the high-fidelity jitter and latency data, a network reliability factor can be determined and used to indicate the health of those traffic streams. The author will present a method to combine the individual network reliability factors into a network reliability monitoring system. Lastly, the author will discuss how network reliability monitoring can be used to indicate potential security problems by observing the network traffic patterns.
Concept and Definition of Data Structures
Introduction to Data Structures: Information and its meaning, Array in C++: The array as an ADT, Using one dimensional array, Two dimensional array, Multi dimensional array, Structure , Union, Classes in C++.
https://github.com/ashim888/dataStructureAndAlgorithm
Introduction of arrays, Declaration of array, Initialization of array, Sorting, Multidimensional array. Some code examples that will make you clear about the concept of arrays.
https://github.com/ashim888/csit-c
a. Concept and Definition✓
b. Inserting and Deleting nodes ✓
c. Linked implementation of a stack (PUSH/POP) ✓
d. Linked implementation of a queue (Insert/Remove) ✓
e. Circular List
• Stack as a circular list (PUSH/POP) ✓
• Queue as a circular list (Insert/Remove) ✓
f. Doubly Linked List (Insert/Remove) ✓
For more course related material:
https://github.com/ashim888/dataStructureAndAlgorithm/
Personal blog
www.ashimlamichhane.com.np
The Emergence of the “Church history” and the predicament of Orthodox Hierarc...Евгений Лютько
EHS Conferences 2016-17: The Church and Empire (Pollock Halls, University of Edinburgh, 26-28 July 2016) presentation for the paper "The Emergence of the “Church history” and the predicament of Orthodox Hierarchy in the Russian Empire of the early 1800s"
The history behind open university of taras shevchenko national universityjhonabraham93
Open University of Taras Shevchenko National University was established for the first time in the year 1833, and it was called Imperial University of Saint Volodymyr. The first rector was 30-year-old Professor Mykhallo Makymovych who qualified in folklore and botany.
Great themes during the 18th and 19th Century in Russia, list of Tsars. Time line of major events in World History. Examination of ties between the United States and Russia that are not well known.
Open university of taras shevchenko national university historyAdri093
Open University of Taras Shevchenko National University was established for the first time in the year 1833, and it was called Imperial University of Saint Volodymyr. The first rector was 30-year-old Professor Mykhallo Makymovych who qualified in folklore and botany.
History of Thought - Part 4 from the Renaissance to the Industrial REvolutionpiero scaruffi
History of Thought - Part 4 from the Renaissance to the Industrial REvolution for UC Berkeley lectures (2014) - Excerpted from "A Brief History of Knowledge" http://www.scaruffi.com/know/history.html I keep updating this presentation at http://www.scaruffi.com/univ/slideshot.html
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
3. Peter I era
• “Great embassy" - Peter I trip to
European countries in 1697-1698
• Many Western specialists (including
medical doctors and pharmacists) were
invited to Russia
4. Peter I era
(late 17th – early 18th cent.)
• Rapid growth and development of
Russian state, from isolated Moscovia
to great Russian Empire (1721)
5. Мария Милослаская Наталья Нарышкина
Федор
(ум. 1682)
Софья Иван (ум. 1696) Петр
Два царя
1682 – 1696 г.
Царь Алексей Михайлович Романов
(1629-1676)
(1651-1694)
Наталья
(1624-1669)
7. Peter the Great
• 1721 – peace treaty with Sweden, end of
Northern War
• 1721 г. Peter I was entitled “Father of
Fatherland, All-Russian Emperor, Peter
the Great".
• Russian Empire was formed
9. Peter I era
• Multiple expeditions to Siberia, Middle Asia
and Far East. Exploration of natural
resources.
• Mapping of Azov, Caspian, Baltic and
White seas
13. Culture
• Accelerate the pace of cultural
development , which was associated with
the development of the economy.
• Secularization of art and culture, the end
has come to the dictates of the church in
determining the nature of Russian culture.
• Features of the new culture : secularism ,
democracy , openness in dealing with
other cultures.
14. Science
• To establish contacts with the leading
scientists in Europe .
• Disparate knowledge on various branches
began to turn to science.
15. • In the XVIII century in Russia
revealed the need for a large number
of physicians , primarily to meet the
needs of the Army and Navy , the
service nobility and the emerging
merchant class , as well as for health
care factories and plants, which were
built at a distance from the
administrative and cultural centers of
the country .
16. Education reform
• A system of secular education itroduced
by Peter I played a key role in
secularization of Russian culture
17. Education reform
• In 1699 in Moscow was founded
Pushkarnaya school , and in 1701 the
building was opened Sukharev Navigation
School , which was the first institution of
higher education in Russia.
• First Hospital school was opened in
Moscow in 1707 , and followed her
shipbuilding , mate , engineering , mining
and trade schools .
18. Nickolas Bidloo (1670-1735)
First director of Moscow
hospital school
Compiled by
Manuscript
guide
" For students
surgery
in the anatomical
theater »
19. Hospital schools
• In 1733 there were also open hospital schools
for land and Admiralty Hospital in St. John's
Petersburg, Admiralty Hospital in Kronstadt .
• In 1758 the school was opened at the hospital
Kolyvano Resurrection factory hospital , which
released about 160 doctors.
• From 1788 to 1796 there was a hospital school
at Elisavetgrad hospital , which released 152
physician.
20. Hospital schools
• The program of teaching in hospital schools
were included all the theoretical and practical
medical disciplines and to a greater extent than
in the medical faculties of foreign universities.
• Teaching subjects: human anatomy and
physiology, pathology, medical material, and
surgery.
21. Hospital Schools
• Clinical disciplines taught in the hospital wards,
primary education was considered surgery.
• In the course of internal diseases included
familiarization of students with infectious
diseases, dermatology and sexually transmitted
diseases and children .
• From 1763 , it was introduced to study
midwifery.
22. Hospital Schools
1. Characteristic features of these schools were:
high educational level of the students who came
from schools of spiritual department familiar with
the Latin language , philosophy, works of Greek
and Latin philosophers , democratic origin of
students.
2. Education lasted for 5 - 7 years years followed
by graduation exams: answering questions and
3-4 surgeries upon cadaver
23. Healthcare reforms
• Aptekarsky prikaz was replaced by
Meditsynskaya kantselyariya in 1716, headed
by Robert Erskine, Peter’s physician-in-
attendence
24. Реформа образования
education Reform
• In the XVIII century in Russia for the first time in
the world was developed and put into practice a
new system of medical education , provide
training of qualified doctors universal .
• Graduates of hospital schools have made in
Russia in the XVIII century the bulk of the
outstanding figures of Russian medicine , and
played an important role in the development of
national health care.
25. Academy of sciences
• In 1724 Peter I issued a decree on
foundation of Petersburg academy of
sciences with gymnasium and university
26. Russian academy of sciences
• 1725 - Academy of Sciences was opened.
• Grammar School and the University of the
Academy of Sciences were designed to
train personnel for scientific work.
• Under the auspices of the Academy of
Sciences started drawing maps, carried
out extensive geological and
oceanographic research.
27. Era of palace coup d'etat
• Peter I died on January 8, 1725 and did
not leave a will .
• In the history of the Russian Empire from
1725 to 1762 years, according to the
definition of the historian VO Kliuchevskoi
was " the era of palace revolutions ."
• For 37 years there has been a coup d'etat
3 with the feudal aristocracy and Guarodii.
36. Science
• In the XVIII century is becoming a science
in Russia the European level.
• The most striking and versatile
representative of Russian science was M.
V. Lomonosov (1711-1765) - first Russian
member of St. Petersburg Academy of
Sciences ( 1745).
43. MV Lomonosov
• In 1746, Professor of Chemistry
• Academician Lomonosov in Russia for
the first time began to give public lectures
for students in Russian .
44. Моscow University
• The idea of opening the University of Moscow
was embodied in the project II Shuvalov , written
in collaboration with M. Lomonosov, which the
Empress Elizabeth approved January 24, 1755
the nominal decree " On the establishment of
the University of Moscow and two
gymnasiums ."
• April 26, 1755 the opening ceremony of the
Moscow University and two high schools.
46. М.V. Ломоnоsоv
• Especially important written by MV Lomonosov in
1761 appeal to Count II Shuvalov letter " On the
reproduction and preservation of the Russian
people ", in which he drew attention to a number
of issues related to the state of medicine in
Russia at the time.
• Lomonosov said poor care at birth , high infant
mortality in childbirth at an early age , high adult
morbidity and mortality , lack of medical care as
the civilian population of Russia, and in the army.
47. М.V. LомоNоSоV
• Lomonosov set the objective of improving
medical care , increase the number of doctors,
hospitals , pharmacies , compilation and
publication available to a wide circle of books for
assistance in childbirth, on the treatment of
children.
• He called for improved childcare , fight
unhygienic habits in everyday life, in particular
related to church ceremonies , considered
measures to combat infant mortality.
49. Era of Catherine II
(1762 -1796)
• Catherine II to formulate the challenges facing the
Russian monarch :
• Need to educate the nation , which should be controlled.
• You must enter the good order of the state, society and
support to make it comply with the laws .
• It is necessary to establish in the country a good and
accurate police.
• Need to contribute to the flourishing of the state and
make it fertile .
• It is necessary to make the state a formidable in itself
and inspiring respect for neighbors.
50. The era of Catherine II
• The territory of the Russian Empire grew at the
expense of joining the fertile southern lands - the
Crimea, the Black Sea region , as well as the
eastern part of the Polish-Lithuanian
Commonwealth and others .
• The population increased from 23.2 million ( in
1763 ) to 37.4 million ( in 1796 ), Russia has
become the most populous country in Europe
( on it accounted for 20 % of the European
population ) . Catherine II formed 29 new
provinces and built about 144 cities.
51. The era of Catherine II
• The structure of the country for 1796
included the northern Black Sea , Sea
of Azov , Crimea, Right-Bank Ukraine ,
the land between the Dniester and the
Bug , Belarus, Lithuania , and Courland
.
• In 1726 , there were 336 cities to beg.
XIX century - 634 cities.
• At the end of the XVIII century the city
was about 10 % of the population.
52. Era of Catherine II
• In a separate administrative unit was placed
city . At the head of it instead of the governors
was put mayor , endowed with all the rights and
powers.
• In the cities, introduced strict police control . City
was divided into parts , which were over the
supervision of the private bailiff , and parts were
divided into quarters, quarterly warden
controlled.
53. War (Войны)
• Azov campaigns of 1695 - 1696 years.
• Russian - Swedish war of 1700 - 1721
years.
• Prut campaign against the Turks in 1711
• Khiva Expedition 1716-1717,
A.Cherkasskogo .
• The war with Persia 1722-1723 gg.
• Russian - Turkish war of 1735-1739 .
• Seven Years War 1756 - 1763 period .
54. Healthcare reform
• All healthcare institutions including
teaching schools were governed by
Meditsynskaya kollegiya ( Collegium
Medicum), created in 1736
55. Реформа здравоохранения
Health Care Reform
• In the middle of the XVIII century made the
new health care reform is to increase the
number of doctors in the cities paid great
attention to the education and training of
medical specialists and the teacher
56. Epidemics
In XVIII there were several plague
epidemics in Russia. Plague
epidemic in Moscow 1770—1772
was particularly disastrous
.
57. Count Grigory Orlov
Current Vagankovskoe , Danilovskoye
Dorogomilovskaya Pyatnitskoe,
Kalitnikovskaya , Transfiguration and
Semenovskoe cemetery , known as
historical, are monuments of the
invasion of Moscow plague in 1770
-1772 years.
58. Epidemic
• When Catherine II the fight against epidemics
in Russia began to acquire the character of
public activities directly under the
responsibility of the Imperial Council and the
Senate.
• By Catherine II were created outposts placed
not only at the borders, but also on the roads
leading to the center of Russia .
• Was created by the "Charter of border and
port quarantine ."
59. Smallpox inoculation
In October 1768 , Catherine II has
subjected himself and his son Paul
smallpox vaccination ( inoculation ) .
Since that time in Russia began to be
established ospoprivivatelnye home.
60. Era of Catherine II
• When Catherine II Russian absolutism
reached unprecedented power. Nobility
has received huge privileges , Russia
became one of the first world powers.
• Tightening of serfdom was the main cause
of the peasant voyny1773-1775 years
under the leadership of E.I.Pugacheva.
62. Pugachev rebellion
• Peasant uprising of 1773-1775 . seized land
Yaitsky troops , Orenburg region , the Urals,
Kama , Bashkiria , part of Western Siberia ,
Middle and Lower Volga .
• To the Cossacks joined Bashkirs, Tatars ,
Kazakhs, Ural factory workers and numerous
serfs of all provinces , the territory of which the
peasant war unfolded .
• Sep 12 . 1774 Pugachev captured, after which
he was executed .
63. Science and Education of the
XVIII century
• In the 1780s . Catherine II made another
attempt to create a unified system of
education.
• In 1786, in provincial cities opened four-
year college major ; in the county - two
year low .
• " Charter public schools " provides an
opportunity to transition from a small
school in the main , and then - the
university entrance.
64. Medical Education
• In the second half of the XVIII century in
the Russian Empire has been
considerably developed medical
education.
• From 1764 , we started regular classes at
the medical faculty of Moscow University.
65. Semyon Zybelin
(1735—1802)
Moscow University
First Russian professor of Moscow
University, professor of anatomy and
surgery, practice of medicine and
chemistry member of the Russian
Academy of Sciences
66. Медицинское образование
Medical Education
• In 1764 the Medical Board recognized the equal
rights of Russian and German language teaching
in hospital schools.
• In 1795, in the " preliminary order of positions
who teach , students ' stated: " ... Professor
should know perfectly the Russian language for
precise and intelligible to express their thoughts
on the hold the teaching of doctrine; in case of
necessity, when it will be impossible to find such
permitted knowing thoroughly the Latin language
, which will be required to teach in 3 years
(follow-up 3 years) , during which period it has to
learn the Russian language . "
67. Medical Education
• In 1764 the Medical Board received the right
to confer the degree of Doctor of doctors of
medicine, but in the XVIII century it was given
only 16 physicians trained in hospital
schools.
• Medical faculty of Moscow University has
received the right to confer the degree of
doctor of medicine only in the 90s of the XVIII
century .
• In the 1859-1860 period . were allowed to
defend their dissertations in Russian .
69. Меdicine
• In the XVIII century continuously
developing new areas for Russian
medicine.
• Hospitals have been opened for the
treatment of syphilis , psychiatric
hospitals and orphanages ;
• Issued a number of fundamental works
on medicine .
70. Education reforms
• 1753—1760 - аcheaters‘
• . Z. Kondoidi and М. I. Shein P
improve the teaching of anatomy and
clinical disciplines , staged clinical
wards, were introduced mandatory
autopsy , the teaching of obstetrics and
gynecological diseases , changed the
procedure for examinations.
71. Pavel Kondoidi
(1709 – 1760)
Arhiatr
and Chief
Director
medical
The Office of the
(1753-1760)
Creator
Russia's first
medical
libraries
(1756 )
72. P.Z Kondoidi
• From the middle of the XVIII century when
arhiatre
• P. 3 Kondoidi in hospital schools began
to teach mainly in Russian .
• With this was a big step forward in the
preparation of Russian medical personnel.
73. П.З. Кондоиди
• Arhiatr PZ Kondoidi decided to train their own
staff of doctors , worthy substitute teaching
positions , direct gifted graduates of hospital
schools in foreign universities for doctoral title .
• Young doctors trip abroad began in 1761 .
• Gradually hospital schools no longer need the
foreign teachers.
74. Медицинская литература
The medical literature
• For the medical literature of Russia in XVIII
century is characterized by a large number of
translated works.
• By order of Peter I have been translated into
Russian and published at public expense ,
foreign works on medicine, for example, "
Aphorisms of Hippocrates ", " Anatomy of the
Human Body " Bidloo , " Marching and the home
pharmacy " and others .
75. Медицинская литература
• In 1757 MI Shein published the first translation
of the widespread Geystera textbook on
anatomy, in 1761 g.- transfer textbook on
surgery Platner .
• Work on the translation of medical textbooks and
books continued to NM - Ambodik Maksimovic ,
M. Terekhovsky , FI Barsuk - Moiseev et al .
76. Мartyn Shein
The first drawing teacher in Kronstadt hospital
school (from 1738 ) .
Intrigued medicine, graduated from the hospital
school and in 1745 received the title of Doctor .
Was appointed senior physician Petersburg
Naval Hospital .
Being a master of freehand it on materials
Kronstadt hospital carried out a large
number of original drawings that are included in its
anatomical atlas , first published in Russian
in 1744
When founded the Academy of Fine Arts ( 1757 )
MI Shein became its first professor of anatomy .
77. • Great merit MI Shein was to create a
medical terminology
• in Russian , which previously did not
exist.
• Many medical terms proposed by M.
Shane , remained unchanged up to the
present time, for example :
• blood vessels , ileum , phrenic barrier
, vas deferens , and others .
78. Constantin Stchepin (1728—1770)
• Russian physician and botanist ,
anatomist and military surgeon of the XVIII
century .
• Developed a scientifically based system of
training doctors made training programs
for hospital schools. Lectures conducted
in Russian , introduced compulsory
teaching of anatomy on the corpses of
PEOPLE.
79. К.I. Schepin
• KI Schepin prepared in Russian two manuscripts
- " Anatomical Lectures" ( 1763 ) and "On the
anatomy in general" ( 1764 ) . In them, he
expounded in an accessible form for students
general and particular anatomical teaching.
• KI Schepin introduced repetition of material tests
of knowledge for a week and monthly exams for
each medical science rather than existed before
his exams for every third year.
82. Медицинское образование
Medical Education
• Medical College in 1785 sent two experienced doctors
Terekhovsky M. and A. Shymlanskaya in Europe to
familiarize with the medical education. A year later, on
his return they received a report on the transformation of
hospital schools and their staffs .
• Since 1786 under the new law, hospital schools
Petersburg and Kronstadt turned into medical and
surgical schools , and teachers have received the title of
professor .
• Each school was created 4 chairs . School has been
granted the right to confer doctoral degrees . They were
separated from the hospital and began to exist
independently.
83. Медико-хирургические училища
Medical and surgical school
•With the transformation in 1786 of hospital schools in the
medical and surgical schools were introduced chemistry,
mathematics to physics . When hospitals were organized
anatomical museums.
•Since 1795 , in the medico-surgical schools established a
5-year period of study. Students of the first three courses
studied general subjects , anatomy, recipes , physiology ,
surgery, etc. ophthamology . Specialized disciplines .
•On the 4th and 5th courses were mainly practical training
and duty in the clinical wards of hospitals . After passing the
exam school graduates receive the title of healers .
84. Медико-хирургические училища
Medical and surgical school
Major changes in the
activities of medical
and surgical schools
conducted by the
director of the
Medical College of
( 1793 )
Privy Councillor
AI Vasiliev
85. Medico-Surgical Academy
• Nominal decree of December 18, 1798 Emperor
Paul I ordered AI Vasilyev create the necessary
material base to open in St. Petersburg
institution of higher education for the training of
doctors .
• This date is considered the foundation of the St.
Petersburg Medical-Surgical Academy , which
eventually became the leading educational -
scientific center of the Russian Empire in the
training of physicians and the development of
medical science.
87. Высшее медицинское образование
Graduate Medical Education
• Phase of development of the national higher
medical school was a difficult and lengthy ; it
covers the reign of Peter I to Paul I. It is possible
to allocate the following periods and significant
events :
• background of higher education in Russia
( Emperor Peter I),
• Opening of the Moscow University ( Empress
Elizabeth )
• the formation of the Medical-Surgical Academy
( Emperor Paul I).
88. XVIII Century
• XVIII century was an important stage in
the development of medicine in
Russia . This was the period of
formation and growth of Russian
medical science , when Russia
appeared and quickly developed
scientific medicine . Among physicians
to promote the development of medical
science , a major role in the XVIII
century, played a Russian hospital
school students .