The document discusses two rules of spoken English: the elision rule and the linking rule. The elision rule states that when 't' or 'd' appear between two consonants in a word, they are removed or "elided." The linking rule describes how words are connected when one word ends in a vowel sound and the next begins with a vowel - an 'y' sound is inserted for certain vowel combinations, and a 'w' sound is inserted for others. Understanding these rules helps with native pronunciation and comprehension of spoken English.
A presentation on English syllables.This is the first part of the presentation. It is about syllabification and its rules. The second part will be about stress on syllables.
Now we have moved on from looking at syllables to looking at words, and we will consider certain well-known English forms that can be pronounced in two different ways; these are called strong forms and weak forms.
Strong Form is the full form of word pronounced with stress.
Weak forms are sounds that become unstressed in connected speech and are often then pronounced as a schwa.
In this presentation you will find a brief explanation on how English vowel sounds are produced, their articulation and a summary on their graphic representation.
The presentation that aids our session on Pronunciation, Stress, and Intonation. A great starter for ESL teachers and students to create an awareness of some of the issues faced in learning a language.
A presentation on English syllables.This is the first part of the presentation. It is about syllabification and its rules. The second part will be about stress on syllables.
Now we have moved on from looking at syllables to looking at words, and we will consider certain well-known English forms that can be pronounced in two different ways; these are called strong forms and weak forms.
Strong Form is the full form of word pronounced with stress.
Weak forms are sounds that become unstressed in connected speech and are often then pronounced as a schwa.
In this presentation you will find a brief explanation on how English vowel sounds are produced, their articulation and a summary on their graphic representation.
The presentation that aids our session on Pronunciation, Stress, and Intonation. A great starter for ESL teachers and students to create an awareness of some of the issues faced in learning a language.
ETL 705
Week 4
Sentence Level Grammar
And…
An Introduction to Functional Grammar
A Linguistics perspective: Phrases
What is a phrase?
a prepositional phrase, np, adjp, advp, or vp
a non-sentential answer to a question
head together with all its modifiers
Note: one-word phrases do exist (under certain conditions): these are heads to which the speaker/writer has added no modifiers.
What are the noun phrases in the following sentence?
Children can recognise the voices of their grandparents.
How many nouns?
How many noun phrases are there?
Word order (in simple sentences)
Languages have different word orders. English is a subject verb object or SVO language, as in:
The princess kissed the frog
In Hebrew, Maori or Welsh you would have to say something that translated as:
Kissed the princess the frog (VSO)
And in Japanese:
The princess the frog kissed (SOV)
Structure of a basic SVO clause
aux = a slot for auxiliary verbs and/or tense, but can be empty
Clauses
Trask (2007, p.37): “the largest grammatical unit smaller than a sentence”
In order to understand a clause, we need to know a sentence.
Traditionally, grammarians defined a clause as a grammatical unit composed of a subject and a predicate. In sentence 1below, John is the subject and the rest is the predicate (or np-vp, though np is not always the subject). Grammarians also added that a sentence must have one or more clauses. Look at the following examples:
1. John submitted his assignment online.
2. John submitted his assignment online but Peter submitted his in hard copy.
3. When John came home, he found that he had to submit his assignment in hard copy.
Sentence 1 ‘John submitted his assignment online’ is a simple sentence, sentence 2 is a compound and sentence 3 a complex sentence.
Compound Sentences
Compound sentences contain two or more independent clauses joined by ‘and’, ‘but’ or ‘or’.
‘and’, ‘but’ and ‘or’ are called Coordinating Conjunctions.
Compound sentences are very common in Spoken English
If the subject in the second clause is the same as in the first clause, we can leave out the subject in the second clause.
I fell over and twisted my ankle.
As long as learners understand the lexical differences between these three conjunctions and the SVO rules for simple sentences, compound sentences usually do not cause many problems for learners
Coordinating conjunctions
Coordinating Conjunctions do not only join clauses together they can join any two words or phrases of the same type
Boys and girls come out to play.
The film is well-made but rather depressing.
We can sort this out amicably or in the law courts.
Complex Sentences
Complex Sentences contain a main clause and one or more subordinate clauses joined by a subordinating conjunction
Subordinate clauses cannot stand on their own
Subordinate Clauses can be of three types
Adverbial clauses
Noun clauses
Adjective clauses (relative clauses)
Adverbial clauses
What do they look lik ...
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
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Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
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Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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3. The linguists have identified some rules that are
followed by the native speakers of English
language.
The lack of this knowledge results not only in
non native pronunciation but also in lack of
comprehension of native spoken language.
12. He asked
They are
I answered
The boy is
Enjoy it
Say in a minute
Stay out
13. If the word ends in I, i:, eI, aI, or I and the next
c
word begins with a vowel, the two words are
linked with y, whether or not there is a letter “y”
in the spelling.
14. Go in
How odd
Do it
Snow is cold
You are
Go out
How ordinary
15. If a word ends in ʊ, u:, ʊ, or aʊ and the next
e
word begins with a vowel, the two words are
linked with w, whether or not there is a letter
“w” in the spelling.