This document discusses a project on using rubber waste as coarse aggregate in concrete paver blocks. It lists the names of 10 students who conducted the project under the guidance of Er. Himanshu. The students acknowledge the support and guidance received from their HOD, guide, staff members and other supervisors. The document then provides an abstract explaining the aim of using waste materials like rubber in construction to reduce environmental impact. It also provides an introduction describing the need for alternative aggregates due to shortage and issues with natural aggregates. The remainder of the document outlines the table of contents for the project report.

1. SUBMITTED TO -
SUBMITTED BY –
Er. Himanshu
Saurav (100550107573)
Junaid (100550107553)
Ranjeet (100550107566)
Manish (100550107555)
Hunny (100550107551)
Wasim (100550107581)
Deepak (100550107545)
Sajan (100550107571)
Vikas (100550107580)
Gursimran (1185333)
Ankush (1185329)

2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our deepest appreciation to all those who provided us the
possibility to complete this Project. A special gratitude we give to our HOD & our guide
Er. Himanshu, whose contribution in stimulating suggestions and encouragement, helped us
to coordinate our project.
Furthermore we would also like to acknowledge with much appreciation the crucial role of
the staff of Civil Engineering Department, who gave the permission to use all required
equipments and the necessary materials to complete the task “RUBCRETE PAVER
BLOCK”. We have to appreciate the guidance given by other supervisor as well as the
panels especially in our project presentation that has improved our presentation skills thanks
to their comment and advices.
We have taken efforts in this project. However, it would not have been possible without the
kind support and help of many individuals and organizations. We would like to extend my
sincere thanks to all of them.
We would also like to express our gratitude towards our parents & friends for their kind cooperation and encouragement which help us in completion of this project report. Our thanks
and appreciations also go to our colleague in developing the project and people who have
willingly helped me out with their abilities.

3. TABLE OF CONTENTS
SR. NO.
CONTENTS
A.
Abstract
B.
Introduction
C.
Experimental investigation
Cement
Aggregate – Coarse & Fine
Water
Rubber
D.
Concrete mix design (is method)
E.
Experimental procedure, materials and mixes
F.
Result & Result Discussion
G.
Conclusion
H.
Advantages of Rubber paver blocks
I.
Disadvantages of Rubber paver blocks
J.
Summary
K.
References
L.
Teacher Evaluating Report

4. ABSTRACT With the growth and development on all fronts in our country, economic and infrastructural,
there is an increasing need for new facilities, buildings, roads etc. This has in turn resulted in
a huge demand for the materials of construction and the raw materials from which these are
obtained or made, thus putting an increasing pressure on the natural environment around us.
Also the disposal of residual waste, domestic as well as industrial, has become a major
concern and a challenge for the authorities and care-takers.
Ironically, inspite of each one of us being the source and victim of this problem, very few
amongst us have ventured their time, knowledge and expertise into addressing this issue and
arriving at universal solutions. Some of these initiators have laid an example that large
quantities and varieties of wastes and industrial by-products have a potential for use in the
construction industry. The utilization of these waste materials may therefore reduce the need
to quarry natural materials and minimize the hazards caused by the tipping or other method of
disposal of the waste material. One such material which has tremendous potential for recycle
and reuse in construction related activities is tyre rubber.
Appropriate recycling of rubber waste can help in resolving a challenging environmental,
economical, and social problem. This project is an attempt at documenting the prevalent
applications of rubber waste, and also bringing forth various innovative and path breaking
products and solutions.
Concrete is considered the world’s most used construction materials. The consumption of
waste material can be increased manifold if these are used as aggregate into concrete. This
type of use of waste material can solve problems of lack of aggregate in various construction
sites & also reduce sort of concrete production. This Project focuses on the coarse aggregate
in concrete. Rubber is used because of their easy availability & non-biodegradable waste.
Not only in India but in other countries also, the amount of waste tyres is increasing due to
increased number of vehicles. The waste tyres are produced every day, therefore the demand
for more effective applications for recycling waste them is intense.

5. The development of environmentally accepted methods of used tire disposal is one of the
greatest challenges that we face today. Using of wastes and by-products as concrete aggregate
has attained great potential in the last few years. The aim of this work is to investigate the
possibility of the usage of ground waste tire rubber in the civil construction as a partial
replacement for coarse aggregates and the influence of these wastes on the properties of
ordinary concrete.
In this study an attempt has been made to identify the various properties necessary for the
design of concrete mix with the coarse tyre rubber chips as aggregate in a systematic manner.
In the present experimental investigation, the M25 grade concrete has been chosen as the
reference concrete specimen. Scrap tyre rubber chips, in sizes 20-10 mm, 10-4.75 mm has
been used as coarse aggregate with the replacement of conventional coarse aggregate in
concrete paver.
Rubberized concrete incorporating treated rubber particles gives better results than concrete
incorporating normal rubber. Here one treated material, Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl 4) is used
for treatment the ground waste tire rubber to improve the interface friction between rubber
particles and cement matrix. This work is conducted to evaluate the behavior and
performance of rubber-concrete in comparison with the traditional one.
PAVER BLOCKS

6. INTRODUCTION There is considerable national interest in using waste or recycled materials as aggregates for
cement concrete. The pressures experienced on landfills and the hazardous nature of some of
these materials makes the use of these materials as aggregates a very attractive option.
The scarcity and availability at reasonable rates of sand and aggregate are now giving anxiety
to the construction industry. Over years, deforestation and extraction of natural aggregates
from river beds, lakes and other water bodies have resulted in huge environmental problems.
Erosion of the existing topography usually results in flooding and landslides. Moreover, the
filtration of rain water achieved by deposits of natural sand is being lost, thereby causing
contamination of water reserves used for human consumption. Hence, to prevent pollution
authorities are imposing more and more stringent restrictions on the extraction of natural
aggregates and its crushing.
The aggregates typically account for 70–80 % of the concrete volume and play a substantial
role in different concrete properties such as workability, strength, dimensional stability and
durability. Conventional concrete consists of sand as fine aggregate and gravel, limestone or
granite in various sizes and shapes as coarse aggregate. There is a growing interest in using
waste materials as alternative aggregate materials and significant research is made on the use
of many different materials as aggregate substitutes such as coal ash, blast furnace slag, fibre
glass waste materials, waste plastics, rubber waste, sintered sludge pellets and others.
The consumption of waste materials can be increased manifold if these are used as aggregate
into cement mortar and concrete. This type of use of a waste material can solve problems of
lack of aggregate in various construction sites and reduce environmental problems related to
aggregate mining and waste disposal. The use of waste aggregates can also reduce the cost of
the concrete production. As the aggregates can significantly control the properties of
concrete, the properties of the aggregates have a great importance.
Therefore a thorough evaluation is necessary before using any waste material as aggregate in
concrete. Significant work has been done on the use of several types of waste materials as an
aggregate in preparation of cement mortar and concrete. In this section, various properties of
some waste materials used as aggregate will be presented.

7. According to the consensus, the total waste generated by the people in urban areas is around
40 million tones per year. The composition of this waste varies from biodegradable organic
vegetable matter to inorganic materials like metal and rubber. No official or enforced system
of segregation at source has been put in place, either by recycling or reuse, but some persons
have found great use for the waste and thus nowadays whatever can be used or recycled is
taken out of the garbage before throwing it away Rubber is one of the most difficult materials
to recycle and the safe disposal and reuse of industrial and consumer rubber waste continues
to pose a serious threat to environmental safety and health. Dumping of heaps of mountains
of used tires confirm the belief that chemically cross linked rubber is one of the most difficult
materials to recycle. That coupled with a long history of failed attempts to create quality
products from rubber has resulted in such a resistance to new ideas concerning rubber
recycling. Rubber waste has basically three main sources in India namely: Used Automobile
Tyres, Rubber scrap and Foot wear.
In the past few decades India has witnessed an increasing number of initiatives and programs
by the government as well as individuals , community organizations, NGO’s and private
companies towards improving the existing waste management systems in the country. But the
fact is these efforts are not enough and much more needs to be done.
Apart from the domestically generated waste, there are severe problems being faced by
developing countries like ours regarding waste being dumped by developed nations. Due to
the short sighted understanding of the authorities regarding is long term ecological impacts,
the waste from land starved developed nations is imported as a trade of land for returns in
kind. These are largely in terms of recyclable/reusable materials, but in some cases they may
also contain toxic and hazardous waste. Average import of rubber waste in India from other
countries is around 11 tons which is 5 million rupees in value.
The best way to overcome this problem is to find alternate aggregates for construction in
place of conventional natural aggregates. Rubber aggregates from discarded tyre rubber in
sizes 20-10 mm, 10-4.75 mm can be partially replaced natural aggregates in cement concrete
construction. About one crore 10 lakhs all types of new vehicles are added each year to the
Indian roads. The increase of about three crore discarded tyres each year poses a potential
threat to the environment.

8. Most publications in the field of rubber concrete dealt with this subject as an environmental
issue to utilize and recycle waste rubber tires. Inspite of this fact, rubber concrete could be
regarded as a special concrete manufactured due to its enhanced toughness and ductility
properties that are required in many applications like in railway buffers, jersey barriers and
bunkers. Early investigations on the use of waste rubber tires in concrete or mortar mixtures
had been very encouraging. Therefore it was decided to produce rubber-concrete mixtures
with optimized mechanical properties. And further to verify its behavior when employed in a
full-scale structural beam element tested statically in flexure and its contribution to the
dynamic characteristics of the structural beam element tested dynamically by modal testing.
Also, the waste tyre rubbers are used as a fuel in many of the industries such as thermal
power plant, cement kilns and brick kilns etc. Unfortunately, this kind of usage is not
environment friendly and requires high cost. Thus, the use of waste tyre rubber in the
preparation of concrete has been thought as an alternative disposal of such waste to protect
the environment.
It has been observed that the rubberized concrete may be used in places where desired
deformability or toughness is more important than strength like the road foundations and
bridge barriers. Apart from these the rubberized concrete having the reversible elasticity
properties may also be used as a material with tolerable damping properties to reduce or to
minimize the structural vibration under impact effects.
The difficulties associated to the theoretical investigations to identify the mechanical
properties of the rubberized concrete have necessitated the need for the experimental
investigations on rubberized concrete.
Therefore, in this study an attempt has been made to identify the various properties necessary
for the design of concrete mix with the coarse tyre rubber chips as aggregate in a systematic
manner. There are numerous research reports available on the mechanical and chemical
properties of cement concrete. However, the research works carried out for the rubberized
cement concrete are found to be limited. The available results indicate that the influence of
the size, proportion and surface texture of rubber particle on the strength of concrete
contaminating tyre rubber is significant.

9. During the last three decades, there have been dramatic changes in the way of thinking about
industrial processes and the approach and evaluation of new and innovative materials.
Concrete, in its most basic form, is one of the world’s oldest building materials. Concrete is a
substance composed of only a few simple and commonly available ingredients that when
properly mixed and cured, may last for centuries. Concrete is an evolving material as well.
New techniques and methods for selecting the right quantities of those simple components
are continually being presented to he design community. New ingredients to include in
concrete mixes are also constantly being researched and developed.
In general, concrete has low tensile strength, low ductility, and low energy absorption.
Concrete also tends to shrink and crack during the hardening and curing process. These
limitations are constantly being tested with hopes of improvement by the introduction of new
admixtures and aggregates used in the mix. One such method may be the introduction of
rubber to the concrete mix. Shredded or crumbed rubber is waste being of non-biodegradable
and poses severe fire, environmental and health risks.
Rubber filled concrete tends to have a reduction in slump and density compared to ordinary
concrete. The reduction is very much on slump has been reported when comparing with the
conventional concrete. Concrete containing rubber aggregate has a higher energy absorbing
capacity referred as toughness.
A typical passenger car tyre contains 24 to 28% of carbon black, 40 to 48% of natural rubber
and 36 to 24% of synthetic rubber including Styrene Butadiene Rubbers (SBR) and Butyl
Rubber (BR). These need to be recovered back from tyres least they are wasted away.
Currently India producing 90 thousand metric ton of the reclaimed rubber, which is sold at
Rs. 25 to 30 per kg but does not produced carbon black and oil from used tyres.

10. The objective of this study is to test the properties of concrete when waste tyre rubber used as
aggregate by partial replacement of natural aggregates. The parameters of this investigation
are compressive strength. Moulds of Paver Block are casted for the testing of concrete. The
concrete having compressive strength of 25 N/mm2 (M25) is used and percentages of rubber
aggregates are 2, 4 & 8 of normal aggregates. The natural aggregates are replaced by rubber
aggregates on weighing basis. The strength performance of modified concrete specimens was
compared with the conventional concrete. Before the plant trial production, preliminary
laboratory trials were conducted. The results in laboratory trials are further given.
Rubberized concrete incorporating treated rubber particles gives better results than concrete
incorporating normal rubber. Here one treated materials, Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4) are
used for treatment the ground waste tire rubber to improve the interface friction between
rubber particles and cement matrix.
CAR TYRE USED

11. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS –
Cement –
The cement used for the present investigation was Ordinary Portland Cement Grade – 43. It is
conformed to the requirement of Indian Standard specification IS 456 (2000). The results are
given in Table below.
Sr.No.
Name of Test
IS Standard
Result
1
Fineness
7.83 %
-
2
Standard Consistency
32 %
Calculated according to
clause 11.3 IS - 269.
3
Initial Setting Time
Minimum 30 minutes
110 minutes
4
Final setting Time
Maximum 600 minutes
-
5
Compressive Strength
16
18
22
24.5
33
36
after 3 days MPa
6
Compressive Strength
after 7 days MPa
3
Compressive Strength
after 28 days MPa
OPC – 43 GRADE
(JAYPEE CEMENT)

12. Fineness of Cement
Sr.No.
Description
Unit
Trail 1
Trail 2
Trail 3
1
Weight of cement W1
gm
100
100
1 00
2
Weight of cement retained on
gm
8
7.5
8
90 micron sieve W2
3
Sieve Time
min
15
15
15
4
Retained Percentage
%
8
7.5
8
(W1/W2)*100
5
Average Percentage of fineness
%
7.83
of cement
Standard Consistency of Ordinary Portland cement
Sr.No.
Wt. of cement
Volume of
% of water
Needle
Duration of
(gm)
water (ml)
in mix
Penetration
Time (min)
1
400
112
28
28
3.5
2
400
120
30
31
4
3
400
128
32
34
4
Standard Consistency = 32 %
According to clause 11.3 IS 269 the quantity of water required to produce a paste of standard
consistency, to be used for the determination of water content of mortar for compressive
strength tests and for the determination of Soundness and Setting time shall be obtained by
the method described in IS 4031 (Part 4): 1988.

13. Initial & Final Setting Time
Wt. of cement = 400 gm
Wt. of water = 0.85 P = 108.8 gm
Where P is the standard Consistency of cement
Sr.No.
Time (min)
Penetration (mm)
1
10
40
2
20
40
3
30
40
4
50
40
5
110
35
Initial Setting Time = 110 min
Final Setting Time =
According to clause 6.3 of IS 269 the setting time of the cements, when tested by the Vicat
apparatus method described in IS 4931 (Part 5): 1988 shall conform to the following
requirements:
a) Initial setting time in minutes, not less than 30; and
b) Final setting time in minutes, not more than 600.
VICAT APPRATUS

14. Compressive Strength of Ordinary Portland cement
Sr. No.
Compressive Strength
Value in MPa
1
Compressive Strength after 3 days MPa
18
2
Compressive Strength after 7 days MPa
24.5
3
Compressive Strength after 28 days MPa
36
According to Clause 6.4 of IS 269 the average compressive strength of at least three mortar
cubes (area of face 50 cm) composed of one part of cement, three parts of standard sand
(conforming to IS 650: 1966) by mass and {(P/4) +3} percent (of combined mass of cement
plus sand) water and prepared, stored and tested in the manner described in IS 4031 (Part 6):
1988 shall be as follows:
a)
72 hour: not less than 16 MPa,
b)
168 hours: not less than 22 MPa, and
c)
672 hours: not less than 33 MPa.
NOTE: P is the percentage of water required to produce 3 paste of standard consistency.
COMPRESSION TESTING MACHINE (CTM)

15. Aggregates Natural river sand with a maximum size of 4.75 mm was used as fine aggregate. Crushed
stone with a maximum size of 20 mm was used as coarse aggregate. It was tested as per
Indian Standard specification IS: 383(1970). The physical properties of aggregate were tested
according to IS: 2386(1963). The physical properties of fine and coarse aggregate are
presented in table below.
Coarse Aggregates –
COARSE AGGREGATES
Sieve Analysis of Coarse Aggregate
Sample No.:1
Weight of sample = 5000 gm
Sieve Size
Weight
Cumulative weight
% Cumulative
% Passing
(mm)
Retained (gm)
retained (gm)
weight retained
40
0
0
0
100
20
57.5
57.5
1.15
98.85
10
3169
3226.5
64.53
35.47
4.75
1663
4889.5
97.79
2.21
2.36
110.5
5000
100
0

16. Sample No.:2
Weight of sample = 5000 gm
Sieve Size
Weight
Cumulative weight
% Cumulative
% Passing
(mm)
Retained (gm)
retained (gm)
weight retained
40
0
0
0
100
20
73.5
73.5
1.47
98.53
10
3296
3369.5
67.39
32.61
4.75
1573.5
4943
98.86
1.14
2.36
57
5000
100
0
% Passing
Sample No.:3
Weight of sample = 5000 gm
Sieve Size
Weight
Cumulative weight
% Cumulative
(mm)
Retained (gm)
retained (gm)
weight retained
40
0
0
0
100
20
68.5
68.5
1.37
98.63
10
3575.5
3644
72.88
27.12
4.75
1284.5
4928.5
98.57
1.43
2.36
71.5
5000
100
0
Grading Limits of 20 mm nominal size for coarse aggregate
(IS: 383-1970 Table 3)
IS sieve size
40
20
10
4.75
2.36
100
95-100
25-55
0-10
-
(mm)
% Passing
This is the graded aggregate of 20 mm nominal size.

17. Aggregate Impact Value
Sr.No.
Description
Test 1
Test 2
Test 3
1
Weight of sample passing
341
343
341
66
70
66.5
19.35
20.41
19.59
through 12.5 mm and
retained on 10 mm IS sieve
W1 in gm
2
Weight of fraction passing
2.36 mm sieve after test W2
in gm
3
Aggregate Impact Value
(A.I.V) = (W2/W1)*100
in %
4
Average value of A.I.V
19.75
According to clause 3.4 of IS 383 the aggregate impact value shall not exceed 45 percent by
weight for aggregates used for concrete other than for wearing surfaces and 30 percent by
weight for concrete for wearing surfaces, such as runways, roads and pavements.
IS SIEVES USED

18. Bulk Density of Coarse Aggregate
Dia. Of cylinder = 15 cm
Ht. of cylinder = 17.5 cm
Vol. of cylinder (V) = 3092.505 Cu. Cm
Sr.No.
Description
Trail 1
Trail 2
1
Loaded Weight W1 gm
5173.5
5147
2
Loose Weight W2 gm
4708
4715
3
Loaded Bulk Density =
1.67
1.66
1.52
1.52
W1 / V
(gm / cu. cm)
4
Loose Bulk Density =
W2 / V
(gm / cu. cm)
5
Avg. Loaded Bulk Density
1.665
(gm / cu. cm)
6
Avg. Loose Bulk Density
1.52
(gm / cu. cm)
The aggregate has unit weight of 1520 – 1680 kg/cu. m is Normal Weight aggregate.
WEIGHING BALANCE

19. Specific Gravity & Water Absorption of Coarse Aggregate
Sr.No.
Description
Test 1
Test 2
1
Weight of saturated aggregate and
1350
1400
basket in water W1 in gm
2
Weight of basket in water W2 in gm
500
500
2
Weight of saturated surface dry
1352
1425
1334.5
1409
2.66
2.68
1.3
1.13
aggregate in air W3 in gm
3
Weight of oven dry aggregate in air
W4 in gm
4
Specific Gravity
= W4/[W3-(W1 – W2)]
5
Water Absorption (%)
= 100*(W3 – W4)/W4
6
Average Specific Gravity
2.67
7
Average Water Absorption (%)
1.2
1. The specific gravity of aggregates ranges from 2.5 to 3.0. The aggregate has specific
gravity between 2.5 – 2.7 is Normal Weight aggregate.
2. The water absorption of aggregates ranges from 0.1 to 2.0%.
STORED COARSE AGGREGATES

20. Fine Aggregate Specific Gravity of Fine Aggregate
Sr.No.
Description
Unit
Trail 1
Trail 2
Trail 3
1
Wt of Empty Pycnometer
gm
618.5
644.5
644.5
gm
1061.5
1068.5
1078.5
gm
1790
1774.5
1784.5
gm
1518.5
1516
1514.5
(W1)
2
Wt of Pycnometer + Dry
Sand (W2)
3
Wt of Pycnometer + Soil
+ Water (W3)
4
Wt of Pycnometer +
Water (W4)
5
W2 – W1
gm
449
424
434
6
W3 – W4
gm
271.5
258.5
270
7
Specific Gravity =
_
2.52
2.56
2.64
(5) / (5 – 6)
8
Avg. Specific Gravity
2.57
The aggregate has specific gravity between 2.5 – 2.7 is Normal Weight aggregate.
FINE SAND

21. Water –
Water used in concrete is free from sewage, oil, acids, strong alkalies or vegetable matter,
clay & loam. The water used is Potable, and is satisfactory to use in concrete.
POTABLE WATER
Rubber –
Tyre used was of car tyres. Car tyres are different from other tyres with regard to constituent
materials & properties. Rubber aggregates from discarded tyre rubber in sizes 20-10 mm, 104.75 mm are used as replacement for natural aggregates in cement concrete. The percentage
of rubber mixed is 2, 4 & 8 of normal aggregates. The natural aggregates are replaced by
rubber aggregates on weighing basis. The strength performance of modified concrete
specimens was compared with the conventional concrete.
Here one treated materials, Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4) are used for treatment the ground
waste tire rubber to improve the interface friction between rubber particles and cement
matrix.

22. COARSE WASTE TYRE RUBBER
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE (CCl4)

23. Concrete Mix Design (IS Method) The concrete mix is designed as per IS 456-2000. Below Table presents the quantities of mix
proportions for one cubic meter of concrete & one cement bag.
Designing M25 Concrete Mix –
Grade Designing
M25
Type of Cement
OPC – 43 Grade conforming to IS 8112
Degree of workability
Medium slump – 75 to 100 mm or 0.9 CF
Degree of quality control
Weigh batching occasional
supervision no past experience S= 5.5 MPA
Fine Aggregate
Coarse Aggregate
Specific Gravity
2.57
2.67
Bulk Density
-
1520
Free surface moisture
-
1.2 %
20 mm
Maximum nominal size
River sand
Crushed Rock
(Zone IV)
Type
(Angular)
Solution Target mean strength
ft = fck + hs
= 25 + (1.65 x 5.5)
= 34 MPa
Water Cement Ratio
From compressive strength curve
=
0.42
Durability consideration
=
0.50

24. Selection water cement Ratio
=
0.42
For 20 mm - Water content
=
186 kg/m3
Proportion of sand
=
35 %
For medium strength concrete
(For medium strength concrete i.e. Water cement ratio = 0.6 and workability = 0.8 CF)
Adjustments
Water
Sand
For reduction in water cement ratio by 0.18
-
- 3.6
For increase in compaction factor by 0.1 CF
+3
-
-
-
+3
- 6.6
For sand conforming to Zone IV
Total adjustment
Therefore Water content
= 186 x 1.03 = 192 Kg/m3
Sand proportion
= 35 – 6.6 = 28.4 %
Air entrapped content for 20 mm aggregate is 2%
Hence, cement content
= (192 /0.42) = 457.14 = 457 kg/m3
As calculated cement content is more than then the minimum cement content of 300 kg/m 3
for RCC.
Proportions of fine and coarse aggregate
Total absolute volume of aggregate
Va = 1 –
= 0.643
0.02 + {4.57 / (3.15 x 1000)} + {192 / 1000}

25. For ratio of fine aggregate to total aggregate by absolute volume of 0.284, the absolute
volumes of fine and coarse aggregate per unit volume of concrete are Vfa = pVa = 0.284 x 0.643 = 0.183 m3
Vca = (1-p) Va = (1 - 0.284) 0.643 = 0.460 m3
Therefore quantities of saturated surface dry fine and coarse aggregates are Mix proportions by (Saturated surface dry) mass
Cement
Water
Fine Aggregates
Coarse Aggregates
4.57
192
470
1228
1
0.42
1.03
2.69
Adjustment for aggregate moisture
Weight of fine aggregate
= 470 x 1.02 = 480 kg
Weight of coarse aggregate
= 1228 x 1.01 = 1240 kg
Free water present in fine and coarse aggregates
= 470x 0.02 + 1228 x0.01 = 21.7 kg
Therefore, the amount of water to be added
= 192 – 21.7 = 170 kg

26. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE, MATERIALS AND MIXES A. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) 43-Grade as per IS: 456-2000 Compressive strength: 7Days = 18 N/mm2, 28- days = 36 N/mm2.
B. River sand and 20 mm crushed aggregate as given in table above.
C. Waste tyre rubber of car is obtained from local market.

27. D. Rubber from tyre is then cut into sizes of 20-10 mm, 10-4.75 mm which used as
replacement for natural aggregates.
E. These pieces were cleaned with soap water and rinse with clean water. After drying under
sun at open place, these pieces were then cut as per the grading.
F. The Plastic molds are washed with movable oil so as concrete and colour pigments (if
added) do-not stick to the inner surface of molds. These should apply to the inner surface
of the plastic molds including its wall and all corners using a cotton swab or cloth.

28. G. Concrete mix is then prepared with different proportions 2, 4 & 8 percentages of rubber in
natural aggregates.
H. During mixing one treated material, Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4) is used for treatment the
ground waste tire rubber to improve the interface friction between rubber particles and
cement matrix.
I. The water used is Potable during mixing, and is satisfactory to use in concrete.
WEIGHING WATER CONTENT
J.
Plastic molds now filled with concrete mix having rubber and passed through the
vibrating table to release any entrapped air to increase its strength.
VIBRATING MACHINE
K. Plastic molds are levelled properly to ensure that it is completely filled with the concrete
mix.

29. L. These molds are finally kept for final setting time for about 10 – 12 hours.
M. After final setting time, the rubber concrete paver blocks are carefully released from the
plastic molds
N. Observe the finish of concrete paver block and its corners for any damage sign.
O. These now kept for curing for the required number of days (7, 14 or 28)
P. Every time, observe the finish of concrete paver block and its corners for any damage
sign.
Q. In case the quality of concrete paver block is fine, continue producing concrete paver
blocks, until it is found to be non-satisfactory in terms of proper release.

30. R. After curing these are tested for the Compressive strength in Compression Testing
Machine (CTM).
S. All results are then collected and compared with the ordinary strength of concrete.

31. Conclusion –
1.
Slump value is decreased as the percentage of replacement of scrap tyre rubber
increased. So decrease in workability.
2.
The compressive strength is decreased as the percentage of replacement increased.
3.
Lack of proper bonding between rubber and cement paste matrix hence the Carbon
Tetrachloride chemical used for adhesive bonding between cement & rubber.
4.
Movable oil showed good release properties when Plastic molds was used.
5.
May lead to cost reduction on wastage, damaged concrete block inventory and its
disposal.
6.
The addition of rubber aggregate in concrete mixes reduces the concrete density, which
can be utilized in light weight concrete.
7.
From experimental study and literature review it can be concluded that despite the
reduced compressive strength of rubberized concrete in comparison to conventional
concrete there is a potential large market for concrete products in which inclusion of
rubber aggregates would be feasible which will utilize the discarded rubber tyres the
disposal of which is a environment pollution problem.
8.
In India out of 36 tyre manufacturers the tyre recyclers are very few.
9.
The tyre recycling factories should supply quality rubber aggregates in 20-10mm,
10-4.75mm and 4.75mm down sizes to be used as cement concrete aggregate.
10. The light unit weight qualities of rubberized concrete may be suitable for architectural
application, stone baking, interior construction, in building as an earthquake shock wave
absorber, where vibration damping is required such as in foundation pads for machinery
railway station, where resistance to impact or explosion is required.
11. The mixtures exhibited high impact resistance up to 2.8 times that of the control
(ordinary) mixtures.
12. The beam showed highly extensibility and ductility, and gave sample warning prior to
failure.
13. The use of residues is also beneficial to environment, as it can greatly reduce the
accumulation of discarded waste tyre

32. Advantages of Rubber Paver Blocks –
A. These articles are gaining importance and popularity in building material segment.
Currently used for many purposes like, concrete/plaster castings, precast tiles, stones and
bricks, concrete splash blocks, gutter block molds, precast concrete paver blocks etc.
B. Recycled rubber pavers can be ordered in custom colours and shapes, so they are
versatile. They can be manufactured to be flexible, and so can be a more resilient surface
over tree roots than traditional paving materials.
C. The benefits of using it instead of conventional construction materials are amongst others
are reduced density, improved drainage properties and better thermal insulation.
D. Among the wide variety of commercial applications, the following prevalent applications
have exhibited a growing market potential:
I.
II.
Flooring for pavements, athletic fields & industrial facilities
Acoustic barriers
III.
Rail crossings, ties and buffers
IV.
Lightweight fill for embankments and retaining walls
V.
Insulating layer beneath roads and behind retaining walls
E. They work as well as a surface for both indoor and outdoor play areas.
F. They can provide an easily cleaned surface for animal walkways and bedding,
particularly for horse barns and kennels.
G. They are also useful in deck surfacing, walkways, and garden paths and as flooring
material for exercise spaces.
H. Recycled rubber paver blocks are easy to install. They do not require pouring, and the
modular nature of the product allows for easy estimation of the amount needed to cover a
surface.
I. They are eco-friendly, as rubber paver blocks remove excess waste tires from landfills
and put them to good use. The forgiving nature of the rubber surface makes it a safe
material, particularly for flooring for children and the elderly and in areas where there is
the risk of long drops or falls.
J. Eliminate usual laborious construction process, wherever not required.
K. Eliminate extra cost.
L. Very smooth finish possible can be matte or gloss finish; good aesthetic look and serve as
a decorative article.

33. M. Save time and energy as these paver blocks are ready to use therefore overall cost
effective process.
N. Generally self - cleansing.
O. Markings on concrete block surfaces have been done using traditional paint or
thermoplastic materials. Maintenance of these markings is difficult and costly. The
frequency at which repainting has to be done is very high. Further more the visibility of
these markings was poor during night due to lack of luminance factor. Reflective rubber
pavers can be used for various applications, in both commercial and residential
constructions.
P. Pavers have become so popular for use around the house and gardens, due to the
increasing varieties available on the market today. There are hundreds of colors and
shades available in pavers, as well as, shapes, designs and sizes.
Q. Paver walkways are versatile, durable, long lasting and heavy duty. Walkways provide
practical guidance to your visitors, offering a safe direction around your property. They
are safe, slip resistant and easy to maintain with sweeping and washing.
R. Interlocking Paver blocks has the unique ability to transfer loads and stresses laterally by
means of an arching of bridging between units. It’s most popular because of the unlimited
variety of pleasing patterns and coloured schemes.
S. Paving blocks are increasingly used not only in walks ways & jogging tracks but also in
entire building compounds, storage yards, petrol stations, swimming pool decks, parking
lots and other landscaping areas.
T. Highly wear-resistant in nature, durability and economy, spreading the load over a large
area, reduces the stress thereby allowing heavier loads and traffic over sub-bases which
normally would require heavily reinforced concrete.
U. Paving blocks floors can be made in any design or shape desired. The blocks are made in
both single and double layers to endure both beauty and strength of the product.
V. Within each of the paver categories, the main considerations of cost are determined by the
cost of the materials, the processes involved, and the labor or man hours that are required
to complete the job.
W. Adequate skid resistance for vehicles and anti-slip element for pedestrian areas.
X. Immediate use after laying and large life spans.
Y. These are unaffected by oil and other toxic substances.
Z. The maintenance requirements are low. Where maintenance must be carried out, it can be
done with a minimum of equipment.

34. Disadvantages of Rubber Paver Blocks –
A. The white patches, colour variation were observed on the paver block surface.
B. Customer was unhappy as the damaged concrete paver block inventory kept increasing
over time. It resulted into short supply of finished products and increase in delivery time
to their end users.
C. Rubber paver blocks do not appear as natural as stone paving materials.
D. Like all paving materials, recycled rubber pavers will eventually degrade, and their
colours will fade with time.
E. They are harder to find than traditional paving materials, and may have to be ordered
online.
F. Since recycled paver blocks are modular, debris will accumulate in the seams as they are
trafficked, and this can be difficult to remove.
G. Customer using different solvent and chemicals from the local formulator. However,
release properties were poor and consistency was the issue.
CURING OF PAVER BLOCKS

35. SUMMARY –
The review presented in this report clearly indicates an increasing trend and incentive for the
greater use of recycled aggregates in construction. There are, however, limitations to the use
such materials. This report focuses on known benefits and limitations of a range of
manufactured and recycled aggregates. Successful strategy must be based on both cost and
performance. In terms of performance, many countries are focusing on recycled concrete
aggregates (RCA) which is proven to be practical for non-structural concretes and to a limited
extent for some structural-grade concrete. However, the processing and quality control cost
associated with their use plus the premium paid for mix design adjustment to achieve the
same strength grade as concrete with natural aggregates can vary considerably. In India,
recycling of waste tyre rubber is not done in large amount.
Hence there is continues increase in the non-biodegradable waste. So these should be used by
different method so as to not only safe our environment but also utilize it for our day to day
needs.

36. REFERENCES
Dowcorning.com/concrete-release.
IS: 456 (2000). Indian Standard Plain and Reinforced Concrete Code of Practice. Bureau
of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
IS: 383 (1970). Indian Standard Specification for Coarse and Fine aggregates from
Natural Sources for Concrete (Second Revision). Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
IS: 10262 (1982). Recommended Guidelines for Concrete Mix Design. Bureau of Indian
standards, New Delhi.
IS: 516 (1959). Indian Standard Method of Tests for Strength of Concrete. Bureau of
Indian Standards, New Delhi.
IS: 5816 (1999). Indian Standard Splitting Tensile Strength of Concrete-Methods of Test.
Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
IS: 2386 (1963). Indian Standard Methods of Test for Aggregates for Concrete. Bureau of
Indian Standards, New Delhi.
IS: 455 (1989). Indian Standard Specification for Portland Slag Cement. Bureau of Indian
Standards, New Delhi.
IS: 4031(1996). Indian Standard Method of Physical Tests for Hydraulic Cement. Bureau
of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
Eldin N.N. & Senouci A.B. - “Rubber tire particles as concrete aggregates”, ASCE
Journal of materials in Civil Engineering, 1993, 5(4), 478-496.
Topeu I.B. “The properties of rubberized concrete” cement and concrete research 1995,
25(2), 304-310.
IS: 8112-1989 - “Specifications f or 43 Grade ordinary Portland cement” (First revision)
BIS, New Delhi.
Fatuli, N.L. and Clark, N.A. “Cement Based materials containing tire rubber”
construction building materials, 1996, vol. 10, No. 4, pp229-236.
Wikipedia.com/rubber concrete.
Kishore Kaushal - “Manual of Concrete Mix Design based on IS: 456-2000”. Standard
Publishers Distributors, 1705-B, Nai Sarak, New Delhi-110006.
www.rma.org/scrap_tires.

37. TEACHER EVALUATION REPORT