Modern urbanization has contributed to an increase in the number of vehicles, resulting in lots of tires ending up as waste every day. It is estimated that almost 1,000 million tires reach the end of their useful life every year, with more than half of them being disposed of without being treated. One approach for making good use of discarded tire rubber is to incorporate it into cement-based materials as natural aggregate substitutes. In this work, scrap tire rubber was used as a partial replacement for coarse aggregates in normal cement concrete in the form of crumb rubber. Three different sizes of crumb tires were used in this experiment - 25.4mm (1 in) x 5mm (0.2in) x 5 mm (0.2in), 50.8 mm (2 in) x 5mm (0.2in) x 5mm (0.2in) and 76.2 mm (3 in) x 5mm (0.2in) x 5 mm (0.2in). The mix design consists of 15% of coarse aggregate content replaced by the crumb rubbers in a mix ratio of 1: 1/2: 31/2: 2: 0.001 by weight, corresponding to cement: water: gravel: sand: Sika® AIR content. Tests were conducted to determine the compressive, tensile, modulus, and air content of the concrete samples. From the test results, it could be concluded that the rubberized concrete produced higher toughness, delayed crack opening width, and ductile failure even though it had lower compressive and tensile strength than the control mix. The geometry and stiffness of the fibers had an influence on the strength of the modified concrete and the increasing aspect ratio of the crumb rubber fibers improved the postcracking behavior of the concrete matrix.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Fundamental properties of self compacting concrete utilizing waste rubber tir...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Utilization of waste rubber tires in concrete technology is a popular research topic over the last two decades. Reuse of waste
rubber tires in self-compacting concrete leads sustainable construction. Several studies have been conducted on incorporation of
waste rubber tires in self-compacting concrete (SCC). This review paper draws general conclusions on fundamental properties of
SCC by summarising and comparing many independent research works and justifies weather these waste tire aggregates are
possible to utilize in self-compacting concrete or not . From the review it is evident that the waste rubber tire aggregates can be
used in SCC as partial replacement of both coarse aggregates and fine aggregates. The result Although the mechanical properties
of SCC experiences negative effect for introduction of waste rubber tire aggregates, still performance of rubberized SCC is better
than ordinary SCC. Fresh properties of SCC incorporating rubber tire aggregates also is in acceptable limit.
Keywords: Waste Rubber Tire, Self-Compacting Concrete, Flowability, Passing Ability, Compressive Strength,
Flexural Strength, Dynamic Elasticity Of Modulus, Water Absorption, Shrinkage.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Fundamental properties of self compacting concrete utilizing waste rubber tir...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Utilization of waste rubber tires in concrete technology is a popular research topic over the last two decades. Reuse of waste
rubber tires in self-compacting concrete leads sustainable construction. Several studies have been conducted on incorporation of
waste rubber tires in self-compacting concrete (SCC). This review paper draws general conclusions on fundamental properties of
SCC by summarising and comparing many independent research works and justifies weather these waste tire aggregates are
possible to utilize in self-compacting concrete or not . From the review it is evident that the waste rubber tire aggregates can be
used in SCC as partial replacement of both coarse aggregates and fine aggregates. The result Although the mechanical properties
of SCC experiences negative effect for introduction of waste rubber tire aggregates, still performance of rubberized SCC is better
than ordinary SCC. Fresh properties of SCC incorporating rubber tire aggregates also is in acceptable limit.
Keywords: Waste Rubber Tire, Self-Compacting Concrete, Flowability, Passing Ability, Compressive Strength,
Flexural Strength, Dynamic Elasticity Of Modulus, Water Absorption, Shrinkage.
Experimental Investigations of Mechanical properties on Micro silica (Silica ...IOSR Journals
Abstract : The Now a day, we need to look at a way to reduce the cost of building materials, particularly
cement is currently so high that only rich people and governments can afford meaningful construction. Studies
have been carried out to investigate the possibility of utilizing a broad range of materials as partial replacement
materials for cement in the production of concrete. This study investigated the strength properties of Silica fume
and fly ash concrete. This work primarily deals with the strength characteristics such as compressive, Split
tensile and flexural strength. High performance concrete a set of 7 different concrete mixture were cast and
tested with different cement replacement levels (0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10% 12.5% and15%) of Fly ash (FA) with
silica fume (SF) as addition ( 0%,5%,10 % ,15% ,25and 30%) by wt of Cement and/or each trial super
plasticizer has been added at constant values to achieve a constant range of slump for desired work ability with
a constant water-binder (w/b) ratio of 0.30.Specimens were produced and cured in a curing tank for 3, 7, 14
and 28 days. The cubes were subjected to compressive strength tests after density determination at 3,7,14 and
28 days respectively. The chemical composition and physical composition of micro silica, FlyAsh and cement
were determined. The density of the concrete decreased with increased in percentage of micro silica and Fly ash
replacement up to 15%. Increase in the level of micro silica fume and Fly ash replacement between 30% to 45%
led to a reduction in the compressive strength of hardened concrete. This study has shown that between 15 to
22.5% replacement levels, concrete will develop strength sufficient for construction purposes. Its use will lead
to a reduction in cement quantity required for construction purposes and hence sustainability in the
construction industry as well as aid economic construction.
Keywords: Durability, Fly Ash, High performance Concrete, Silica Fume/Micro Silica, Density, water
absorption
Use of Granite Waste as Partial Substitute to Cement in ConcreteIJERA Editor
With the ever increasing cost of construction materials there is a need to curtail the same by using cheaper substitutes. In this investigation Granite Slurry (GS) was used as partial substitute in proportions varying from 5% to 20% by weight to cement in concrete and tested for compressive strength, tensile strength and flexure strength. It was observed that substitution of 10% of cement by weight with GS in concrete resulted in an increase in compressive strength to 48 N/mm2 compared to 35 N/mm2 of conventional concrete. Tensile strength too followed a similar pattern with a 10% substitution with GS increasing the tensile strength to 3.6N/mm2 compared with a 2.4 N/mm2 of conventional concrete. However flexure strength of 10% GS replacement exhibited a good improvement of flexural strength to 4.6 N/mm2compared to a 3.2 N/mm2 of conventional concrete. Further investigations revealed that to attain the same strength of conventional concrete a 20% substitution with GS is effective. So it can be concluded that when locally available GS is a good partial substitute to concrete and improves compressive, tensile and flexure characteristics of concrete, while simultaneously offsetting the overall cost of concrete substantially.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PARTIAL ADDITION OF RECYCLED RUBBER TYRES AS REPLACE...IAEME Publication
Concrete, being one of the widely used construction materials in the world in
which cement and aggregate are termed to be inevitable components that are used to
manufacture it. The increase in consumption of natural resources led to demand in
higher rate where parallel to the utilization of the natural resources emerged out as a
destructive concern inthe environment. In order to protect it the only way defined to
preserve natural resources (say aggregate) is by incorporating alternative materials
say recycled or waste elements in rubber form. In this study, we have carried out an
experimental procedure adopting recycled rubber tyres as a partial replacement for
coarse aggregate to manufacture concrete tyres. Pretreating has of one with sodium
hydroxide solution to modify its surface and interfacial transition zone allowing the
rubber to adhere with cement paste. The cycle tyres were taken and its surface were
treated with a saturated aqueous solution for 20 minutes, washed in running water
and left air dry. Then the coarse aggregates were partially replaced with rubber tyres
in different percentage’s say 5%, 10%, 20% and 30% of its total volume. Prior to that
we have prepared a control mix without any replacement of coarse aggregate to draw
a comparative study. For each and every proportion of tyre mix-concrete cubes,
cylinders were prepared and cast and properties such as slump value, compressive
strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength are determined and a comparison
has been made
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Analysis of Characteristics Behaviour use of Locally Materials in Highway Sub...ijtsrd
Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension and brittle also. Cracks also start forming as soon as the concrete is placed. These above said drawbacks don't permit the use of normal concrete in pavements as they lead to a lack of ductility along with fracture and failure. These weaknesses in concrete can be mitigated by using fibers as reinforcement in the concrete mix. Waste materials in the form of polyethylene and tires cause environmental pollution which leads to various health problems. Polyethylene and waste tires can be reused and used efficiently in the concrete as reinforcement in the fiber form. Polyethylene is a synthetic hydrocarbon polymer which can improve the ductility, strength, shrinkage characteristics. This study deals with the effects of addition of polyethylene fiber on the properties of concrete. In this study, Polyethylene and tire fibers were cut into the size of 25mm x 8mm and they were used 1.5 each by volume. Grades of concrete used were M 30, M 35 and M 40. IRC 44 2008 was followed for the design of concrete mix. In this study, the results of the strength properties of Polyethylene fiber reinforced concrete have been presented. Four point bending and double shear test were performed in the laboratory for flexure and shear strength determinations. There was seen an increase of 18 in the 28 day compressive strength along with an increase of 39 in flexure Strenght and 32 in shear strength. It is also found that 22 reduction in the four point bending test and 36 reduction in deflection by double shear tests were initiated out from the experiments. Theoretical analysis of deflection was carried out with the help of energy methods. Practical values were verified with the theoretical values within the allowable limits. Finally, it is concluded that polyethylene and tire used efficiently in reinforced cement concrete. Amit Kumar Bhobria | Er Nitin Thakur "Analysis of Characteristics Behaviour use of Locally Materials in Highway Subgrade" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29872.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/29872/analysis-of-characteristics-behaviour-use-of-locally-materials-in-highway-subgrade/amit-kumar-bhobria
Mechanical and Physical Performance of Concrete Including Waste Electrical Ca...Salih Taner YILDIRIM
Solid wastes are important environmental problem all over the World. Consumption
of the plastic solid waste covers big portion within the total solid waste. Although a numerous
plastic material is subjected to the recycling process, it is not easy to be destroyed by nature.
One of the recommended way to prevent is to utilize as an aggregate in cement-based material.
There are many researches on use of recycling rubber in concrete. However, studies on
recycling of waste electrical cable rubber (WECR) in concrete is insufficient although there are
many research on waste tyre rubbers in concrete. In this study, fine aggregate was replaced
with WECR which were 5%, 10%, and 15 % of the total aggregate volume in the concrete and
researched workability, unit weight, water absorption, compressive strength, flexural strength,
ultrasonic pulse velocity, modulus of elasticity, and abrasion resistance of concrete. As a result
of experimental studies, increase of WECR amount in concrete increases workability due to
lack of adherence between cement paste and WECR, and hydrophobic structure of WECR
while it influences negatively mechanical properties of concrete. It is possible to use WECR in
concrete taking into account the reduction in mechanical properties.
To Study the Behavior of Fresh and Hardened Concrete by Using Waste Rubber as...ijtsrd
This report presents a study on the effect of partial replacement of coarse aggregates by rubber tyre aggregates on the property of concrete. Utilizing the waste rubber tyers in the form of aggregates as reinforcement in the concrete solve the problem of disposing the waste and increase the flexural strength of concrete. Different tests were conducted on the concrete with varying percentage of rubber tyre aggregates and comparing those results with normal concrete. Data presented includes workability, compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexure tensile strength and flexibility. This report describes an experimental study on mixing rubber aggregates with concrete at different mixing ratios (0, 5, 10, and 15) % by weight of coarse aggregates. The tests conducted were workability, compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexure tensile strength. Though there is decrease in compressive strength, workability, split tensile strength, flexural strength and flexibility get increased. Taweel Awzal | Masoom Raza"To Study the Behavior of Fresh and Hardened Concrete by Using Waste Rubber as Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregates" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-5 , August 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2411.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/2411/to-study-the-behavior-of-fresh-and-hardened-concrete-by-using-waste-rubber-as-partial-replacement-of-coarse-aggregates/taweel-awzal
To Study the Behaviour use of Locally Materials in Highway Subgradeijtsrd
Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension and brittle also. Cracks also start forming as soon as the concrete is placed. These above said drawbacks don't permit the use of normal concrete in pavements as they lead to a lack of ductility along with fracture and failure. These weaknesses in concrete can be mitigated by using fibers as reinforcement in the concrete mix. Waste materials in the form of polyethylene and tires cause environmental pollution which leads to various health problems. Polyethylene and waste tires can be reused and used efficiently in the concrete as reinforcement in the fiber form. Polyethylene is a synthetic hydrocarbon polymer which can improve the ductility, strength, shrinkage characteristics. This study deals with the effects of addition of polyethylene fiber on the properties of concrete. In this study, Polyethylene and tire fibers were cut into the size of 25mm x 8mm and they were used 1.5 each by volume. Grades of concrete used were M 30, M 35 and M 40. IRC 44 2008 was followed for the design of concrete mix. In this study, the results of the strength properties of Polyethylene fiber reinforced concrete have been presented. Four point bending and double shear test were performed in the laboratory for flexure and shear strength determinations. There was seen an increase of 18 in the 28 day compressive strength along with an increase of 39 in flexure Strenght and 32 in shear strength. It is also found that 22 reduction in the four point bending test and 36 reduction in deflection by double shear tests were initiated out from the experiments. Theoretical analysis of deflection was carried out with the help of energy methods. Practical values were verified with the theoretical values within the allowable limits. Finally, it is concluded that polyethylene and tire used efficiently in reinforced cement concrete. Amit Kumar Bhobria | Er Nitin Thakur "To Study the Behaviour use of Locally Materials in Highway Subgrade" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29873.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/29873/to-study-the-behaviour-use-of-locally-materials-in-highway-subgrade/amit-kumar-bhobria
Study in Beneficial Point of Rubber Aggregate for Using in Concrete Mix: A Re...paperpublications3
Abstract: In this paper study in rubber tire and collecting the data from previous research study to find out the some beneficial point of waste rubber tire for using as a aggregate with replacing the natural aggregate. At present the dumping of waste tires is becoming a major waste management problem in the world 7% is used for civil engineering construction work. Whole scrap tires have been used as culverts, retaining walls, and for slope and beach stabilization. The practice of these applications need to find out the some characteristic of waste tire.
Analysis on concrete made from over burned bricksIJARIIT
Concrete is a composite material used for the ground that all considerate designing structure is developed with concrete
in an efforts to find an alternative material in concrete much work has been focused to use brick aggregates in producing normal
strength or even higher strength by far the most common course aggregates used in concrete is obtained from natural rock, but
type of rock suitable for concrete making is not available locally and everywhere. However, there is hardly any literature
producing previous concrete using bricks chips as course aggregates. The research was conducted to study the suitability crushed
over burnt bricks as alternative course aggregates for concrete production. The concrete cube beams and cylinders of M-25, M-
30, and M-35 grade were thrown in this trail explore work and try to analyze different properties of concrete with crushed over
burnt bricks as an alternative material. The physical properties like compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength and
workability with alternative material was used with a dosage of 10%, 20% and 30% in concrete with the age of 7, 14, 28 and 50
days of curing. The general properties of fresh and hardened concrete were tried and the outcomes were dissected. Over Burnt
bricks were casted and tested for compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength, and workability. The result shows that
the aggregate that concrete derived from Over Burnt bricks aggregate attained lower strength than the regular concrete. More
detailed and elaborated work is recommended with different mix ratio and a different proportion of Over Burnt aggregates for
a better conclusion.
Mix Design of Grade M35 by Replacement of Cement with Rice Husk Ash in ConcreteDr. Amarjeet Singh
The optimized RHA, by controlled burn or
grinding, has been used as a pozzolanic material in cement
and concrete. Using it provides several advantages, such as
improved strength and durability properties, and
environmental benefits related to the disposal of waste
materials and to reduced carbon dioxide emissions. Up to
now, little research has been done to investigate the use of
RHA as supplementary material in cement and concrete
production .The main objective of this work is to study the
suitability of the rice husk ash as a pozzolanic material for
cement replacement in concrete. However it is expected that
the use of rice husk ash in concrete improve the strength
properties of concrete. Also it is an attempt made to develop
the concrete using rice husk ash as a source material for
partial replacement of cement, which satisfies the structural
properties of concrete like compressive strength.
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
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Experimental Investigations of Mechanical properties on Micro silica (Silica ...IOSR Journals
Abstract : The Now a day, we need to look at a way to reduce the cost of building materials, particularly
cement is currently so high that only rich people and governments can afford meaningful construction. Studies
have been carried out to investigate the possibility of utilizing a broad range of materials as partial replacement
materials for cement in the production of concrete. This study investigated the strength properties of Silica fume
and fly ash concrete. This work primarily deals with the strength characteristics such as compressive, Split
tensile and flexural strength. High performance concrete a set of 7 different concrete mixture were cast and
tested with different cement replacement levels (0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10% 12.5% and15%) of Fly ash (FA) with
silica fume (SF) as addition ( 0%,5%,10 % ,15% ,25and 30%) by wt of Cement and/or each trial super
plasticizer has been added at constant values to achieve a constant range of slump for desired work ability with
a constant water-binder (w/b) ratio of 0.30.Specimens were produced and cured in a curing tank for 3, 7, 14
and 28 days. The cubes were subjected to compressive strength tests after density determination at 3,7,14 and
28 days respectively. The chemical composition and physical composition of micro silica, FlyAsh and cement
were determined. The density of the concrete decreased with increased in percentage of micro silica and Fly ash
replacement up to 15%. Increase in the level of micro silica fume and Fly ash replacement between 30% to 45%
led to a reduction in the compressive strength of hardened concrete. This study has shown that between 15 to
22.5% replacement levels, concrete will develop strength sufficient for construction purposes. Its use will lead
to a reduction in cement quantity required for construction purposes and hence sustainability in the
construction industry as well as aid economic construction.
Keywords: Durability, Fly Ash, High performance Concrete, Silica Fume/Micro Silica, Density, water
absorption
Use of Granite Waste as Partial Substitute to Cement in ConcreteIJERA Editor
With the ever increasing cost of construction materials there is a need to curtail the same by using cheaper substitutes. In this investigation Granite Slurry (GS) was used as partial substitute in proportions varying from 5% to 20% by weight to cement in concrete and tested for compressive strength, tensile strength and flexure strength. It was observed that substitution of 10% of cement by weight with GS in concrete resulted in an increase in compressive strength to 48 N/mm2 compared to 35 N/mm2 of conventional concrete. Tensile strength too followed a similar pattern with a 10% substitution with GS increasing the tensile strength to 3.6N/mm2 compared with a 2.4 N/mm2 of conventional concrete. However flexure strength of 10% GS replacement exhibited a good improvement of flexural strength to 4.6 N/mm2compared to a 3.2 N/mm2 of conventional concrete. Further investigations revealed that to attain the same strength of conventional concrete a 20% substitution with GS is effective. So it can be concluded that when locally available GS is a good partial substitute to concrete and improves compressive, tensile and flexure characteristics of concrete, while simultaneously offsetting the overall cost of concrete substantially.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PARTIAL ADDITION OF RECYCLED RUBBER TYRES AS REPLACE...IAEME Publication
Concrete, being one of the widely used construction materials in the world in
which cement and aggregate are termed to be inevitable components that are used to
manufacture it. The increase in consumption of natural resources led to demand in
higher rate where parallel to the utilization of the natural resources emerged out as a
destructive concern inthe environment. In order to protect it the only way defined to
preserve natural resources (say aggregate) is by incorporating alternative materials
say recycled or waste elements in rubber form. In this study, we have carried out an
experimental procedure adopting recycled rubber tyres as a partial replacement for
coarse aggregate to manufacture concrete tyres. Pretreating has of one with sodium
hydroxide solution to modify its surface and interfacial transition zone allowing the
rubber to adhere with cement paste. The cycle tyres were taken and its surface were
treated with a saturated aqueous solution for 20 minutes, washed in running water
and left air dry. Then the coarse aggregates were partially replaced with rubber tyres
in different percentage’s say 5%, 10%, 20% and 30% of its total volume. Prior to that
we have prepared a control mix without any replacement of coarse aggregate to draw
a comparative study. For each and every proportion of tyre mix-concrete cubes,
cylinders were prepared and cast and properties such as slump value, compressive
strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength are determined and a comparison
has been made
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Analysis of Characteristics Behaviour use of Locally Materials in Highway Sub...ijtsrd
Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension and brittle also. Cracks also start forming as soon as the concrete is placed. These above said drawbacks don't permit the use of normal concrete in pavements as they lead to a lack of ductility along with fracture and failure. These weaknesses in concrete can be mitigated by using fibers as reinforcement in the concrete mix. Waste materials in the form of polyethylene and tires cause environmental pollution which leads to various health problems. Polyethylene and waste tires can be reused and used efficiently in the concrete as reinforcement in the fiber form. Polyethylene is a synthetic hydrocarbon polymer which can improve the ductility, strength, shrinkage characteristics. This study deals with the effects of addition of polyethylene fiber on the properties of concrete. In this study, Polyethylene and tire fibers were cut into the size of 25mm x 8mm and they were used 1.5 each by volume. Grades of concrete used were M 30, M 35 and M 40. IRC 44 2008 was followed for the design of concrete mix. In this study, the results of the strength properties of Polyethylene fiber reinforced concrete have been presented. Four point bending and double shear test were performed in the laboratory for flexure and shear strength determinations. There was seen an increase of 18 in the 28 day compressive strength along with an increase of 39 in flexure Strenght and 32 in shear strength. It is also found that 22 reduction in the four point bending test and 36 reduction in deflection by double shear tests were initiated out from the experiments. Theoretical analysis of deflection was carried out with the help of energy methods. Practical values were verified with the theoretical values within the allowable limits. Finally, it is concluded that polyethylene and tire used efficiently in reinforced cement concrete. Amit Kumar Bhobria | Er Nitin Thakur "Analysis of Characteristics Behaviour use of Locally Materials in Highway Subgrade" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29872.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/29872/analysis-of-characteristics-behaviour-use-of-locally-materials-in-highway-subgrade/amit-kumar-bhobria
Mechanical and Physical Performance of Concrete Including Waste Electrical Ca...Salih Taner YILDIRIM
Solid wastes are important environmental problem all over the World. Consumption
of the plastic solid waste covers big portion within the total solid waste. Although a numerous
plastic material is subjected to the recycling process, it is not easy to be destroyed by nature.
One of the recommended way to prevent is to utilize as an aggregate in cement-based material.
There are many researches on use of recycling rubber in concrete. However, studies on
recycling of waste electrical cable rubber (WECR) in concrete is insufficient although there are
many research on waste tyre rubbers in concrete. In this study, fine aggregate was replaced
with WECR which were 5%, 10%, and 15 % of the total aggregate volume in the concrete and
researched workability, unit weight, water absorption, compressive strength, flexural strength,
ultrasonic pulse velocity, modulus of elasticity, and abrasion resistance of concrete. As a result
of experimental studies, increase of WECR amount in concrete increases workability due to
lack of adherence between cement paste and WECR, and hydrophobic structure of WECR
while it influences negatively mechanical properties of concrete. It is possible to use WECR in
concrete taking into account the reduction in mechanical properties.
To Study the Behavior of Fresh and Hardened Concrete by Using Waste Rubber as...ijtsrd
This report presents a study on the effect of partial replacement of coarse aggregates by rubber tyre aggregates on the property of concrete. Utilizing the waste rubber tyers in the form of aggregates as reinforcement in the concrete solve the problem of disposing the waste and increase the flexural strength of concrete. Different tests were conducted on the concrete with varying percentage of rubber tyre aggregates and comparing those results with normal concrete. Data presented includes workability, compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexure tensile strength and flexibility. This report describes an experimental study on mixing rubber aggregates with concrete at different mixing ratios (0, 5, 10, and 15) % by weight of coarse aggregates. The tests conducted were workability, compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexure tensile strength. Though there is decrease in compressive strength, workability, split tensile strength, flexural strength and flexibility get increased. Taweel Awzal | Masoom Raza"To Study the Behavior of Fresh and Hardened Concrete by Using Waste Rubber as Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregates" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-5 , August 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2411.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/2411/to-study-the-behavior-of-fresh-and-hardened-concrete-by-using-waste-rubber-as-partial-replacement-of-coarse-aggregates/taweel-awzal
To Study the Behaviour use of Locally Materials in Highway Subgradeijtsrd
Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension and brittle also. Cracks also start forming as soon as the concrete is placed. These above said drawbacks don't permit the use of normal concrete in pavements as they lead to a lack of ductility along with fracture and failure. These weaknesses in concrete can be mitigated by using fibers as reinforcement in the concrete mix. Waste materials in the form of polyethylene and tires cause environmental pollution which leads to various health problems. Polyethylene and waste tires can be reused and used efficiently in the concrete as reinforcement in the fiber form. Polyethylene is a synthetic hydrocarbon polymer which can improve the ductility, strength, shrinkage characteristics. This study deals with the effects of addition of polyethylene fiber on the properties of concrete. In this study, Polyethylene and tire fibers were cut into the size of 25mm x 8mm and they were used 1.5 each by volume. Grades of concrete used were M 30, M 35 and M 40. IRC 44 2008 was followed for the design of concrete mix. In this study, the results of the strength properties of Polyethylene fiber reinforced concrete have been presented. Four point bending and double shear test were performed in the laboratory for flexure and shear strength determinations. There was seen an increase of 18 in the 28 day compressive strength along with an increase of 39 in flexure Strenght and 32 in shear strength. It is also found that 22 reduction in the four point bending test and 36 reduction in deflection by double shear tests were initiated out from the experiments. Theoretical analysis of deflection was carried out with the help of energy methods. Practical values were verified with the theoretical values within the allowable limits. Finally, it is concluded that polyethylene and tire used efficiently in reinforced cement concrete. Amit Kumar Bhobria | Er Nitin Thakur "To Study the Behaviour use of Locally Materials in Highway Subgrade" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29873.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/29873/to-study-the-behaviour-use-of-locally-materials-in-highway-subgrade/amit-kumar-bhobria
Study in Beneficial Point of Rubber Aggregate for Using in Concrete Mix: A Re...paperpublications3
Abstract: In this paper study in rubber tire and collecting the data from previous research study to find out the some beneficial point of waste rubber tire for using as a aggregate with replacing the natural aggregate. At present the dumping of waste tires is becoming a major waste management problem in the world 7% is used for civil engineering construction work. Whole scrap tires have been used as culverts, retaining walls, and for slope and beach stabilization. The practice of these applications need to find out the some characteristic of waste tire.
Analysis on concrete made from over burned bricksIJARIIT
Concrete is a composite material used for the ground that all considerate designing structure is developed with concrete
in an efforts to find an alternative material in concrete much work has been focused to use brick aggregates in producing normal
strength or even higher strength by far the most common course aggregates used in concrete is obtained from natural rock, but
type of rock suitable for concrete making is not available locally and everywhere. However, there is hardly any literature
producing previous concrete using bricks chips as course aggregates. The research was conducted to study the suitability crushed
over burnt bricks as alternative course aggregates for concrete production. The concrete cube beams and cylinders of M-25, M-
30, and M-35 grade were thrown in this trail explore work and try to analyze different properties of concrete with crushed over
burnt bricks as an alternative material. The physical properties like compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength and
workability with alternative material was used with a dosage of 10%, 20% and 30% in concrete with the age of 7, 14, 28 and 50
days of curing. The general properties of fresh and hardened concrete were tried and the outcomes were dissected. Over Burnt
bricks were casted and tested for compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength, and workability. The result shows that
the aggregate that concrete derived from Over Burnt bricks aggregate attained lower strength than the regular concrete. More
detailed and elaborated work is recommended with different mix ratio and a different proportion of Over Burnt aggregates for
a better conclusion.
Mix Design of Grade M35 by Replacement of Cement with Rice Husk Ash in ConcreteDr. Amarjeet Singh
The optimized RHA, by controlled burn or
grinding, has been used as a pozzolanic material in cement
and concrete. Using it provides several advantages, such as
improved strength and durability properties, and
environmental benefits related to the disposal of waste
materials and to reduced carbon dioxide emissions. Up to
now, little research has been done to investigate the use of
RHA as supplementary material in cement and concrete
production .The main objective of this work is to study the
suitability of the rice husk ash as a pozzolanic material for
cement replacement in concrete. However it is expected that
the use of rice husk ash in concrete improve the strength
properties of concrete. Also it is an attempt made to develop
the concrete using rice husk ash as a source material for
partial replacement of cement, which satisfies the structural
properties of concrete like compressive strength.
Similar to EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE PERFORMANCE OF RUBBERIZED CONCRETE MIXTURES WITHOUT ADDITIVES (20)
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
Unleashing the Power of Data_ Choosing a Trusted Analytics Platform.pdfEnterprise Wired
In this guide, we'll explore the key considerations and features to look for when choosing a Trusted analytics platform that meets your organization's needs and delivers actionable intelligence you can trust.
Enhanced Enterprise Intelligence with your personal AI Data Copilot.pdfGetInData
Recently we have observed the rise of open-source Large Language Models (LLMs) that are community-driven or developed by the AI market leaders, such as Meta (Llama3), Databricks (DBRX) and Snowflake (Arctic). On the other hand, there is a growth in interest in specialized, carefully fine-tuned yet relatively small models that can efficiently assist programmers in day-to-day tasks. Finally, Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) architectures have gained a lot of traction as the preferred approach for LLMs context and prompt augmentation for building conversational SQL data copilots, code copilots and chatbots.
In this presentation, we will show how we built upon these three concepts a robust Data Copilot that can help to democratize access to company data assets and boost performance of everyone working with data platforms.
Why do we need yet another (open-source ) Copilot?
How can we build one?
Architecture and evaluation
Analysis insight about a Flyball dog competition team's performanceroli9797
Insight of my analysis about a Flyball dog competition team's last year performance. Find more: https://github.com/rolandnagy-ds/flyball_race_analysis/tree/main
Learn SQL from basic queries to Advance queriesmanishkhaire30
Dive into the world of data analysis with our comprehensive guide on mastering SQL! This presentation offers a practical approach to learning SQL, focusing on real-world applications and hands-on practice. Whether you're a beginner or looking to sharpen your skills, this guide provides the tools you need to extract, analyze, and interpret data effectively.
Key Highlights:
Foundations of SQL: Understand the basics of SQL, including data retrieval, filtering, and aggregation.
Advanced Queries: Learn to craft complex queries to uncover deep insights from your data.
Data Trends and Patterns: Discover how to identify and interpret trends and patterns in your datasets.
Practical Examples: Follow step-by-step examples to apply SQL techniques in real-world scenarios.
Actionable Insights: Gain the skills to derive actionable insights that drive informed decision-making.
Join us on this journey to enhance your data analysis capabilities and unlock the full potential of SQL. Perfect for data enthusiasts, analysts, and anyone eager to harness the power of data!
#DataAnalysis #SQL #LearningSQL #DataInsights #DataScience #Analytics
The Building Blocks of QuestDB, a Time Series Databasejavier ramirez
Talk Delivered at Valencia Codes Meetup 2024-06.
Traditionally, databases have treated timestamps just as another data type. However, when performing real-time analytics, timestamps should be first class citizens and we need rich time semantics to get the most out of our data. We also need to deal with ever growing datasets while keeping performant, which is as fun as it sounds.
It is no wonder time-series databases are now more popular than ever before. Join me in this session to learn about the internal architecture and building blocks of QuestDB, an open source time-series database designed for speed. We will also review a history of some of the changes we have gone over the past two years to deal with late and unordered data, non-blocking writes, read-replicas, or faster batch ingestion.
06-04-2024 - NYC Tech Week - Discussion on Vector Databases, Unstructured Data and AI
Discussion on Vector Databases, Unstructured Data and AI
https://www.meetup.com/unstructured-data-meetup-new-york/
This meetup is for people working in unstructured data. Speakers will come present about related topics such as vector databases, LLMs, and managing data at scale. The intended audience of this group includes roles like machine learning engineers, data scientists, data engineers, software engineers, and PMs.This meetup was formerly Milvus Meetup, and is sponsored by Zilliz maintainers of Milvus.
2. Experimental Investigation of the Performance of Rubberized Concrete Mixtures without
Additives
https://iaeme.com/Home/journal/JCCR 2 editor@iaeme.com
a simple and practical solution to prevent the rapid depletion of natural source quarries (sand,
gravel, and crushed stone) and maintain the ecological balance. The environmental aspects are
not the only reason for the use of alternative aggregates. Indeed, a lot of waste products,
including waste glass powder [1]–[5], plastics [6]–[9], ground granulated blast furnace slag
[10]–[14], wood ash [15]–[17], and crumb rubber from scrap tires [18] have properties suitable
for being incorporated into cementitious matrices, bringing potential engineering
functionalization in concrete materials, such as lightweight, higher durability, better shock
absorption, and improved thermo-acoustic insulation properties. Many waste products, such as
plastics, ground granulated blast furnace slag, wood ash, and crumb rubber from scrap tires,
have properties that make them suitable for incorporation into cementitious matrices for
lightweight, higher durability, energy absorption and improved acoustic resistance applications.
Currently, more than 300 million scrap tires are stored in the US [19]. Modern urbanization has
contributed to an ever-increasing demand for the automobile industry, resulting in an increase
in tire demand of almost 1500 million tires each year [20]. As a result, approximately one billion
end-of-life tires are expected to be produced per year [21]. Landfill disposal and incineration
are the primary ways for managing waste tires in many nations. However, in terms of economic
impact, environmental repercussions, and detrimental effects on human health, these techniques
have proven to be ineffectual. The primary danger considerations in the context of tire disposal
include durability (difficult to process), non-degradability (difficult to break down and
decompose), high flammability, shape (large void space, poor space efficiency for storage and
transportation), volume (occupies a large volume, and the production of gases and toxic
compounds due to burning treatments [22]. In addition, the indiscriminate dumping or land
filling of scrap tires has several difficulties requiring a large amount of space, accumulation of
pests and high processing costs for shredding. As a result of the problems associated with
landfill disposal of tires, the most feasible option left is recycling and utilization of the recycled
products. Recycling of scrap tires is a promising prospect for reducing the number of scrap tires
added to or residing in dumps/landfills. In United States, Europe and Asia (Japan) scrap tires
have been recycled through various methods including ground rubber, tire derived fuel (TDF),
reuse and retreading [23].
Rubber concrete (RC) technology, which uses crumb tire rubber (CTR) as a concrete
aggregate replacement, has been the subject of numerous small-scale or laboratory research
over the last 30 years [24]–[27]. Improved energy absorption capacity and ductility, greater
thermo-acoustic insulation, higher sound absorption, improved freeze-thaw resistance, higher
permeability, and drainage properties were some of the common comments made about the
effect of CTR on the technological properties of cementitious materials. Furthermore, new
applications of RC technology have recently been proposed, such as the production of 3D-
printable rubber-cement composites [28]–[30] and use in environmentally friendly Geopolymer
concretes [31]. However, the applicability of cement-based materials modified with recycled
rubber is still not well consolidated and limited for civil or architectural applications. The main
drawback is related to the remarkable loss in mechanical strength, which depends on the weak
rubber-cement bonding condition, the softness, and lightweight properties of polymer
aggregates. This work is part of an ongoing study to examine the long-term performance of a
rubber-functionalized cementitious mixtures in aggressive environments for strength
requirements, noise attenuation, energy absorption and permeability, for application in
lightweight wall construction. Unlike most of the works published in the literature, the strength
and air content of portland-based rubberized formulations without pozzolans or additives. were
investigated in this study.
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2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Concrete is one of the two most used structural materials [32]. During the 1970’s with the onset
of the energy crisis and along with the increase in environmental consciousness a lot of focus
was placed on the use of industrial waste products such as waste tire as an additive to concrete
[33]. The addition of recycled waste materials has been shown to affect the strength of fresh
and hardened concrete properties [34]–[38]. Experiment was conducted by Ali et al. [39] to
examine the strength and toughness properties of rubberized concrete mixtures. Tire–rubber
particles composed of tire chips, crumb rubber, and a combination of tire chips and crumb
rubber, were used to replace mineral aggregates in concrete. These particles were used to
replace 12.5%, 25%, 37.5%, and 50% of the total mineral aggregate’s volume in concrete.
Cylindrical shape concrete specimens 15 cm in diameter and 30 cm in height were fabricated
and cured. The fresh rubberized concrete exhibited lower unit weight and acceptable
workability compared to plain concrete. Due to considerable decrease in ultimate strength of
hardened concrete specimens from the results of a uniaxial compressive strain control test,
rubber concentrations exceeding 25% are not recommended. Also, their results indicated a
significant decrease in the brittle behavior of concrete with increasing rubber content.
Recycled waste tire rubber was also investigated as an additive to twenty-four concrete
mixes [40]. Different coarse and fine aggregate rubber particle sizes were evaluated: 19-mm
tire chips (TCs) and 30-mesh crumb rubber (CR). TCs were used to replace coarse aggregates,
while CR was used to replace fine aggregate in the concrete mixtures in increments of 10% by
volume. Concrete strength loss was reduced with a fine aggregate replacement with CR as
opposed to greater losses of strength exhibited by a coarse aggregate replacement with TCs.
Adequate strengths were achieved at replacement levels as high as 40% by volume with CR,
whereas satisfactory strengths were achieved with only a 10% replacement of coarse aggregates
with TCs. Acceptable strengths were obtained from mixtures utilizing a combination of the two
rubber sizes. Cement content was observed to have greater influence on rubberized concrete
compressive strength at lower rubber contents than higher levels. Al-Fadhli [41] also noted that
the compressive strength experienced an 85% reduction when all coarse aggregate was replaced
with TC. Only a 65% reduction in compressive strength was observed when 100% of the fine
aggregates were replaced with CR.
Researchers have tried to gain different advantages from the use of waste tire in concrete.
High-strength concrete (HSC) with silica fume has been modified with different amounts of
crumbed truck tires [42]–[44]. Samples containing 0%, 3%, 5% and 8% waste tires were made.
Their aim was to reduce the stiffness of HSC to make it compatible with other materials and
building elements, unexpected displacement of building foundations and improving the fire
performance of the buildings. They found that volume fractions up to 3% do not significantly
reduce the strength of the composite, although it does reduce the stiffness. Higher volumes of
rubber indicate a reduction of strength but improve the dynamic behavior of the concrete [45].
According to He et al. [46], the performance of the composite material is dependent on the
physical properties of the fibers and the matrix, and the strength of their bond. Several authors
have suggested that the loss in strength might be minimized by prior surface treatment of the
waste tire [36], [46]–[49]. The bonding between concrete matrix and waste tire is not very
strong. When fibers are smaller than the critical length, The maximum fiber stress is typically
less than the average fiber strength when fibers are smaller than the critical length. Composite
failure occurs when the matrix or interface fails as a result of stress concentrates at the fiber
ends [50]. The shape and size of the rubber particles impact the workability of the rubberized
concrete mixes. Stalling [40] found lower slump values for rubberized concrete mixtures that
replaced fine aggregates with CR in comparison to mixtures with TC replacement of coarse
aggregate. All rubberized concrete mixtures produced slump values less than the control
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mixture. Agreement from several studies suggests the addition of rubber particles in concrete
mixtures increases the air content of the sample even without the help of air-entraining
admixtures [8], [13], [19], [20]. Bing and Ning [51]suggested in their study that increasing
rubber aggregate content in 25% increments resulted in water content increase. The rubberized
concrete mixture consisting of a 100% replacement of coarse aggregates with TCs had an air
content of 6.0% while the control mixture with a water-to-cement ratio (w/c) of 0.45 and no
rubber aggregates had an air content of 2.5%. It is believed the rough surface of the rubber
aggregates is the cause of increased air contents in rubberized concrete mixtures. The non-polar
nature of the rubber particles pushes away water molecules, while simultaneously trapping air
on the surface of the rubber [40].
3. METHODOLOGY
3.1. Materials and Specimen Preparation
Concrete strength is greatly affected by the properties of its constituents and the mixture design
parameters. In performance of the experiments, the raw materials used included ordinary
portland cement, Sika® AIR (meets the ASTM C260 requirement), mixture of aggregates
(coarse and medium), sand, water, and tire fibers. 3 different sizes of crumb tires were used in
this experiment (see Table 1) - 25.4mm (1in) x 5mm (0.2in) x 5 mm (0.2in), 50.8 mm (2in) x
5mm (0.2in) x 5mm (0.2in) and 76.2 mm (3in) x 5mm (0.2in) x 5 mm (0.2in). Concrete mixture
samples of dimension of 6-inch diameter by 12-inch length were cured for 28 days in a
controlled environment between 50°F and 75°F. The mixing process consist of 15% of coarse
aggregate content replaced by uniform fiber distribution in a mix ratio of 1: 1/2: 31/2: 2: 0.001
by weight corresponding to cement: water: gravel: sand: Sika® AIR content. Three different
samples of each mix were made to determine the ultimate strength of concrete at 28 days.
3.2. Batch Specifications
Seven batches of six-inch radius by twelve-inch height cylinders were prepared. One batch was
made without waste tires to be the control while six batches were prepared using waste tire
chips or fibers. Thirty were prepared using fibers of lengths one inches, two inches and three
inches while one batch was made using chips. Chips used were from light duty vehicle and
heavy truck wires (see Table and Fig. 1a). Different fiber lengths were used to determine the
effect of fiber aspect ratio on the properties of concrete such as stiffness and strength (see Fig.
1b).
Table 1 The dimensions and distribution of tires and chips in each batch.
Batch
Number
Waste Tire shape Fiber/ chip length
(in)
Fiber/ chip width
(in)
Fiber/chip height
(in)
1 None None None None
2 Truck and car rubber
chips with steel wires
1 1 0.2
3 Car tires without steel
wires
1 0.2 0.2
4 Car tires without steel
wires
2 0.2 0.2
5 Car tires without steel
wires
3 0.2 0.2
6 Car tires with steel wires 2 0.2 0.2
7 Truck and car tires with
steel wires
2 0.2 0.2
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3.3. Testing Procedures
After being cured, the samples were subjected to split tensile strength, compressive strength,
and compressive modulus tests. An Instron Universal Testing machine was used to perform
these tests. Samples from each of the batches were tested. ASTM C 39 Standard was used in
conducting compressive tests (see Fig. 2a) while ASTM C496-86 Standard was used for the
split tensile strength tests (see Fig. 2b). Slump tests were conducted to measure the workability
or consistency of concrete according to ASTM C 143 (see Fig. 3).
(a) (b)
Figure 1. (a) chips and (b) fibers used in the experiments
(a) (b)
Figure 2 (a) Concrete in compression test (b) Split tensile strength testing of concrete.
Figure 3. Slump testing concrete
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4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1. Compressive and Tensile Strength of Concrete
The relationship between density and compressive strength can be seen in Fig. 4. There was a
significant and almost consistent decrease in the compressive strength of the rubberized
concrete batches. Of all the batches tested the control batch had the highest compressive
strength. There was approximately 43% decrease in the compressive strength with the addition
of the waste tire chips. This behavior indicated that the crumb rubber had a significant influence
on the compressive strength. Batch 7, which was composed of the waste mixed tire in a fibrous
form, had the highest compressive strength of all the modified samples. The control samples
had the highest split tensile strength. Batches 3-5, which consisted of waste tires without steel
wire, had the lowest split tensile strengths (Fig. 5). Batch 7 had the highest split tensile strength
of all the rubberized concrete samples. This batch consisted of the waste tires with the highest
modulus of elasticity and had the most steel wires included. A possible solution to increase the
mechanical properties while maintaining or even reducing the density and without
compromising the mechanical properties of the concrete could be to create a more densely
graded fine aggregate (i.e. greater variation in particle size) that would help with the flowability
of the concrete, so that less or no air entraining agent would be necessary.
The findings also indicated it is advantageous to include waste tires with wires and high
modulus of elasticity into the concrete. This is further supported by the fact that batch 6 which
contained car tires with wires had a higher split tensile strength than batches 3-5 which
contained car tires without wires. The introduction of waste tires into concrete reduced its split
tensile strength. The reduction of strength can however be minimized by including tires with
higher elastic modulus such as truck tires and specifically tires that contain wires. The strength
was reduced in waste tire modified concrete for several reasons such as the waste tires acting
like voids in the matrix resulting in weak bond between the waste tire and concrete matrix. With
the increase in void content of the concrete, there will be a corresponding decrease in strength.
Also, the elastic deformability tendency of waste in the matrix could have resulted in reduced
strength, cracks at the location of the fibers. This can also be observed in the lower tensile
strength compared to the compressive strength of the concrete mixes.
4.2. Modulus of Elasticity
The general deviation in values of the modulus of elasticity for the rubberized samples was
small. The control sample has the highest modulus of elasticity. The 50 mm (2-inch) truck and
car tire with steel had the highest value of all the rubberized samples. The volume and modulus
of the aggregate are the factors that are mainly responsible for the modulus of elasticity of
concrete. Therefore, small additions of tire fiber would not be able to significantly change the
modulus of the composite. One of the concerns when adding waste tires to the concrete was
whether the workability of the concrete would be negatively affected. Workability refers to the
ability of the concrete to be easily molded.
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Figure 4 Variation of the (a) compressive strength of concrete at 28 days
Figure 5 Variation of the split tensile strength of concrete at 28 days
1754
1623
1576
1587
1612
1598
1606
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0 Compressive Strength
28 days
Density
Batch Number
Compressive
Strength
(MPa)
1560
1580
1600
1620
1640
1660
1680
1700
1720
1740
1760
Density
(kg/m
3
)
1754
1623
1576
1587
1612
1598
1606
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Split Tensile Strength
Density
Batch Number
Split
Tensile
Strength
(MPa)
1560
1580
1600
1620
1640
1660
1680
1700
1720
1740
1760
Density
(kg/m
3
)
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Figure 6 Variation of modulus of elasticity of concrete
There was a variation of approximately +/- 0.7 between the slump of the control samples
and the rubberized concrete (see Fig. 7). Also, the variation of air content in the different batches
was not significant (see Fig. 8). These results imply that the workability of the concrete was not
adversely affected by the addition of waste tires.
Figure 7 Variation of slump of concrete batches
35.3
27.9
26.8
28.1 27.4
30.3
31.6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Modulus of Elasticity
Batch Number
Modulus
of
Elasticity
(MPa)
14.8
14.4 14.6
15.2
14
14.8 15.1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Slump
Batch Number
Slump
(cm)
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Figure 8 Variation of air content for concrete batches.
4.3. Effect of Waste Tire on Toughness of Concrete
Figure 9 shows the applied load - displacement curves for split tensile testing of control sample
and a rubberized sample from batch 7. The concrete without waste tire failed a lot sooner than
the rubberized concrete. Toughness, which is the energy absorbed by the sample is measured
by the area under the curve. The area beneath the curve for the concrete without rubber is very
small compared to the area beneath the curve for the concrete with rubber. This implies that
concrete with rubber is much tougher than concrete without rubber. Toughness describes how
a material will react under sudden load. With its increased toughness, rubberized concrete will
be able to resist crack propagation, catastrophic failures and absorb dynamic loads more than
the control. It was observed that the samples tend to fail more gradually with the addition of
waste tires. Waste tire modified samples were able to undergo a higher deformation than the
control mix. The ability of the sample to deform elastically has thus increased. The high elastic
energy capacity of normal concrete was reduced after adding rubber while the plastic energy
capacities began to increase. As a result of their high plastic energy capacities, this concrete
showed high strains especially under impact effects. From Figure 7, it was seen that after
maximum stress (cracks growing inside concrete matrix), the graph continues when the
concrete contains fibers. In concrete without fibers, the first crack propagates immediately,
causing instant failure. In waste tire modified concrete the rubber maintained the sides of the
crack together, allowing the material to retain a part of the load at large displacement. The
portion OA and O’A’ are common to most type of composites. They represent the stage in
which the matrix carries the stress, and the role of the fibers is relatively unimportant. The
portions AB and A’B’ represent the stage in which stress is progressively transferred from the
matrix to the fibers. The former had a sudden and short decline because the matrix had no fibers
to carry the stress after the control sample reach its ultimate stress. A’B’ is typical of some
short, randomly oriented fiber. The shape of the curve A’B’ is controlled by many factors
4.5
4
4.8
5
4.7 4.6
4.9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0
1
2
3
4
5
Air Content
Batch Number
Air
Content
(%)
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including the sliding friction bond strength for fibers at random angles, the aspect ratio of the
fibers, the fiber volume fraction, and the composition of the matrix. A’B’ is more desirable than
AB since the former implies increased toughness.
0 2 4 6 8 10
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Applied
Load
(KN)
Displacement (mm)
Concrete without tires
Concrete with tires
A'
A
B
B'
Figure 9 Load displacement results for split tensile testing of rubberized and plain concrete.
Unlike the control concrete which disintegrated when the peak load was reached, the
rubberized concrete underwent a considerable deformation without disintegration. In fact, the
control concrete sample broke into two halves after unloading, while the rubberized concrete
sample kept its integrity and the crack opening width was reduced, and sometimes even closed.
This suggests that rubberized concrete offer a great potential for it to be used in wall
construction, sound/crash barriers, retaining structures, and pavement structures if its strength
is appropriate
5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Concrete mixes were prepared both with and without waste tire rubber. For those with waste
tires, there was one batch made with waste tires in the form of chips while the others were made
with waste tires as fibers with different aspect ratios. Several conclusions were reached:
• The toughness of waste tire modified concrete was much greater than unmodified
concrete. It was thus able to absorb more energy when loaded than the control sample.
• Owing to the fibers bridging over the cracks, the crack opening width can be controlled.
In addition, the three-dimensional distribution of fibers in concrete provides the
reinforced concrete with improved performance in all directions.
• Waste tire modified concrete failed in a ductile manner rather than a brittle manner.
• The sample with waste tire as fibers performed better than those with chips thus, waste
tires should be used as fibers instead of chips.
• It is not very beneficial to include fibers in cement matrices to increase the first tensile
strength. The effect of the fibers on the concrete is not fully realized until cracking has
occurred, as this is when the load carrying ability of the fiber comes into effect.
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• Waste tire modified concrete had lower compressive and tensile strength than the
control mix. It was however shown that it was advantageous to use stiffer fibers as
they had higher strengths.
• Waste tires can be included to increase the ductility in compressive failure. One of the
major benefits of waste tire fibers is the holding together of a cracked area after minor
impacts.
• From the results obtained from this study it was determined also that the geometry of
the fibers also had an influence on the strength of the concrete. The aspect ratio of the
waste tire fibers needs to be increased. In fiber reinforced concrete, the major effect of
the fibers has been noted in the post-cracking case, where the fibers bridge across the
cracked matrix.
The use of rubberized concrete should be considered seriously as it reduces the mount of
stockpiled or illegally dumped tire. This will help to solve the problem of health hazard posed
by waste tire disposal. The use of rubberized concrete can be considered in construction works
where increased impact resistance and post-cracking ductility will be beneficial such as in walls,
sound/crash barriers, retaining structures, and pavement structures. The next stage of work will
examine analysis of rubberized concrete using numerical methods and finite element analysis
to determine and predict the value of ultimate tensile strength, the critical fiber length, energy
absorption of the fiber reinforced concrete. The finite element model will clearly show the
development of microcracks in the concrete strength which can be compared to the
experimental result obtained.
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