1) The document discusses the use of manufactured sand as a replacement for natural river sand in concrete manufacturing.
2) Manufactured sand is produced from crushing rock and processing it to closely match the properties of natural sand. It has properties like consistent gradation and fewer impurities compared to river sand.
3) Concrete made with manufactured sand has been found to have higher compressive strength and durability than concrete made with river sand due to better particle packing and bonding with cement paste from the angular shape of manufactured sand particles.
M-Sand is manufactured sand
M-sand is crushed aggregates produced from hard granite stone which is cubically shaped with grounded edges, washed and graded with consistency to be used as a substitute of river sand.
Globally, natural sand and gravel extraction is becoming less of an option. New pit location opportunities are fewer, further from the marketplace and harder to secure. In the past, natural sand and gravel extraction has been the backbone of the aggregate industry; this is increasingly less the case. Operators now wish to produce high-quality manufactured sand.
The document studies the properties of concrete with manufactured sand as a replacement for natural sand. Several mix designs were tested with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, and 100% replacements of natural sand with manufactured sand for M20 and M30 concrete grades. Workability was found to decrease as the replacement of natural sand increased. The 60% replacement mix showed a 20% increase in compressive, split tensile, and flexural strengths compared to the control mix. Specimens treated with hydrochloric acid showed that the 60% replacement mix performed well in terms of durability. The study aims to evaluate the workability, strength, and durability of concrete mixes with varying amounts of manufactured sand replacement.
One of the major adventures of civilization is construction .With the passing times in growth of population, today construction activity is at its peak .Even with the advancement of technology the quality of construction largely depends upon the ingredients used to construct any building. One such ingredient is sand, which is one of the most essential components to give shape to the dreams of the people. Natural sand has been the main source of fine aggregates, since man began to use concrete and masonry. The fact remains undisputed that the river sand that has been produced by rivers in natural processes has not increased for ages. Down the years, these river sand deposits have been exploited to the fullest extent. This indiscriminate exploitation causing almost an irreversible damage to the river system are leading to ecological damage, ground water depletion, water scarcity and fall in farm production. Above all, illegal quarrying and use of filter sand is nothing but playing with human lives. Most of the state governments of India are imposing environmental ban on the dredging operations and all sand quarrying operations in most of the areas. This leads to the development of another latest technology, alternative to the river sand –ROBOSAND
The document discusses the suitability of manufactured sand (M-sand) as a replacement for river sand in concrete. It notes that national authorities have banned river sand mining due to environmental damage and that river sand quality has declined with overexploitation. The document aims to prove scientifically that M-sand performs equal or better than river sand in concrete. It analyzes properties of M-sand and river sand, finding M-sand has better grading and produces concrete with equivalent or better strength and bonding characteristics. The conclusion is that M-sand is a superior substitute for river sand in mortars and concrete.
Study on Strength of Concrete Using Robo Sand as a Partial Replacement of Fin...IJERA Editor
Robo sand is one of the most used among such materials to replace river sand, which can be used as an
alternative to fine aggregate in concrete. In the present investigation workability and strength of concrete was
evaluated by replacement of natural sand by Robo sand in proportions of 0%, 50%, 75%, and 100% is studied
for M25and M35grade concrete cubes, cylinders and prisms. Slump cone method is taken for finding
workability. For strength parameters for each grade of concrete Cubes, Cylinders and Prisms were casted and
tested at the age of 7 and 28 days. In this present experimental study on concrete having grades of M25 and M35
are prepared by replacing natural sand by Robo sand. Concrete specimens were tested for evaluation of
compressive strength and water absorption.
Evaluating The Strength Gain And Structural Properties Of Self-Compacting Con...ijcite
Self-compacting concrete is identified as “highly flow able” and stable
concrete that can spread readily into place and fill the formwork without
any vibration and without undergoing any significant segregation. The
design of concrete mix is not a simple task on account of widely varying
properties of the constituent materials and many factors affect its target
value. The mix design problem is a multi-characteristic optimization
problem. However, in the present work, the problem is considered to the
single characteristic optimization problem and the characteristic to be
optimized strength of concrete. In the present paper, Okamora technique
has been applied to obtain optimum of SCC mix design to get the
mechanical and structural strength of concrete and cement is replaced
by GGBS and fine aggregate is replaced by Robo sand and the
experimentation work includes the fresh properties tests on SCC to know
the characteristic behaviour and the hardened properties of SCC is
determined to know the compression strength, split tensile strength,
flexural strength of beams and durability properties.
Sand is a granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles between gravel and silt in size. There are three main natural sources of sand: pits, rivers, and oceans. Sand is classified by size as fine, coarse, or gravelly depending on whether it passes through screens with openings of 1.587mm, 3.175mm, or 7.62mm, respectively, and is used for different construction purposes accordingly. The bulking and properties of good sand are also discussed.
The document discusses the key constituents of concrete, specifically fine aggregate or sand. It defines sand as particles between 4.75 mm to 75 micron in diameter. Sand fills voids in coarse aggregates, assists in cement hardening by allowing water flow through its voids, and minimizes concrete shrinking and cracking. Common sources of sand include pit sand, river sand, and sea sand. River sand is most widely used due to its availability and cleanliness. The document also discusses sand characteristics, grading, bulking, and fineness modulus.
M-Sand is manufactured sand
M-sand is crushed aggregates produced from hard granite stone which is cubically shaped with grounded edges, washed and graded with consistency to be used as a substitute of river sand.
Globally, natural sand and gravel extraction is becoming less of an option. New pit location opportunities are fewer, further from the marketplace and harder to secure. In the past, natural sand and gravel extraction has been the backbone of the aggregate industry; this is increasingly less the case. Operators now wish to produce high-quality manufactured sand.
The document studies the properties of concrete with manufactured sand as a replacement for natural sand. Several mix designs were tested with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, and 100% replacements of natural sand with manufactured sand for M20 and M30 concrete grades. Workability was found to decrease as the replacement of natural sand increased. The 60% replacement mix showed a 20% increase in compressive, split tensile, and flexural strengths compared to the control mix. Specimens treated with hydrochloric acid showed that the 60% replacement mix performed well in terms of durability. The study aims to evaluate the workability, strength, and durability of concrete mixes with varying amounts of manufactured sand replacement.
One of the major adventures of civilization is construction .With the passing times in growth of population, today construction activity is at its peak .Even with the advancement of technology the quality of construction largely depends upon the ingredients used to construct any building. One such ingredient is sand, which is one of the most essential components to give shape to the dreams of the people. Natural sand has been the main source of fine aggregates, since man began to use concrete and masonry. The fact remains undisputed that the river sand that has been produced by rivers in natural processes has not increased for ages. Down the years, these river sand deposits have been exploited to the fullest extent. This indiscriminate exploitation causing almost an irreversible damage to the river system are leading to ecological damage, ground water depletion, water scarcity and fall in farm production. Above all, illegal quarrying and use of filter sand is nothing but playing with human lives. Most of the state governments of India are imposing environmental ban on the dredging operations and all sand quarrying operations in most of the areas. This leads to the development of another latest technology, alternative to the river sand –ROBOSAND
The document discusses the suitability of manufactured sand (M-sand) as a replacement for river sand in concrete. It notes that national authorities have banned river sand mining due to environmental damage and that river sand quality has declined with overexploitation. The document aims to prove scientifically that M-sand performs equal or better than river sand in concrete. It analyzes properties of M-sand and river sand, finding M-sand has better grading and produces concrete with equivalent or better strength and bonding characteristics. The conclusion is that M-sand is a superior substitute for river sand in mortars and concrete.
Study on Strength of Concrete Using Robo Sand as a Partial Replacement of Fin...IJERA Editor
Robo sand is one of the most used among such materials to replace river sand, which can be used as an
alternative to fine aggregate in concrete. In the present investigation workability and strength of concrete was
evaluated by replacement of natural sand by Robo sand in proportions of 0%, 50%, 75%, and 100% is studied
for M25and M35grade concrete cubes, cylinders and prisms. Slump cone method is taken for finding
workability. For strength parameters for each grade of concrete Cubes, Cylinders and Prisms were casted and
tested at the age of 7 and 28 days. In this present experimental study on concrete having grades of M25 and M35
are prepared by replacing natural sand by Robo sand. Concrete specimens were tested for evaluation of
compressive strength and water absorption.
Evaluating The Strength Gain And Structural Properties Of Self-Compacting Con...ijcite
Self-compacting concrete is identified as “highly flow able” and stable
concrete that can spread readily into place and fill the formwork without
any vibration and without undergoing any significant segregation. The
design of concrete mix is not a simple task on account of widely varying
properties of the constituent materials and many factors affect its target
value. The mix design problem is a multi-characteristic optimization
problem. However, in the present work, the problem is considered to the
single characteristic optimization problem and the characteristic to be
optimized strength of concrete. In the present paper, Okamora technique
has been applied to obtain optimum of SCC mix design to get the
mechanical and structural strength of concrete and cement is replaced
by GGBS and fine aggregate is replaced by Robo sand and the
experimentation work includes the fresh properties tests on SCC to know
the characteristic behaviour and the hardened properties of SCC is
determined to know the compression strength, split tensile strength,
flexural strength of beams and durability properties.
Sand is a granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles between gravel and silt in size. There are three main natural sources of sand: pits, rivers, and oceans. Sand is classified by size as fine, coarse, or gravelly depending on whether it passes through screens with openings of 1.587mm, 3.175mm, or 7.62mm, respectively, and is used for different construction purposes accordingly. The bulking and properties of good sand are also discussed.
The document discusses the key constituents of concrete, specifically fine aggregate or sand. It defines sand as particles between 4.75 mm to 75 micron in diameter. Sand fills voids in coarse aggregates, assists in cement hardening by allowing water flow through its voids, and minimizes concrete shrinking and cracking. Common sources of sand include pit sand, river sand, and sea sand. River sand is most widely used due to its availability and cleanliness. The document also discusses sand characteristics, grading, bulking, and fineness modulus.
Robo sand is an alternative to river sand that is manufactured through a rock crushing process using advanced machinery. It has several advantages over river sand, including a more uniform particle shape and size that results in higher compressive strength and durability for structures. Robo sand also has fewer impurities, requires less cement during construction for the same strength, and ensures a consistent quality product, making it a more economical and sustainable option compared to river sand.
Pit sand, also known as coarse sand or badarpur, is obtained from deep pits 1 to 2 meters below the top soil. It has rough, angular grains that are essential for binding particles together in construction. The sand is free from salts, does not absorb moisture from the air, and is generally red-orange in color due to iron oxide. Pit sand is widely used in construction due to its superior binding qualities.
Sand is an important building material that is formed by the decomposition of sandstones due to weathering effects. There are three main natural sources of sand: pit sand found in soil deposits, river sand obtained from river beds, and sea sand from sea shores. River sand is widely used due to its fine, rounded grains and clean condition. Sea sand contains salts that can cause dampness and degradation in structures. Good sand is chemically inert, clean, coarse with sharp grains, and free from salts that attract moisture. Sand is classified by grain size as fine, coarse, or gravelly and used for different construction purposes like masonry or plastering. The presence of moisture in sand causes it to bulk or increase in volume
This document discusses M-sand, which is manufactured sand produced from crushing granite stone and used as an alternative to river sand for construction purposes. It has several advantages over river sand, including consistent size and shape, higher strength, and lower cost. The manufacturing process involves primary and secondary crushing using jaw crushers, cone crushers, and other crushers to break the stone into uniformly sized particles under 4.75mm. Vibratory screens then separate the sand by size for use in concrete. M-sand provides benefits like higher strength, durability, and workability when used in concrete.
The document discusses different types of mortar used for plastering, floor screeds, and shotcrete. It compares ready-mix and site-mix mortars and notes factors like pumpability, costs, and quality control. It also examines the grain size composition needed for optimal pumpability and discusses testing mortar pumpability.
The document provides information about testing processes for moulding sand used in metal casting. It discusses various tests that are conducted to determine key properties of sand, such as tensile strength, moisture content, permeability, and grain size distribution. Different testing methods and equipment are described for evaluating properties like permeability, strength, hardness, moisture content, and shatter index. The document also gives examples of calculations for test results and discusses how sand is conditioned and prepared for metal casting operations based on desired properties.
This document provides information on mortars used for brick wall construction. It discusses the typical materials in mortar mixes including sand, cement, water and additives. It describes requirements for good mortar such as workability and strength. Different types of cement and sand are outlined. Guidelines for mixing mortar by hand or machine and transporting pre-mixed mortar are also provided.
A mortar is a mixture used to bind masonry elements like bricks. It consists of sand, a binding agent like cement or lime, and water. Mortar bonds elements together, allows forces to be transmitted between them, and enables forces to be distributed across surfaces. There are several types of mortar including mud, lime-sand, cement-sand, and cement-lime-sand. The properties of mortar depend on factors like the binder, sand, water and curing used. Mortar must be workable but also develop strength over time.
Aggregates are inert materials mixed with binding materials like cement or lime to form concrete or mortar. They are classified as fine aggregates, which pass through a 4.75 mm sieve, and coarse aggregates, which are larger. Common types of fine aggregates include sand and crushed stone or gravel. Coarse aggregates include gravel, crushed stone, and manufactured stones. Tests are conducted to ensure aggregates are clean, durable, and free of harmful substances that could affect concrete or mortar strength and durability.
This document outlines the key functions and requirements of a good mortar mix. It explains that mortar cements bricks together to provide stability and seal gaps to resist weather penetration while accommodating irregularities. Good workability, resilience to movement, adequate bond strength, and resistance to water are important. Proper mixing and workmanship can improve sealing. The document also provides information on calculating mortar quantities for wall areas.
Aggregates make up 65-80% of concrete's volume and are inert fillers that float in the cement paste. Their characteristics impact the performance of fresh and hardened concrete. Aggregates are classified based on size, specific gravity, availability, shape, and texture. Proper aggregate grading leads to a dense, strong concrete mixture. The fineness modulus is a number that indicates an aggregate's grading, and the flakiness index measures elongated particles. Well-graded aggregates with low elongation produce high quality concrete.
1. The silt test was conducted to determine the amount of silt in a sand sample, which could reduce concrete strength if over 8%.
2. A 200ml sand sample was added to salt solution in a graduated cylinder. After settling for 3 hours, the silt layer was measured at 150ml and sand layer at 6ml.
3. The silt content was calculated at 4%, which is under the 8% limit and means the sand can be used for concrete projects.
This document discusses aggregates and mortar. It defines aggregates as granular materials used in concrete, which occupy 70-80% of concrete volume. Aggregates are classified based on size, source, unit weight, and shape. Tests conducted on aggregates include particle size, impact value, crushing value, and abrasion value. Mortar is made by mixing a binding material, fine aggregate, and water. The types of mortar discussed are cement mortar, lime mortar, mud mortar, lightweight mortar, and fire resistant mortar. Mortar properties like workability, water retention, stiffening, and strength are also covered.
This document summarizes a study on the characteristics of pervious concrete. The study tested 7 different mixes of pervious concrete that varied the type and size of coarse aggregate and use of fine aggregate. 42 concrete specimens were cast and tested for compressive strength, flexural strength, and void ratio. The mix with river sand fine aggregate and 12mm coarse aggregate (M4) performed best with 83% higher compressive strength, 72% higher flexural strength, and 51% lower void ratio than the control mix without fine aggregate (M1). In general, the addition of fine aggregate improved the strength of pervious concrete while reducing the void ratio.
This document discusses the importance and characteristics of aggregates used in concrete. It states that aggregates make up 60-75% of concrete by volume and influence its properties. Fine aggregates are generally sand smaller than 5mm, while coarse aggregates are gravel or crushed stone between 5mm and 37.5mm. The document outlines various aggregate characteristics that are important for concrete, such as grading, shape, strength, and durability. It emphasizes that the right aggregates are crucial for producing high quality concrete.
Aggregate are important constituents in concrete, making up 70-80% of its volume. Aggregates can be classified in several ways: by size (coarse or fine), source (natural or manufactured), unit weight (lightweight, normal weight, or heavyweight), shape (rounded, angular, flaky), and surface texture (smooth, granular, crystalline). Ideal aggregates are hard, strong, durable, dense, clean, and free of materials that could compromise the concrete. Tests are conducted on aggregates to determine properties like particle size, impact value, crushing value, and abrasion value to ensure good quality for use in concrete.
Classification, properties and extraction of AggregatesZeeshan Afzal
Aggregate:
Aggregates are defined as inert, granular, and inorganic material that normally consist of stone or stone like solids.
Aggregates are used :
In road bases as Asphalt Aggregates.
With ordinary Portland cement(OPC) as normal aggregates as fills in foundations and as aggregate accordingly to project specific studies.
About three-fourth (75%) of the volume of Portland cement concrete is occupied by aggregates. Other 25% include cementing materials like cement, sand and synthetic admixtures.Asphalt cement concrete occupy 90% or more of the total volume. The remaining portion is mainly sand and Bitumen which acts as cementing material in is Asphalt Aggregates.
Road Aggregate
Road aggregate are the non-active inert material used to provide mass to the base and sub-base courses.
Road aggregate should have high strength to bear the traffic load.
Road aggregates must have higher impact value to withstand the Tyre impact phenomenon.
By volume, aggregate generally account for 92 to 96% of bituminous concrete.
Road aggregates should have relatively:
High strength
High resistance to impact & abrasion
Impermeable
Chemically inert
Low coefficient of expansion
Concrete Aggregate:
Portland cement concrete occupy volume of about 70-80% of aggregates.
Fine aggregates are used in making thin concrete slabs where a smooth surface is required. Fine aggregate is commonly known as Pan.
Coarse aggregate is used for more massive members.
Fine aggregates are used in making thin concrete slabs where a smooth surface is required. Fine aggregate is commonly known as Pan.
Coarse aggregate is used for more massive members.
Fine aggregates are used in making thin concrete slabs where a smooth surface is required. Fine aggregate is commonly known as Pan.
Coarse aggregate is used for more massive members.
Siliceous material in aggregates
The siliceous materials are Opal, Chalcedony, Flint & Volcanic Glass.
These siliceous materials have Deleterious reaction, if high alkali-cement is used.
This can be avoided by using low alkali-cement and also by adding Pozzolana to the Mix.
Alkali-aggregate reaction can also occur
The percentage of strained Quartz in the aggregate also have deleterious reaction.
If Percentage of Strained Quartz is >40%, were highly reative.
Between 30-35% were moderate reative.
Argillaceous dolostones ( containing clay minerals) may expand when used with high alkali-cement.
The expansion is due to uptake moisture by the clay minerals.
1 manufactured sand, a solution and an alternativeprjpublications
This document summarizes research on the use of manufactured sand as a replacement for natural river sand in concrete. Manufactured sand is produced from crushing rock to form cubical particles, which can achieve consistent grading better than natural sand. Research has found that concrete made with manufactured sand has higher strength and durability than concrete with natural sand due to more effective particle packing. The document provides guidelines on proportioning concrete mixes using manufactured sand to achieve adequate workability and strength. Test results from one institute show that manufactured sand met sieve analysis and microfines requirements for use in concrete.
Study On Concrete Using Marble Powder Waste As Partial Replacement Of SandIJERA Editor
Marble Waste (Marble sawing powder, and marble sludge or slurry) is a widespread byproduct of marble processing industries. All these wastes are thrown away in the areas near the factories and cause severe environmental problems. The main objective of this study is to explore the possibility of using marble powder waste as partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete. Since this concrete is prepared with marble powder as a partial replacement of fine aggregate (Sand) in four different proportions i.e. 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% and tested for the period of 7days, 28days, 90days curing. This compressive strength compared with the conventional concrete i.e. concrete prepared without marble powder.
Robo sand is an alternative to river sand that is manufactured through a rock crushing process using advanced machinery. It has several advantages over river sand, including a more uniform particle shape and size that results in higher compressive strength and durability for structures. Robo sand also has fewer impurities, requires less cement during construction for the same strength, and ensures a consistent quality product, making it a more economical and sustainable option compared to river sand.
Pit sand, also known as coarse sand or badarpur, is obtained from deep pits 1 to 2 meters below the top soil. It has rough, angular grains that are essential for binding particles together in construction. The sand is free from salts, does not absorb moisture from the air, and is generally red-orange in color due to iron oxide. Pit sand is widely used in construction due to its superior binding qualities.
Sand is an important building material that is formed by the decomposition of sandstones due to weathering effects. There are three main natural sources of sand: pit sand found in soil deposits, river sand obtained from river beds, and sea sand from sea shores. River sand is widely used due to its fine, rounded grains and clean condition. Sea sand contains salts that can cause dampness and degradation in structures. Good sand is chemically inert, clean, coarse with sharp grains, and free from salts that attract moisture. Sand is classified by grain size as fine, coarse, or gravelly and used for different construction purposes like masonry or plastering. The presence of moisture in sand causes it to bulk or increase in volume
This document discusses M-sand, which is manufactured sand produced from crushing granite stone and used as an alternative to river sand for construction purposes. It has several advantages over river sand, including consistent size and shape, higher strength, and lower cost. The manufacturing process involves primary and secondary crushing using jaw crushers, cone crushers, and other crushers to break the stone into uniformly sized particles under 4.75mm. Vibratory screens then separate the sand by size for use in concrete. M-sand provides benefits like higher strength, durability, and workability when used in concrete.
The document discusses different types of mortar used for plastering, floor screeds, and shotcrete. It compares ready-mix and site-mix mortars and notes factors like pumpability, costs, and quality control. It also examines the grain size composition needed for optimal pumpability and discusses testing mortar pumpability.
The document provides information about testing processes for moulding sand used in metal casting. It discusses various tests that are conducted to determine key properties of sand, such as tensile strength, moisture content, permeability, and grain size distribution. Different testing methods and equipment are described for evaluating properties like permeability, strength, hardness, moisture content, and shatter index. The document also gives examples of calculations for test results and discusses how sand is conditioned and prepared for metal casting operations based on desired properties.
This document provides information on mortars used for brick wall construction. It discusses the typical materials in mortar mixes including sand, cement, water and additives. It describes requirements for good mortar such as workability and strength. Different types of cement and sand are outlined. Guidelines for mixing mortar by hand or machine and transporting pre-mixed mortar are also provided.
A mortar is a mixture used to bind masonry elements like bricks. It consists of sand, a binding agent like cement or lime, and water. Mortar bonds elements together, allows forces to be transmitted between them, and enables forces to be distributed across surfaces. There are several types of mortar including mud, lime-sand, cement-sand, and cement-lime-sand. The properties of mortar depend on factors like the binder, sand, water and curing used. Mortar must be workable but also develop strength over time.
Aggregates are inert materials mixed with binding materials like cement or lime to form concrete or mortar. They are classified as fine aggregates, which pass through a 4.75 mm sieve, and coarse aggregates, which are larger. Common types of fine aggregates include sand and crushed stone or gravel. Coarse aggregates include gravel, crushed stone, and manufactured stones. Tests are conducted to ensure aggregates are clean, durable, and free of harmful substances that could affect concrete or mortar strength and durability.
This document outlines the key functions and requirements of a good mortar mix. It explains that mortar cements bricks together to provide stability and seal gaps to resist weather penetration while accommodating irregularities. Good workability, resilience to movement, adequate bond strength, and resistance to water are important. Proper mixing and workmanship can improve sealing. The document also provides information on calculating mortar quantities for wall areas.
Aggregates make up 65-80% of concrete's volume and are inert fillers that float in the cement paste. Their characteristics impact the performance of fresh and hardened concrete. Aggregates are classified based on size, specific gravity, availability, shape, and texture. Proper aggregate grading leads to a dense, strong concrete mixture. The fineness modulus is a number that indicates an aggregate's grading, and the flakiness index measures elongated particles. Well-graded aggregates with low elongation produce high quality concrete.
1. The silt test was conducted to determine the amount of silt in a sand sample, which could reduce concrete strength if over 8%.
2. A 200ml sand sample was added to salt solution in a graduated cylinder. After settling for 3 hours, the silt layer was measured at 150ml and sand layer at 6ml.
3. The silt content was calculated at 4%, which is under the 8% limit and means the sand can be used for concrete projects.
This document discusses aggregates and mortar. It defines aggregates as granular materials used in concrete, which occupy 70-80% of concrete volume. Aggregates are classified based on size, source, unit weight, and shape. Tests conducted on aggregates include particle size, impact value, crushing value, and abrasion value. Mortar is made by mixing a binding material, fine aggregate, and water. The types of mortar discussed are cement mortar, lime mortar, mud mortar, lightweight mortar, and fire resistant mortar. Mortar properties like workability, water retention, stiffening, and strength are also covered.
This document summarizes a study on the characteristics of pervious concrete. The study tested 7 different mixes of pervious concrete that varied the type and size of coarse aggregate and use of fine aggregate. 42 concrete specimens were cast and tested for compressive strength, flexural strength, and void ratio. The mix with river sand fine aggregate and 12mm coarse aggregate (M4) performed best with 83% higher compressive strength, 72% higher flexural strength, and 51% lower void ratio than the control mix without fine aggregate (M1). In general, the addition of fine aggregate improved the strength of pervious concrete while reducing the void ratio.
This document discusses the importance and characteristics of aggregates used in concrete. It states that aggregates make up 60-75% of concrete by volume and influence its properties. Fine aggregates are generally sand smaller than 5mm, while coarse aggregates are gravel or crushed stone between 5mm and 37.5mm. The document outlines various aggregate characteristics that are important for concrete, such as grading, shape, strength, and durability. It emphasizes that the right aggregates are crucial for producing high quality concrete.
Aggregate are important constituents in concrete, making up 70-80% of its volume. Aggregates can be classified in several ways: by size (coarse or fine), source (natural or manufactured), unit weight (lightweight, normal weight, or heavyweight), shape (rounded, angular, flaky), and surface texture (smooth, granular, crystalline). Ideal aggregates are hard, strong, durable, dense, clean, and free of materials that could compromise the concrete. Tests are conducted on aggregates to determine properties like particle size, impact value, crushing value, and abrasion value to ensure good quality for use in concrete.
Classification, properties and extraction of AggregatesZeeshan Afzal
Aggregate:
Aggregates are defined as inert, granular, and inorganic material that normally consist of stone or stone like solids.
Aggregates are used :
In road bases as Asphalt Aggregates.
With ordinary Portland cement(OPC) as normal aggregates as fills in foundations and as aggregate accordingly to project specific studies.
About three-fourth (75%) of the volume of Portland cement concrete is occupied by aggregates. Other 25% include cementing materials like cement, sand and synthetic admixtures.Asphalt cement concrete occupy 90% or more of the total volume. The remaining portion is mainly sand and Bitumen which acts as cementing material in is Asphalt Aggregates.
Road Aggregate
Road aggregate are the non-active inert material used to provide mass to the base and sub-base courses.
Road aggregate should have high strength to bear the traffic load.
Road aggregates must have higher impact value to withstand the Tyre impact phenomenon.
By volume, aggregate generally account for 92 to 96% of bituminous concrete.
Road aggregates should have relatively:
High strength
High resistance to impact & abrasion
Impermeable
Chemically inert
Low coefficient of expansion
Concrete Aggregate:
Portland cement concrete occupy volume of about 70-80% of aggregates.
Fine aggregates are used in making thin concrete slabs where a smooth surface is required. Fine aggregate is commonly known as Pan.
Coarse aggregate is used for more massive members.
Fine aggregates are used in making thin concrete slabs where a smooth surface is required. Fine aggregate is commonly known as Pan.
Coarse aggregate is used for more massive members.
Fine aggregates are used in making thin concrete slabs where a smooth surface is required. Fine aggregate is commonly known as Pan.
Coarse aggregate is used for more massive members.
Siliceous material in aggregates
The siliceous materials are Opal, Chalcedony, Flint & Volcanic Glass.
These siliceous materials have Deleterious reaction, if high alkali-cement is used.
This can be avoided by using low alkali-cement and also by adding Pozzolana to the Mix.
Alkali-aggregate reaction can also occur
The percentage of strained Quartz in the aggregate also have deleterious reaction.
If Percentage of Strained Quartz is >40%, were highly reative.
Between 30-35% were moderate reative.
Argillaceous dolostones ( containing clay minerals) may expand when used with high alkali-cement.
The expansion is due to uptake moisture by the clay minerals.
1 manufactured sand, a solution and an alternativeprjpublications
This document summarizes research on the use of manufactured sand as a replacement for natural river sand in concrete. Manufactured sand is produced from crushing rock to form cubical particles, which can achieve consistent grading better than natural sand. Research has found that concrete made with manufactured sand has higher strength and durability than concrete with natural sand due to more effective particle packing. The document provides guidelines on proportioning concrete mixes using manufactured sand to achieve adequate workability and strength. Test results from one institute show that manufactured sand met sieve analysis and microfines requirements for use in concrete.
Study On Concrete Using Marble Powder Waste As Partial Replacement Of SandIJERA Editor
Marble Waste (Marble sawing powder, and marble sludge or slurry) is a widespread byproduct of marble processing industries. All these wastes are thrown away in the areas near the factories and cause severe environmental problems. The main objective of this study is to explore the possibility of using marble powder waste as partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete. Since this concrete is prepared with marble powder as a partial replacement of fine aggregate (Sand) in four different proportions i.e. 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% and tested for the period of 7days, 28days, 90days curing. This compressive strength compared with the conventional concrete i.e. concrete prepared without marble powder.
Effect of Quartz sand Grains Diameter on the Mechanical Properties of Mortarsijtsrd
The aim of this study is to evaluate experimentally the influence of quartz dune sand incorporation in the cement matrix by mass substitution at different percentages and diameters, on the mechanical properties of the mortars. Properties of the mortars were determined by flexural traction and compressive strength the results obtained highlight the effect of the sand dune grain diameter on the mechanical properties of the mortars tested. The use of quartz dune sand with a diameter of less than 0.16mm improved the mechanical strength of mortars. Azhar Badaoui | Abdeslam Benamara | Mohamed Amine Benaimeche "Effect of Quartz sand Grains Diameter on the Mechanical Properties of Mortars" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18581.pdf
IRJET- An Experimental Study on Effect of Replacing Natural Sand by Artif...IRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental study on the effect of replacing natural sand with artificial sand in concrete properties. Natural sand is being depleted due to excessive construction and environmental issues. The study explores using artificial sands like wash sand, foundry sand, and crushed sand as replacements for natural sand in concrete mix designs. The compressive strengths of concrete cubes made with different sand replacements were tested after 7 and 28 days and compared to a control concrete made with natural sand. The results showed compressive strengths were lower when using artificial sands compared to natural sand, with foundry sand showing the largest decrease in strength. However, artificial sands show potential as partial replacements for natural sand in concrete.
Improved Concrete Properties Using Quarry Dust as Replacement for Natural SandIJERD Editor
Concrete plays a major role in the construction industry. Natural sand is a prime material used for
the preparation of concrete and also plays an important role in Mix Design. Now a day’s river erosion and other
environmental issues have led to the scarcity of river sand. The reduction in the sources of natural sand and the
requirement for reduction in the cost of concrete production has resulted in the increased need to find new
alternative materials to replace river sand so that excess river erosion is prevented and high strength concrete is
obtained at lower cost. One such material is Quarry stone dust: a by-product obtained during quarrying process.
Attempts have been made to study the suitability of Quarry dust as sand replacing material and it has been found
that Quarry dust improves the mechanical properties of concrete as well as elastic modulus. The optimum
compressive strength is achieved at the proportion of fine to coarse with 60:40 ratio
IRJET- Experimental Investigation on Pervious Concrete using Nano SilicaIRJET Journal
The document experimentally investigates the use of nano silica in pervious concrete. Pervious concrete allows water to pass through it, reducing runoff and increasing groundwater recharge compared to conventional concrete. The study found that pervious concrete with 3% nano silica had lower compressive strength than conventional concrete due to its porosity, but higher water absorption. While not suitable for high-traffic roads, pervious concrete could be used in applications requiring low strength like footpaths and parking areas. The document concludes that pervious concrete is an environmentally friendly option, though friction is higher than other pavement materials.
IRJET- Comparative Analysis of River Sand, M-Sand and Quarry SandIRJET Journal
The document presents a comparative analysis of river sand, manufactured sand (M-sand), and quarry sand for use as fine aggregates in concrete. A series of tests were conducted to evaluate the compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength of concrete mixtures made with 100% replacement of river sand with M-sand and quarry sand. The results showed that at 28 days, M-sand concrete achieved higher strengths than river sand concrete, indicating that natural sand can be fully replaced with M-sand in concrete.
IRJET- Effect of Manufacturing Sand on Durability of ConcreteIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on the effect of manufacturing sand on the durability of concrete. Concrete mixtures of M20 and M40 grade were produced by replacing natural sand with 0%, 50%, 70%, and 100% manufacturing sand. Various tests were performed to determine the hardened properties and durability of the concrete mixtures. The compressive strength of the concrete mixtures was tested at curing ages of 3, 7, and 28 days. The results showed that 100% replacement of natural sand with manufacturing sand increased the 28-day compressive strength of M20 grade concrete by over 30%. For M40 grade concrete, 50% replacement of natural sand with manufacturing sand increased the compressive strength at all ages compared to the control mixture. In
IRJET-Comparative Study of Replacement of Natural Sand to Waste Tiles Sand in...IRJET Journal
The document presents a study on replacing natural sand with waste tile sand in concrete. Various concrete mixes were designed with 0-100% replacement of natural sand. The mixes were tested for workability, compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength, shear strength, impact strength, and durability. The results showed that replacement of up to 40% natural sand with waste tile sand improved the strengths and durability of the concrete. The optimum mix was found to be with 40% replacement, obtaining a 13% higher compressive strength and 23% higher tensile strength compared to the control mix. Above 40% replacement, the strengths started decreasing. Therefore, waste tile sand is a suitable partial replacement for natural sand in concrete.
IRJET- Comparative Study of Replacement of Natural Sand to Waste Tiles Sand i...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study on replacing natural sand with crushed waste tile sand in concrete mixtures. Several concrete mixes were prepared with 0-100% replacement of natural sand by waste tile sand. The mixes were tested for workability, compressive strength, and durability after 28 days of curing. The results showed that replacing natural sand with up to 40% waste tile sand improved the compressive strength by 13.04% and tensile strength by 22.63% compared to the control mix. However, strengths decreased with higher replacement levels above 40%. Therefore, waste tile sand shows potential as a partial replacement for natural sand in concrete.
Study on Concrete by Replacing Cement by SCBA using 100% M-Sand as Fine Aggre...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study on concrete with partial replacement of ordinary Portland cement with sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) and complete replacement of river sand with manufactured sand (M-Sand) as fine aggregates. Standard specimens of M30 grade concrete with 0.45 water-cement ratio were tested at 3, 7, and 28 days to determine compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength. Test results found compressive strength increased up to 5% SCBA replacement and decreased with further replacement. 15% SCBA replacement achieved highest split tensile strength while flexural strength decreased with M-sand and SCBA. Results were comparable or favorable to conventional concrete, indicating suitability for structural use in buildings
Replacement of Fine Aggregate with Local available SoilIJERD Editor
The document presents a study on replacing fine aggregate (sand) with local soil in concrete mixes at different percentages from 10% to 60%. Tests were conducted on concrete cubes to evaluate the compressive strength at various ages. The results showed that compressive strengths decreased with higher replacement levels of soil, and a replacement of 30% soil was found to provide adequate strength for normal construction uses.
Partial Replacement of Natural Sand by Microfines for Cement Concreteijtsrd
This document discusses a study that partially replaces natural sand with microfines as a fine aggregate in cement concrete. The objectives are to evaluate the workability and mechanical properties of concrete containing microfines. Testing was conducted on concrete mixtures with natural sand and varying replacements of microfines (0%, 10%, 20%). The results showed that concretes containing microfines had higher compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths compared to a control concrete with natural sand only. Therefore, the study concludes that microfines can effectively replace a portion of natural sand in concrete.
IRJET- Experimental Analysis of M-25 Grade Concrete with Usage of Waste F...IRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental study on the use of waste foundry sand as a partial replacement for fine aggregate in concrete. M-25 grade concrete was prepared by replacing fine aggregate with 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, and 60% waste foundry sand. The compressive strength was found to initially decrease and then increase with 40% replacement achieving the maximum strength. The split tensile strength was found to decrease with increasing waste foundry sand content. Using waste foundry sand provides benefits such as reducing the cost of concrete by 20 times and providing an eco-friendly solution for disposal of waste from foundries.
Studies on quarry dust as partial replacement of fine aggregates in concreteIJLT EMAS
Natural sand is most commonly used fine aggregates
in the production of concrete possess the problem of acute
shortage in many areas. Quarry dust can be used as an economic
alternative to the natural sand. In this investigation an attempt is
made to utilize quarry dust as a partial substitute for natural
sand in producing concrete. Natural sand is replaced by Quarry
dust at an interval of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%. Mix
proportions for M20 concrete is prepared with reference to IS:
10262-2009 and IS: 456-2000 for the study of workability.
Compressive strength and Flexural strength test results are
compared with the conventional concrete. The strengths were
obtained at the ages of 3, 7 and 28 days. Compressive and
Flexural strength increased marginally from 5% to 15%
replacement. There is a slight decrease in the corresponding
compressive and flexural strength at 20% replacement. Good
correlation was observed between compressive strength and
flexural strength. It was observed that the addition of quarry
dust that would replace the fine material at particular
proportion has displayed an enhancing effect on properties of
concrete. This investigation proves that quarry dust can be used
as a partial substitute for natural sand in preparing concrete.
This document reviews the use of manufactured sand as a replacement for natural sand in concrete. It discusses the fresh, hardened, and durability properties of concrete made with manufactured sand with and without mineral admixtures. Several studies have found that manufactured sand concrete can achieve comparable or improved strength and durability compared to natural sand concrete. The workability of concrete decreases with higher replacements of manufactured sand due to its angular shape and texture, but workability can be improved with the use of admixtures. Mineral admixtures like fly ash, GGBS, and bagasse ash can further improve the properties when used with manufactured sand concrete.
Strength Studies of Concrete with Quarry Dust as Partial Replacement of SandIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on using quarry dust as a partial replacement for sand in concrete. It begins with an abstract that outlines the motivation for finding an alternative to river sand due to costs and environmental impacts. It then reviews previous literature that has studied replacing sand with quarry dust at various percentages. The literature found that replacement of up to 30% increased compressive strength, but higher replacements saw decreasing strength. The document outlines the materials and equipment used, including cement, aggregates, and testing apparatuses. It provides details on the properties and sources of the materials used.
CORROSION OF STEEL IN EMBEDDED CONCRETE WITH VOLCANIC AGGREGATES DUE TO SULFA...IAEME Publication
This document discusses corrosion of steel in volcanic aggregate concrete due to sulfate attack. It presents results from experiments conducted to study the properties of volcanic concrete systems with partial replacement of river sand with granite rock powder. Compression strength, corrosion potential, and polarization resistance tests showed that concrete with 30% river sand replacement had higher resistance to sulfate attack compared to no replacement. The reduced permeability of this concrete mixture could lead to reduced corrosion of steel reinforcement and increased structure durability. A series of tests were performed on concrete mixtures with various river sand to granite powder ratios to evaluate properties like workability, strength, weight loss, and corrosion potential when exposed to sulfate solutions.
STUDY ON PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE WITH MANUFACTURED SAND AS REPLACEMENT TO NAT...IAEME Publication
In the present investigation work ability, strength and durability of concrete with manufactured sand as replacement to natural sand in proportions of 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 100% is studied. The experiments were conducted on M20 and M30 concrete grade with 450 specimens. Slump cone, compaction factor and vee-bee time tests were conducted to determine work ability. Results showed that as replacement of natural sand by manufactured sand is increased, there is a decrease in the work ability. Compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength tests were conducted to determine strength of concrete. The 60% replacement showed an increase in strength of about 20% and other replacements to an order of minimum 0.93% in both the grades. The durability study is conducted by treating specimens for 30 days with 5% concentrated Hydro Chloric Acid and the concrete mix with 60% replacement has given good durable properties.
Experimental Study of Partial Replacement of Cement in Concrete with Marble D...YogeshIJTSRD
The advancement of concrete technology is abridging the usance of natural and energy asset, and lessen the pollution of environment by the industrial waste. Marble is a metamorphic rock, resulting from the transformation of pure lime stone. Marble dust is generated in stone processing plants which pollute the environment and affect the humans directly or indirectly. Marble is industrially processed by being cut, polished and used for decorative purpose and thus, economically variable. During cutting process, 20 30 of a marble block becomes waste marble powder. Krishnendra Kumar Shukla | Hirendra Pratap Singh "Experimental Study of Partial Replacement of Cement in Concrete with Marble Dust and Recron Fibre as Admixture" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38703.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/38703/experimental-study-of-partial-replacement-of-cement-in-concrete-with-marble-dust-and-recron-fibre-as-admixture/krishnendra-kumar-shukla
Similar to Manufactured sand, a solution and an alternative (20)
Mems based optical sensor for salinity measurementprjpublications
1. The document describes a MEMS-based optical sensor using a two-dimensional photonic crystal slab waveguide for measuring salinity.
2. The sensor takes advantage of the fact that the refractive index of sea water changes with salinity concentration. It detects these small refractive index changes by measuring the resulting effective index change in the photonic crystal slab waveguide.
3. Simulation results show that even small refractive index changes due to salinity produce a more significant change in effective index, demonstrating the high sensitivity of the designed sensor. Effective index decreases exponentially with increasing salinity percentage measured.
Implementation and analysis of multiple criteria decision routing algorithm f...prjpublications
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes and evaluates a new routing algorithm called Multiple Criteria Decision Routing (MCDR) for wireless sensor networks. MCDR selects the next node to forward data based on both the node's distance to the sink and its remaining energy. The performance of MCDR is compared to flooding algorithm through simulation. Simulation results show that MCDR has better performance than flooding in terms of energy efficiency and fast data delivery.
An approach to design a rectangular microstrip patch antenna in s band by tlm...prjpublications
This document describes the design of a rectangular microstrip patch antenna operating in the S band (2-4 GHz) using the transmission line model. Key steps included calculating antenna parameters like width, effective dielectric constant, and length based on the transmission line model. An inset feed was used for impedance matching. Simulation results showed the input impedance matched the 50 ohm feed at the design frequency of 2.4 GHz. The return loss was minimized (-169.4 dB) and VSWR was close to the ideal value of 1, indicating good impedance matching. The antenna was concluded to be well designed for operation in the S band with a bandwidth of 4.16%.
A design and simulation of optical pressure sensor based on photonic crystal ...prjpublications
This document describes the design and simulation of an optical pressure sensor based on photonic crystals in the sub-micron range. Two designs of the pressure sensor are proposed and modeled. The first uses a two-dimensional square lattice photonic crystal with rods in air and a waveguide carved between two dielectric slabs. The second uses a two-dimensional hexagonal lattice photonic crystal with holes in a dielectric slab and a waveguide. Applied pressure moves the upper slab, changing the waveguide dimension and altering the transmission spectrum in a way that corresponds to the pressure level. The designs were simulated using the Finite Difference Time Domain method with the MEEP software tool.
Pattern recognition using video surveillance for wildlife applicationsprjpublications
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a wildlife monitoring system using video surveillance and pattern recognition. The system uses motion detection to capture images when movement is detected. A pattern recognition module then analyzes the images using Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG) to distinguish between harmful and harmless animals. If a harmful animal is identified, the system notifies authorities of the animal type and location using GSM and GPS modules. The researchers tested the system using a database of animal images and found that HOG provided accurate classification of tigers and other animals.
Precision face image retrieval by extracting the face features and comparing ...prjpublications
This document describes a proposed method for improving content-based face image retrieval. The method uses two orthogonal techniques: attribute-enhanced sparse coding and attribute-embedded inverted indexing. Attribute-enhanced sparse coding exploits global features to construct semantic codewords offline. Attribute-embedded inverted indexing considers local query image features in a binary signature to efficiently retrieve images. By combining these techniques, the method reduces errors and achieves better face image extraction from databases compared to existing content-based retrieval systems. It works by extracting features from the query image, matching them to database images, and returning ranked results.
Keyless approach of separable hiding data into encrypted imageprjpublications
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a keyless approach to separately hiding data in an encrypted image. The approach uses Sieving, Division and Shuffling (SDS) algorithms to encrypt an original image, generating random shares. It then compresses the least significant bits of the encrypted image to create space for additional data. At the receiver end, the encrypted image and data are decrypted separately without keys. The SDS algorithms sieve an input image into RGB components, randomly divide each component into shares, and shuffle the shares. This encrypts the image. Data is then embedded in the encrypted image before transmission. At the receiver end, the inverse process extracts both the decrypted image and data.
Encryption based multi user manner secured data sharing and storing in cloudprjpublications
This summary provides the key details from the document in 3 sentences:
The document proposes a secure multi-owner data sharing scheme for dynamic groups in cloud computing. The scheme allows any user in a group to securely store and share data files with others through the untrusted cloud. It uses techniques like group signature and dynamic broadcast encryption to provide anonymous access control while enabling the group manager to trace real identities when needed, and allows efficient user revocation and participation of new users.
A secure payment scheme in multihop wireless network by trusted node identifi...prjpublications
The document proposes a secure payment scheme for multihop wireless networks using a trusted node identification method. It improves an existing report-based payment scheme by assigning trust values to nodes based on their past performance. The proposed scheme has 5 phases: 1) communication through high trust nodes, 2) report classification, 3) cheater identification, 4) credit account updates, 5) trust value updates. It aims to increase performance by reducing dropped packets through trusted nodes and minimizing overhead in the report-based scheme through limited cryptographic operations. The experimental results suggest it improves throughput and delivery ratio compared to other schemes.
Preparation gade and idol model for preventing multiple spoofing attackers in...prjpublications
This document proposes the GADE and IDOL models for detecting and localizing multiple spoofing attackers in wireless networks. GADE uses spatial correlation of received signal strength readings and cluster analysis to detect spoofing attacks and determine the number of attackers. IDOL builds on GADE and uses additional localization algorithms to pinpoint the locations of multiple adversaries. The models were evaluated using both 802.11 and 802.15.4 networks in real office environments, achieving over 90% accuracy in detecting attacks and localizing adversaries. Support vector machines were also used to improve determination of the number of attackers when training data is available.
This document discusses a study on using GIS to simulate a water quality model for Hussain Sagar Lake in Hyderabad, India. The study uses geospatial modeling techniques to understand water quality dynamics in the watershed and simulate parameters like BOD, DO, and nutrient loads entering the lake. The multi-layer GIS model results are expected to show agreement between measured and simulated water quality parameters. This will help prioritize effective management strategies to protect water quality in the lake.
Smes role in reduction of the unemployment problem in the area located in sa...prjpublications
This study examines the role of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in reducing unemployment in northern Saudi Arabia. It analyzes survey responses from 1,370 SME workers. The study finds: 1) SMEs positively contribute to economic development and solving unemployment; 2) Low SME salaries discourage local workers; 3) Government support is needed to encourage SMEs and reduce unemployment. The study recommends that the government increase SME funding, wages, and support to provide jobs and reduce unemployment in northern Saudi Arabia.
Review of three categories of fingerprint recognitionprjpublications
This document reviews three categories of fingerprint recognition techniques: correlation-based, minutiae-based, and pattern-based. Minutiae-based matching is the most popular as it uses ridge endings and bifurcations, but it is time-consuming. Pattern-based matching uses a virtual core point and pattern points for alignment. Correlation-based matching superimposes images and computes pixel correlations but is computationally expensive. Challenges include handling low quality images and improving feature extraction and matching accuracy and speed.
Reduction of executive stress by development of emotional intelligence a stu...prjpublications
- The study examined the effectiveness of behavioral interventions in reducing stress and improving emotional intelligence among executives.
- Executives were divided into an experimental group that received 8 weeks of behavioral interventions and a control group. Interventions included relaxation techniques, yoga, and breathing exercises.
- Post-intervention testing found the experimental group had significantly lower stress levels and higher emotional intelligence scores than the control group. Dimensions like stress management, adaptability, and mood all saw marked improvements in the experimental group.
- The results indicate behavioral interventions were effective in enhancing emotional intelligence and reducing stress among the executives who received the targeted training techniques over the 8-week period.
Mathematical modeling approach for flood managementprjpublications
This document summarizes the development of a mathematical model for flood management in the Godavari River basin in India using the MIKE 11 software. The model is calibrated using data from 2009-2011 and validated against data from 2012. Real-time validation is also conducted during floods in 2013. Results show good agreement between measured and computed river stages, indicating the model can accurately forecast river levels for flood management.
Influences of child endorsers on the consumersprjpublications
This document summarizes a study that analyzes the level of influence that child endorsers have on consumers through commercials. The study found that while the sample population was generally not supportive of ads endorsed by children, they recognized both the positive and negative potential impacts. Respondents acknowledged that child endorsers can enhance beliefs about products and satisfaction with purchases. However, the sample also noted certain qualities of child endorsers like curiosity and interest that marketers may exploit. The study aims to contribute new research on the impact of child endorsements, which has not been extensively studied previously.
Impact of stress management by development of emotional intelligence in cmts,...prjpublications
This study examined the impact of stress management techniques on the emotional intelligence and stress levels of executives at BSNL, Tamil Nadu Circle. 186 executives were divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group received behavioral interventions like relaxation techniques, while the control group did not. Both groups completed the Kindler Stress Inventory before and after the 8-week intervention period. Results showed the experimental group had significantly lower scores for somatic symptoms, psychological symptoms, and higher scores for stress resilience after the intervention, compared to the control group. This indicates the behavioral techniques helped reduce stress levels and improve emotional intelligence for the experimental group compared to the control group without intervention.
Faulty node recovery and replacement algorithm for wireless sensor networkprjpublications
This document describes a Fault Node Recovery and Replacement algorithm for wireless sensor networks that combines grade diffusion and genetic algorithms. It begins by explaining grade diffusion and genetic algorithms, as well as existing fault recovery techniques. It then introduces the Fault Node Recovery and Replacement algorithm, which uses grade diffusion to create routing tables and genetic algorithms to replace sensor nodes when they fail. The algorithm aims to reuse existing routing paths and replace fewer sensor nodes to extend the lifetime of the wireless sensor network while reducing replacement costs.
Extended information technology enabled service quality model for life insura...prjpublications
This document summarizes a research paper that develops an extended information technology enabled service quality model for life insurance services in India. The paper reviews literature on key concepts like information technology, service quality, customer satisfaction, and existing models. It then describes a study conducted with 221 respondents in Burdwan district, West Bengal, India to investigate the relationship between IT, service quality, and customer satisfaction in life insurance services. Statistical analysis was used to analyze the data and develop the proposed new model.
Employee spirituality and job engagement a correlational study across organi...prjpublications
This study examines the relationship between employee spirituality and job engagement across organizational hierarchies. It measures the spiritual levels and engagement of employees at a manufacturing organization in India. The study aims to correlate employee spirituality scores with engagement levels to determine if higher spirituality impacts engagement. It hypothesizes that the effect of spirituality on engagement increases at higher hierarchical levels. Survey data on spirituality, engagement, and tenure is collected and analyzed to validate these relationships.
The APCO Geopolitical Radar - Q3 2024 The Global Operating Environment for Bu...APCO
The Radar reflects input from APCO’s teams located around the world. It distils a host of interconnected events and trends into insights to inform operational and strategic decisions. Issues covered in this edition include:
SATTA MATKA SATTA FAST RESULT KALYAN TOP MATKA RESULT KALYAN SATTA MATKA FAST RESULT MILAN RATAN RAJDHANI MAIN BAZAR MATKA FAST TIPS RESULT MATKA CHART JODI CHART PANEL CHART FREE FIX GAME SATTAMATKA ! MATKA MOBI SATTA 143 spboss.in TOP NO1 RESULT FULL RATE MATKA ONLINE GAME PLAY BY APP SPBOSS
How are Lilac French Bulldogs Beauty Charming the World and Capturing Hearts....Lacey Max
“After being the most listed dog breed in the United States for 31
years in a row, the Labrador Retriever has dropped to second place
in the American Kennel Club's annual survey of the country's most
popular canines. The French Bulldog is the new top dog in the
United States as of 2022. The stylish puppy has ascended the
rankings in rapid time despite having health concerns and limited
color choices.”
𝐔𝐧𝐯𝐞𝐢𝐥 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐅𝐮𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐄𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲 𝐄𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐲 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐍𝐄𝐖𝐍𝐓𝐈𝐃𝐄’𝐬 𝐋𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐎𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠𝐬
Explore the details in our newly released product manual, which showcases NEWNTIDE's advanced heat pump technologies. Delve into our energy-efficient and eco-friendly solutions tailored for diverse global markets.
[To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
This presentation is a curated compilation of PowerPoint diagrams and templates designed to illustrate 20 different digital transformation frameworks and models. These frameworks are based on recent industry trends and best practices, ensuring that the content remains relevant and up-to-date.
Key highlights include Microsoft's Digital Transformation Framework, which focuses on driving innovation and efficiency, and McKinsey's Ten Guiding Principles, which provide strategic insights for successful digital transformation. Additionally, Forrester's framework emphasizes enhancing customer experiences and modernizing IT infrastructure, while IDC's MaturityScape helps assess and develop organizational digital maturity. MIT's framework explores cutting-edge strategies for achieving digital success.
These materials are perfect for enhancing your business or classroom presentations, offering visual aids to supplement your insights. Please note that while comprehensive, these slides are intended as supplementary resources and may not be complete for standalone instructional purposes.
Frameworks/Models included:
Microsoft’s Digital Transformation Framework
McKinsey’s Ten Guiding Principles of Digital Transformation
Forrester’s Digital Transformation Framework
IDC’s Digital Transformation MaturityScape
MIT’s Digital Transformation Framework
Gartner’s Digital Transformation Framework
Accenture’s Digital Strategy & Enterprise Frameworks
Deloitte’s Digital Industrial Transformation Framework
Capgemini’s Digital Transformation Framework
PwC’s Digital Transformation Framework
Cisco’s Digital Transformation Framework
Cognizant’s Digital Transformation Framework
DXC Technology’s Digital Transformation Framework
The BCG Strategy Palette
McKinsey’s Digital Transformation Framework
Digital Transformation Compass
Four Levels of Digital Maturity
Design Thinking Framework
Business Model Canvas
Customer Journey Map
[To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
This PowerPoint compilation offers a comprehensive overview of 20 leading innovation management frameworks and methodologies, selected for their broad applicability across various industries and organizational contexts. These frameworks are valuable resources for a wide range of users, including business professionals, educators, and consultants.
Each framework is presented with visually engaging diagrams and templates, ensuring the content is both informative and appealing. While this compilation is thorough, please note that the slides are intended as supplementary resources and may not be sufficient for standalone instructional purposes.
This compilation is ideal for anyone looking to enhance their understanding of innovation management and drive meaningful change within their organization. Whether you aim to improve product development processes, enhance customer experiences, or drive digital transformation, these frameworks offer valuable insights and tools to help you achieve your goals.
INCLUDED FRAMEWORKS/MODELS:
1. Stanford’s Design Thinking
2. IDEO’s Human-Centered Design
3. Strategyzer’s Business Model Innovation
4. Lean Startup Methodology
5. Agile Innovation Framework
6. Doblin’s Ten Types of Innovation
7. McKinsey’s Three Horizons of Growth
8. Customer Journey Map
9. Christensen’s Disruptive Innovation Theory
10. Blue Ocean Strategy
11. Strategyn’s Jobs-To-Be-Done (JTBD) Framework with Job Map
12. Design Sprint Framework
13. The Double Diamond
14. Lean Six Sigma DMAIC
15. TRIZ Problem-Solving Framework
16. Edward de Bono’s Six Thinking Hats
17. Stage-Gate Model
18. Toyota’s Six Steps of Kaizen
19. Microsoft’s Digital Transformation Framework
20. Design for Six Sigma (DFSS)
To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
Ellen Burstyn: From Detroit Dreamer to Hollywood Legend | CIO Women MagazineCIOWomenMagazine
In this article, we will dive into the extraordinary life of Ellen Burstyn, where the curtains rise on a story that's far more attractive than any script.
Discover timeless style with the 2022 Vintage Roman Numerals Men's Ring. Crafted from premium stainless steel, this 6mm wide ring embodies elegance and durability. Perfect as a gift, it seamlessly blends classic Roman numeral detailing with modern sophistication, making it an ideal accessory for any occasion.
https://rb.gy/usj1a2
Digital Marketing with a Focus on Sustainabilitysssourabhsharma
Digital Marketing best practices including influencer marketing, content creators, and omnichannel marketing for Sustainable Brands at the Sustainable Cosmetics Summit 2024 in New York
Garments ERP Software in Bangladesh _ Pridesys IT Ltd.pdfPridesys IT Ltd.
Pridesys Garments ERP is one of the leading ERP solution provider, especially for Garments industries which is integrated with
different modules that cover all the aspects of your Garments Business. This solution supports multi-currency and multi-location
based operations. It aims at keeping track of all the activities including receiving an order from buyer, costing of order, resource
planning, procurement of raw materials, production management, inventory management, import-export process, order
reconciliation process etc. It’s also integrated with other modules of Pridesys ERP including finance, accounts, HR, supply-chain etc.
With this automated solution you can easily track your business activities and entire operations of your garments manufacturing
proces
Navigating the world of forex trading can be challenging, especially for beginners. To help you make an informed decision, we have comprehensively compared the best forex brokers in India for 2024. This article, reviewed by Top Forex Brokers Review, will cover featured award winners, the best forex brokers, featured offers, the best copy trading platforms, the best forex brokers for beginners, the best MetaTrader brokers, and recently updated reviews. We will focus on FP Markets, Black Bull, EightCap, IC Markets, and Octa.
Cover Story - China's Investment Leader - Dr. Alyce SUmsthrill
In World Expo 2010 Shanghai – the most visited Expo in the World History
https://www.britannica.com/event/Expo-Shanghai-2010
China’s official organizer of the Expo, CCPIT (China Council for the Promotion of International Trade https://en.ccpit.org/) has chosen Dr. Alyce Su as the Cover Person with Cover Story, in the Expo’s official magazine distributed throughout the Expo, showcasing China’s New Generation of Leaders to the World.
Best practices for project execution and deliveryCLIVE MINCHIN
A select set of project management best practices to keep your project on-track, on-cost and aligned to scope. Many firms have don't have the necessary skills, diligence, methods and oversight of their projects; this leads to slippage, higher costs and longer timeframes. Often firms have a history of projects that simply failed to move the needle. These best practices will help your firm avoid these pitfalls but they require fortitude to apply.
Anny Serafina Love - Letter of Recommendation by Kellen Harkins, MS.AnnySerafinaLove
This letter, written by Kellen Harkins, Course Director at Full Sail University, commends Anny Love's exemplary performance in the Video Sharing Platforms class. It highlights her dedication, willingness to challenge herself, and exceptional skills in production, editing, and marketing across various video platforms like YouTube, TikTok, and Instagram.
NIMA2024 | De toegevoegde waarde van DEI en ESG in campagnes | Nathalie Lam |...BBPMedia1
Nathalie zal delen hoe DEI en ESG een fundamentele rol kunnen spelen in je merkstrategie en je de juiste aansluiting kan creëren met je doelgroep. Door middel van voorbeelden en simpele handvatten toont ze hoe dit in jouw organisatie toegepast kan worden.
2. International Journal of Civil Engineering Research and Development (IJCERD), ISSN2248- 9428 (Print),
ISSN- 2248-9436 (Online) Volume 3, Number 1, Jan-March (2013)
There is a need for ‘clean sand’ in the construction from the point of view of
durability of structures. Indiscriminate mining and quarrying is posing threat to the
environment. As the demand for Natural River sand is surpassing the availability, has
resulted in fast depletion of natural sand sources. Manufactured sand is the answer for this
problem especially when some states have already banned the use of river sand for
construction. This sand has been defined well in IS 383-1970, under clause 2.0.
There is a need to study shape characteristics of manufactured sand, effect of micro
fines on concrete characteristics such as modulus of elasticity, shrinkage, creep etc.concrete
mix proportioning by resorting to particle packing approach is the need of the hour when it
comes to use of manufactured sand as a replacement to natural river sand.
some of the study’s findings from Dr. C.S. Viswanatha, Chief Executive, Torsteel
Research foundation in India has concluded that compared to concrete made from natural
sand, high-fines concrete generally had higher flexural strength, improved abrasion
resistance, and higher unit weight and lower permeability due to filling the pores with
microfines
IMPACT OF USING MANUFACTURED SAND ON CONCRETE PROPERTIES
Increase in strength characteristics of concrete has been observed as compared to
concrete made with natural river sand is mainly due to denser particle packing and silt free
nature as compared to river sand. International centre for aggregate research (ICAR) has
conducted extensive research on the use of manufactured micro fines, upto 17%, in concrete
with promising results. ICAR 102 studied the uses of micro fines in Portland cement concrete
and determined the effects of higher amount of crusher fines on fresh and hardened concrete
properties. The amount of fines passing the No. 200 sieve (75 µm) ranged from 7.4 to 16.7%.
Researchers concluded that, compared to concrete made from natural sand, high fines
concrete generally had higher flexural strength, improved abrasion resistance, and higher unit
weight and lower permeability due to filling the pores with micro fines. There is no
appreciable difference in dry shrinkage in concrete made with manufactured sand as
compared to river sand.
Manufactured sand is more angular and has rougher surface texture than naturally
weathered sand particles. Aggregate that is more angular will have more water demands
compared to river sand. Increase in water demand has to be compensated by the increasing
cement content to maintain the same water cement ratio. Their particle size distribution helps
in higher packing density which enhances the durability of the concrete.
Mr. Vijay K. Kosaraju. Executive Director of Robo Silicon limited concluded that
manufactured sand is anytime better than river sand. The particle shape is cubical, which is
almost closer to rounded river sand. The gradation what we get generally won’t be available
in any river sand. It is also a proven fact, that the compressive strength of any grade of
concrete is much more than the concrete where river sand is used.
NATURAL SAND VS MANUFACTURED SAND
The sand from river due to natural process of attrition tends to possess smoother
surface texture and better shape. It also carries moisture that is trapped in between the
particles. These characters make concrete workability better. However, silt and clay carried
by river sand can be harmful to the concrete. Another issue associated with river sand is that
2
3. International Journal of Civil Engineering Research and Development (IJCERD), ISSN2248- 9428 (Print),
ISSN- 2248-9436 (Online) Volume 3, Number 1, Jan-March (2013)
of obtaining required grading with a fineness modulus of 2.4 to 3.1.It has been verified and
found, at various locations across south India, that it has become increasingly difficult to get
river sand of consistent quality in terms of grading requirements and limited silt / clay
content. It is because we do not have any control over the natural process.
In case of manufactured sand, the process of attrition through VSI and washing makes
the crushed stone sand particles good enough to be compared shape and surface texture of
natural sand. With well-designed screening system the required grading (Zone II) and
fineness modulus (2.4 to 3.1) can also be achieved consistently in the case of manufactured
sand. It must be noted that properly processed manufactured sand can improve both
compressive strength and flexural strength through better bond compared to river sand.
PROPORTIONING OF CONCRETE MIXES USING MANUFACTURED SAND
Concrete mix proportions chosen should be such that the concrete is of adequate
workability for the placing condition of the concrete and we can properly be compacted with
the means available. In hardened state concrete shall have required strength, durability and
surface finish Fine aggregate is one of the important constituents of concrete. As natural sand
deposits becomes depleted near some areas of metropolitan growth, the use of manufactured
sands as a replacement fine aggregate in concrete receiving increased attention. Designers,
specifiers, contractors and material suppliers need to understand the effects of manufactured
sand characteristics on concrete water demand and concrete durability. IS 383 – 1970
(reaffirmed 2007) recognize manufacture sand as ‘Crushed stone sand’ under clause 2.
Typical properties of manufactured sand shown in table 1.
TABLE: 1 MIX PROPORTION FOR PUMPING CONCRETE USING MANUFACTURED SAND
Mix Aggregate Suggested Water Cement Dosage of Compressive
Designation Max. Mix Cement Content admixture strength
size (mm) proportion ratio (Kg/cu.m) per bag of strength
C:FA:CA (max) cement (N/sq.mm)
7days
28days
M25 20 1:2.18:3.78 0.50 320 600 ml 23.8 33.0
M30 1:2:3.47 0.50 340 550 ml 27.5 40.0
20
M35 20 1:1.71:2.98 0.44 380 600 ml 30.6 45.0
M40 20 1:1.75:2.83 0.41 400 650 ml 34.9 50.5
M45 20 1:1.56:2.62 0.40 420 600 ml 44.7 55.6
M50 20 1:1.48:2.60 0.34 450 600 ml 45.2 65.0
M55 20 1:1.48:2.55 0.34 450 600 ml 50.2 68.0
M60 20 1:1.38:2.32 0.34 475 600ml 54.2 69.9
3
4. International Journal of Civil Engineering Research and Development (IJCERD), ISSN2248- 9428 (Print),
ISSN- 2248-9436 (Online) Volume 3, Number 1, Jan-March (2013)
NOTE:
Admixture used is CONPLAST SP 430, manufacturer M/s Fosroc Chemicals (India) Pvt. Ltd
(In case of M 55 & M 60 grades dosage of admixture is to be considered as per bag of
cementitious material.).
RESULTS
The test results from the Institute for Construction Material and Technologies PVT LTD
(ICOMAT) is shown in table.2, table.3, table.4 and table.5
TABLE: 2, SIEVE ANALYSIS DATA
% OF PASSING OF RIVER % OF PASSING OF M-
IS SIEVE
SAND SAMPLE SAND SAMPLE
4.75 mm 100.00 100.00
2.36 mm 99.70 90.70
1.18 mm 89.00 66.20
600µ 60.90 39.80
300µ 17.70 25.50
150µ 3.10 9.90
Fineness modulus 2.30 2.68
TABLE: 3, WET SIEVE TEST TO FIND THE % OF MICROFINES
SAMPLE TEST RESULT REMARKS
Finer than75 µ shall not exceed 3
Material finer
RIVER SAND 2.4 % for uncrushed aggregate as per
than 75 µ (%)
IS 383 – 1970
Finer than75 µ shall not exceed 3
MANUFACTURED Material finer
2.0 % for uncrushed aggregate as per
SAND than 75 µ (%)
IS 383 – 1970
TABLE: 4, WATER ABSORPTION TEST
River Sand from Karur 1.75%
Manufactured sand ,Karur 1.96%
4
5. International Journal of Civil Engineering Research and Development (IJCERD), ISSN2248- 9428 (Print),
ISSN- 2248-9436 (Online) Volume 3, Number 1, Jan-March (2013)
TEST
SAMPLE TEST RESULT REMARK
CONDUCTED
The aggregate values shall
not exceed 10% (5 cycles)
RIVER SOUND- SODIUM by weight for aggregate
5.79
SAND NESS TEST SULPHATE (%) when tested with sodium
sulphate.
As per IS 383 – 1970
The aggregate values shall
not exceed 15% (5 cycles)
MAGNESIUM
by weight for aggregate
SULPHATE 7.64
when tested with
(%)
magnesium sulphate.
As per IS 383 – 1970
The aggregate values shall
not exceed 10% (5 cycles)
MANUFACTD SOUND- SODIUM by weight for aggregate
1.6
SAND NESS TEST SULPHATE (%) when tested with sodium
sulphate.
As per IS 383 – 1970
The aggregate values shall
not exceed 15% (5 cycles)
MAGNESIUM
by weight for aggregate
SULPHATE 2.0
when tested with
(%)
magnesium sulphate.
As per IS 383 – 1970
TABLE-5, SOUNDNESS TEST
NOTE:
• Soundness test is conducted to verify the ability of aggregate to with stand long term
effect of alternate wetting & drying and or freezing & thawing.
ORGANIC IMPURITIES TEST
Both river sand and manufactured sand are found to be free of organic impurities.
ALKALI SILICA REACTIVITY TEST
Both river sand and manufactured sand showed much lower expansion compared to the limit
of 0.1% that qualifies them as innocuous material.
5
6. International Journal of Civil Engineering Research and Development (IJCERD), ISSN2248- 9428 (Print),
ISSN- 2248-9436 (Online) Volume 3, Number 1, Jan-March (2013)
PARTICLE SIZE VERIFICATION
The shape of river sand tends to be good. However, manufactured sand particles match the
shape of river sand very closely. The shape verification test was done by sieving respective
fine aggregate particle through 4.75 mm sieve and retained at 2.36 mm sieve. The particle
between the size 4.36 mm and 2.36 mm are verified visually for their shape. This method
considered suitable especially on field, as it is quick and easy. The same method can be used
to verify the shape of the particle between 2.38 mm 1.18 mm, too.
DISCUSSION
WORKABILITY
1) The mix with Ms Sand as 100% fine aggregate gives initial workability of 170mm,
which is much higher than that of the mixes with 100% river sand (RS) and crusher
dust.
2) Higher fineness modulus, particles grading, shape, texture and control of microfines
have contributed to better workability of manufactured sand. The good physical
properties of manufactured sand has enabled in reduction of free water as well.
3) The river sand particles have better shape and texture, lower fineness modulus and silt
content have contributed to the reduced workability of just 100mm, which is much
lower than that of the standard mix with 100% MS.
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
1) The standard mix with 100% manufactured sand has exhibited much higher
compressive strength 53 MPa.
2) The standard mix with 100% of river sand has exhibited compressive strength of
49MPa, 7.5% lower than that of manufactured sand.
3) The improved properties of MS by the entire process of manufacturing could have
resulted in reduced surface area and better particle packing. This contributed to the
better binding effect with the available cement paste and improved the compressive
strength.
CONCLUSION
1. Proportioning the concrete mix for type of job in hand is an essential part of any
quality assurance plan. This can be done effectively with proper understanding of
properties of constituent material of concrete.
2. It is important to consider the gradations recommended by ASTM for fine aggregate.
3. The bulk specific gravity (BSG) and absorption capacity are the physical properties
that are required to make the calculation of a mix design and can also be used to
evaluate the consistency of a source of material.
4. The effect on the use of manufactured sand on early age and long term volumetric
properties, such as shrinkage and creep respectively, are not available and should be
studied.
6
7. International Journal of Civil Engineering Research and Development (IJCERD), ISSN2248- 9428 (Print),
ISSN- 2248-9436 (Online) Volume 3, Number 1, Jan-March (2013)
5. Further research work is needed to explore the effect of manufactured sand on high
performance concrete.
6. The fresh properties of concrete are certainly affected by the use of manufactured
sand, but the hardened properties such as flexural strength & compressive strength do
not seem to be greatly affected by the gradation.
7. Their particle size distribution helps in higher packing density which enhances the
durability of the concrete.
8. Research findings concluded that, compared to concrete made from river sand, high
fines concrete generally had higher flexural strength, improved abrasion resistance,
and higher unit weight & lower permeability due to fillings the pores with micro
fines.
REFERENCES
1. Elavenil, S., Nagabhushana Rao, Bh., Radhakrishnan, R and Hariharan, K (2005)
“Comparative Study of Steel and Polypropylene Fibre Concrete Plates for Bridges
and Roads”, Journal of Current Science, Vol.7, No.1, pp. 19-24
2. Elavenil.S,Saravanan.S,Akarsh.M.R,(2012)‘Studies on Plastic mixed concrete with
Conventional concrete’,i-managers Journal on Structural Engineering,Vol.1,N0.2,pp-
11-17
3. Guide to the specification and use of manufactured sand in concrete CCAA – T60
(Cement Concrete and Aggregates AUSTRLIA).
4. Hudson BP – (Manufactured sand for concrete).
5. Nichols, F.P (Manufactured sand and crushed sand in Portland cement concrete
INTERNATIONAL, NO. 8, PP 56-63, 1982).
7