The document outlines the functions, types, and internal components of routers, emphasizing their role in forwarding data packets between networks. It categorizes routers into hardware and software types, as well as specific types like core, edge, and wireless routers, detailing their respective functions and purposes. Additionally, the document touches on Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) and mentions notable manufacturers such as Cisco and TP-Link.

1. ROUTER
What is Router
Types of Router
Advantages
Disadvantages

2. WHAT IS ROUTER
• Is a networking device that forwards data packets between computer networks
.
• A data packet is typically forwarded from one router to another through the
networks that constitute the internetwork until it reaches its destination
node.

4. TYPE OF ROUTERS
There are two type of Routers
•Hardware Routers:
− Cisco, Juniper, Multicom, HP, Dlink, Maipu and many
more…
•Software Routers:
− Microsoft Server, Linux Server

5. Functions of a Router
•Inter-network Communication
•Best Path Selection
•Packet Switching
•Packet forwarding
R1
E0/0
S0/0
R2
S0/0/0S0/0/1
R3
S0/1
F0/0
S0/1 S0/0
Internet User
61.0.0.10
www.yahoo.com
191.0.0.10
Source IP & Port
61.0.0.10 - 3000
Destination IP & Port
191.0.0.10 - 80
DATA
http
request
DATA
Source IP & Port
191.0.0.10 - 80
Destination IP & Port
61.0.0.10 - 3000
DATA
http
reply

6. Internal Components of Router
•ROM (Read only Memory)
−It contains a bootstrap program which searches and loads
the operating system.
−It is similar to the BIOS of a PC.
−It also contains a ROMMON for advance troubleshooting.
•Flash memory
−The Internetwork Operating System (IOS) is stored here.
−IOS is a Cisco proprietary operating system.

7. Internal Components of Router
•NVRAM (Non Volatile Random Access Memory)
−NVRAM is similar to a hard disk.
−It is also known as permanent storage.
−The startup configuration is stored here.
•RAM (Random Access Memory)
−It is also called as the main memory.
−It is a temporary storage.
−The running configuration is stored here.

8. Internal Components of Router

9. POST
ROM
FLASH
NVRAM
RAM
Power On Self Test – checks the hardware
ROM loads Bootstrap program and searches
for the IOS
IOS from Flash is loaded
The startup configuration is loaded from the
NVRAM
Boot process is completed as everything is
loaded into the RAM
BOOT Sequence

10. INITIAL CONFIGURATION

11. Console Connectivity
RJ-45
Connector
Console Port
ComputerRollover
Cable
RJ-45 to DB-9
Converter

12. Console Connectivity
•Cisco Routers & Switches does not have any default IP address
or Configuration, hence require to use the Console port for
Initial Configuration.
•Require physical connection between the Cisco Router/Switch
and PC via console cable.

13. •Fixed Router
•Modular Router
Types of Hardware Routers

14. Fixed Router

15. Modular Router

16. 2800 SERIES

18. TYPES OF ROUTER
Core router
Edge router
Inter Provider Border Router
Wireless router

19. CORE ROUTER
A core router is a router that forwards packets to computer hosts within a
network (but not between networks).
Model : 800,1900,2600,2800,2900

20. Cisco 800 Series Routers Cisco 1900
Cisco 2900 Cisco 2800
Cisco 2600

21. EDGE ROUTER
1. An edge router is a specialized router residing at the edge or boundary of
a network.
2.This router ensures the connectivity of its network with external
networks, a wide area network or the Internet.
Model : 1000,5000,5500

22. Cisco 1000 Cisco 5000
Cisco Network Convergence System 5500 Series

23. INTER PROVIDER BORDER ROUTER
Inter-provider Border router is used for Interconnecting ISP. It is a BGP
speaking router that maintains BGP sessions with other BGP speaking
routers in other providers' ASes. It support multi-routing protocols for
secure data processing and high performance.
Model : 6000,9000

24. Inter Provider Border Router

25. Router 6000 Series Cisco ASR 9000

26. BGP ?
Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is a standardized exterior gateway protocol
designed to exchange routing and reachability information among
autonomous systems (AS) on the Internet.

27. WIRELESS ROUTER
A wireless router is a device that performs the functions of a router and
also includes the functions of a wireless access point. It is used to provide
access to the Internet or a private computer network.

28. BGP
1. BGP is the path-vector protocol that provides routing information for
Autonomous systems on the Internet via its AS-Path attribute.
2. Sharing deferent Autonomous only .

29. 3. It is only sharing new processing .
4. It is only sharing incremental processing .
5. ROUTER INFORMATION (Addition , Deletion) .
6. It is Very Slow .
7. It is Running on Application Protocol .
8. TCP Connection , port Number :179 .
9. it is selected only manually include neighbor .

30. • Autonomous System
– Collection of IP prefixes
– Common routing policy to otherASes
– Registered by an RIR (regional Internet registry)
– Denoted by a name and number
• A Private AS can be usedwhen a single upstream exists
– External routing policy is identical
AS 200
2.2.2.0/24
2.2.3.0/24
Autonomous
System

31. • Inter-Network – Used for routing
between networks (Autonomous
Systems), or within large networks
• Reachability – BGP defines how oneAS
can reach another, described as a path vector
(AS Path)
• Policy-Based – BGP makes it possible for
an AS to apply policies (e.g. multi-
homing, failover, commercial terms)
• Decentralized – Each AS makes policy
decisions autonomously, using BGP to
coordinate and share routes
KEY BGP CONCEPTS

32. • Neighboring
routers, within or
between ASes,
establish a TCP
connection on
port 179.
• BGPmessages
include:
– Open
– Update
– Notification
– KeepAlive
BGP THE PROTOCOL
AS 300
3.3.3.4/22
AS 400
4.4.0.0/16
AS 200
2.2.2.0/24
Border Router
AS 100
1.1.1.0/24
Origin
Autonomous
System
Internal
Router
BGP peers exchange
routes, within and
amongASes

40. HOW A ROUTERWORKS?

41. INSIDEA ROUTER!

42. CISCO SYSTEMS, INC
Cisco Systems, Inc. (known as Cisco) is an American
multinational technology conglomerate headquartered
in San José, California, that develops, manufactures,
and sells networking hardware, telecommunications
equipment, and other high- technology services and
products.

43. TP-LINK
• is a Chinese manufacturer of computer
networking products based in Shenzhen
China .
TP-Link products include wireless routers, ADSL,
range extenders, routers, switches, IP
cameras, power line adapters, print servers,
media converters, wireless adapters and power
banks. TP-Link also manufactured the OnHub
router for Google .

44. THE BEST WIRELESS
ROUTERS OF 2016 :
TP Link Archer AC3200 WirelessTri-Band GigabitRouter