The Roman Empire spanned from 31 BC to 476 AD, controlling vast territories across Europe, Asia, and Africa and unifying them under a single ruler. It established Latin as a common language and principles of law and order while building great infrastructure projects. Christianity began as a persecuted religion but eventually became the official state religion in 380 AD. However, the Empire faced internal problems as it grew too large and decentralized, with constant warfare and economic issues. It split into Western and Eastern divisions and the Western half ultimately fell when the city of Rome was invaded in 476 AD.
Rome was founded in 753 BC according to legend. Over the next few centuries, Rome was ruled by seven kings and experienced significant growth. The city was situated on seven hills along the Tiber River and had a Mediterranean climate. Around 500 BC, Rome transitioned to a republic as the Etruscan kings were overthrown. Over the following centuries, Rome expanded its territory through military conquests, defeating enemies like the Carthaginians and establishing its dominance over the Italian peninsula and Mediterranean region.
The document summarizes the rise of nationalism and the Indian independence movement in India. It discusses how nationalism grew during World War 1 due to the economic hardships imposed by the British. Gandhi introduced satyagraha as a powerful non-violent method of protest. His early movements like in Champaran and Kheda were successful. The Rowlatt Act and Jallianwala Bagh massacre angered Indians and led to the launch of the non-cooperation movement. It included boycotts and resignations from government jobs but was called off after the Chauri Chaura violence. The civil disobedience movement followed, led by Gandhi's Dandi March and salt satyagraha.
PowerPoint Presentation on the topic - 'Nationalism In Europe'. For Class - 10th.
Created By - 'Neha Rohtagi'
I hope that you will found this presentation useful and it will help you out for your concept understanding.
Thank You!
Socialism in europe and the russian revolutionUshaJoy
The document provides background information on socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution. It discusses the rise of liberal, radical, and conservative political factions in Europe in response to the French Revolution. It also describes the growth of socialist ideology and parties in Europe in the late 19th century, influenced by the ideas of Karl Marx. Finally, it outlines the economic, social, and political conditions in the Russian Empire prior to the revolutions of 1917, including unrest during World War I that ultimately led to the fall of the monarchy and rise of socialist rule.
The document discusses the ancient civilization of Mesopotamia. Mesopotamia was located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern day Iraq. It was known for its writing, city life, trade, and contributions to mathematics, astronomy, and literature which spread throughout the Mediterranean region, Turkey, and Syria. One of Mesopotamia's most important cities was Babylon, known for the Hanging Gardens, one of the Seven Wonders of the World. The earliest inhabitants spoke Sumerian and Akkadian, though later Assyrian and Aramaic became dominant languages as well. Mesopotamian civilization is significant to Europeans as it is referenced in the early parts of the
The East India Company introduced various land revenue systems in India to generate a steady income. The Permanent Settlement system fixed revenues permanently and made the local zamindars responsible for collecting taxes from peasants. This benefited the Company by ensuring a regular income but heavily burdened peasants who suffered from high taxes, the threat of eviction, declining productivity, and increased indebtedness. The revenue systems transformed rural society and impoverished many farmers.
This document summarizes the social structure of medieval Europe between the 9th and 16th centuries. It describes the three main social orders of clergy, nobility, and peasants. The clergy comprised the Catholic church and directed the religious life of communities. The nobility were landed owners who held manorial estates worked by peasant villeins or serfs. Peasants lived and worked on manors, providing labor and paying taxes and fees to lords. The document also outlines the rise of knights, monastic orders, and the environmental and economic crisis of the 14th century plague that weakened the feudal system and allowed more powerful monarchs to consolidate their rule.
The Roman Empire spanned from 31 BC to 476 AD, controlling vast territories across Europe, Asia, and Africa and unifying them under a single ruler. It established Latin as a common language and principles of law and order while building great infrastructure projects. Christianity began as a persecuted religion but eventually became the official state religion in 380 AD. However, the Empire faced internal problems as it grew too large and decentralized, with constant warfare and economic issues. It split into Western and Eastern divisions and the Western half ultimately fell when the city of Rome was invaded in 476 AD.
Rome was founded in 753 BC according to legend. Over the next few centuries, Rome was ruled by seven kings and experienced significant growth. The city was situated on seven hills along the Tiber River and had a Mediterranean climate. Around 500 BC, Rome transitioned to a republic as the Etruscan kings were overthrown. Over the following centuries, Rome expanded its territory through military conquests, defeating enemies like the Carthaginians and establishing its dominance over the Italian peninsula and Mediterranean region.
The document summarizes the rise of nationalism and the Indian independence movement in India. It discusses how nationalism grew during World War 1 due to the economic hardships imposed by the British. Gandhi introduced satyagraha as a powerful non-violent method of protest. His early movements like in Champaran and Kheda were successful. The Rowlatt Act and Jallianwala Bagh massacre angered Indians and led to the launch of the non-cooperation movement. It included boycotts and resignations from government jobs but was called off after the Chauri Chaura violence. The civil disobedience movement followed, led by Gandhi's Dandi March and salt satyagraha.
PowerPoint Presentation on the topic - 'Nationalism In Europe'. For Class - 10th.
Created By - 'Neha Rohtagi'
I hope that you will found this presentation useful and it will help you out for your concept understanding.
Thank You!
Socialism in europe and the russian revolutionUshaJoy
The document provides background information on socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution. It discusses the rise of liberal, radical, and conservative political factions in Europe in response to the French Revolution. It also describes the growth of socialist ideology and parties in Europe in the late 19th century, influenced by the ideas of Karl Marx. Finally, it outlines the economic, social, and political conditions in the Russian Empire prior to the revolutions of 1917, including unrest during World War I that ultimately led to the fall of the monarchy and rise of socialist rule.
The document discusses the ancient civilization of Mesopotamia. Mesopotamia was located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern day Iraq. It was known for its writing, city life, trade, and contributions to mathematics, astronomy, and literature which spread throughout the Mediterranean region, Turkey, and Syria. One of Mesopotamia's most important cities was Babylon, known for the Hanging Gardens, one of the Seven Wonders of the World. The earliest inhabitants spoke Sumerian and Akkadian, though later Assyrian and Aramaic became dominant languages as well. Mesopotamian civilization is significant to Europeans as it is referenced in the early parts of the
The East India Company introduced various land revenue systems in India to generate a steady income. The Permanent Settlement system fixed revenues permanently and made the local zamindars responsible for collecting taxes from peasants. This benefited the Company by ensuring a regular income but heavily burdened peasants who suffered from high taxes, the threat of eviction, declining productivity, and increased indebtedness. The revenue systems transformed rural society and impoverished many farmers.
This document summarizes the social structure of medieval Europe between the 9th and 16th centuries. It describes the three main social orders of clergy, nobility, and peasants. The clergy comprised the Catholic church and directed the religious life of communities. The nobility were landed owners who held manorial estates worked by peasant villeins or serfs. Peasants lived and worked on manors, providing labor and paying taxes and fees to lords. The document also outlines the rise of knights, monastic orders, and the environmental and economic crisis of the 14th century plague that weakened the feudal system and allowed more powerful monarchs to consolidate their rule.
Chapter - 2, Nationalism in India, History, Social Science, Class 10Shivam Parmar
I have expertise in making educational and other PPTs. Email me for more PPTs at a very reasonable price that perfectly fits in your budget.
Email: parmarshivam105@gmail.com
Chapter - 2, Nationalism in India, History, Social Science, Class 10
INTRODUCTION
THE FIRST WORLD WAR, KHILAFAT, AND NON COOPERATION
EVENTS LEADING: TOWARDS CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE
Every topic of this chapter is well written concisely and visuals will help you in understanding and imagining the practicality of all the topics.
By Shivam Parmar (PPT Designer)
1) The document discusses the rise of nationalism and independence movements in India in the 1920s-1930s.
2) It highlights key events like the Rowlatt Act, Jallianwala Bagh massacre, the launch of the non-cooperation movement by Gandhi and the Khilafat movement.
3) Gandhi's civil disobedience movement gained momentum, culminating in the famous Salt March of 1930, which led to widespread protests and the arrest of 60,000 Indians by the British.
The document discusses the increasing globalization of the world economy over time. It describes how trade routes like the Silk Road historically connected different regions, allowing for the spread of goods, ideas, and crops. More recently, advances like removing trade barriers and the rise of multinational corporations have further integrated national economies on a global scale. Key events like the two World Wars, the Great Depression, and the establishment of Bretton Woods institutions shaped the modern international economic system.
The document summarizes the growth of nationalism in India under British colonial rule. It discusses how the First World War created economic hardships and political unrest in India. Mahatma Gandhi introduced the idea of non-violent civil disobedience or satyagraha to peacefully resist colonial oppression. This led to early movements of satyagraha and the non-cooperation movement, which involved boycotts of British goods and institutions. However, the movement also faced repression from the British, such as the Jallianwala Bagh massacre in 1919. The movement spread nationalism across urban and rural areas of India in the early 1920s.
The document discusses the rise and characteristics of the nomadic Mongol empire that dominated Central Asia and vast territories in the 13th century. The Mongols were nomadic herders organized into clans who developed formidable cavalry forces. Under Genghis Khan, they rapidly expanded their empire through military conquest and imposed strict discipline. While rejecting settled life, the Mongols facilitated trade and cultural exchange across their domains, including the spread of religions. At its height, the Mongol empire was divided into four khanates after Genghis Khan's death, though all eventually declined as the Mongols became assimilated with local populations and faced military challenges.
The document discusses the origins and early development of the Industrial Revolution in Europe. It notes that prior to industrialization, most people worked in agriculture. The emergence of colonialism and capitalism helped drive industrialization. Early factories producing cotton emerged in the 1730s in England. Richard Arkwright established the first cotton mill, bringing production under one roof. However, industrialization spread gradually and traditional industries remained important for some time. Hand labor remained common where specialized goods were needed. Mechanization increased but industrialists were cautious about new technologies.
The document summarizes accounts from several European travelers who visited India in the late medieval and early modern periods. It discusses their observations and representations of various aspects of Indian society and culture, including:
- Al Biruni's Kitab al-Hind, a text that studied Hindu religious and philosophical texts and translated Sanskrit works.
- Ibn Battuta's travelogue Rihla, which described his travels across India in the 14th century and observations of cities, culture, and the efficient postal system.
- Francois Bernier compared Mughal India unfavorably to Europe and described the land as ruined and impoverished due to the lack of private land ownership.
- European travelers
Water is essential but scarce due to unequal distribution and increased demand from population growth, agriculture, and industry. To manage water resources and ensure supply, various techniques have been used in ancient and modern India, including dams, rainwater harvesting, and other structures. While dams provide electricity, irrigation, and other benefits, they can negatively impact the environment and local communities. More sustainable methods of conserving water involve harvesting rainwater, floodwater, and groundwater through traditional techniques still used in various parts of India.
The non-cooperation movement and subsequent civil disobedience movements in the 1920s-1930s saw participation from many social groups in India. However, their interpretations of "swaraj" or self-rule differed based on their interests. For example, farmers fought high tax revenues while industrial workers remained distant. The movements also faced limitations as not all communities, such as Dalits led by Ambedkar, felt their issues were addressed. Ultimately, the movements helped foster a sense of collective Indian identity and nationalism through united struggle against British rule.
This document provides a summary of globalization prior to the modern era. It discusses how trade, migration, and the movement of ideas, goods, and pathogens connected the world even before recent times. Key points include:
1) Ancient travelers, traders, priests, and pilgrims traveled vast distances carrying goods, money, ideas, and diseases, linking regions through the Silk Road by at least the 1st century CE.
2) Major food crops like potatoes and staples from the Americas transformed diets and populations in Europe and Asia from the 15th century onward.
3) European conquest and colonization in the 16th-19th centuries was enabled not just by weapons but also epidemic diseases that devast
Chapter 5 When People Rebel 1857 and After.pptxCNest1
The document provides background information on the Revolt of 1857 in India. It discusses the political, social, economic and military causes that led to the revolt. Key causes included the Doctrine of Lapse, social reforms imposed by the British, economic exploitation of India, and discrimination faced by Indian soldiers in the army. The immediate cause was the introduction of greased cartridges for the new Enfield rifle. The revolt began in Meerut and spread to Delhi, Kanpur, Jhansi, Lucknow and other major centers. Key leaders included Bahadur Shah II, Nana Sahib, the Rani of Jhansi and Begum Hazrat Mahal. Though the revolt ultimately failed, it weakened British rule
The document summarizes the events in India between 1937-1942, including the provincial elections won by the Indian National Congress, the resignation of Congress ministries in response to India being drawn into World War 2 without consultation, the Quit India Movement launched by Gandhi, and the widespread protests and violence that ensued before being crushed by the British with force. Over 10,000 people were killed and 60,000 arrested during the movement, which significantly increased calls for Indian independence but ultimately lacked coordination and full participation.
This document discusses various aspects of gender, religion, caste, and politics in India. It notes that women face discrimination in areas like literacy rates, pay, sex selection, and violence. It describes feminist movements working for women's equality and increased political participation. While India's constitution establishes it as a secular state, communalism remains a problem when one religion tries to dominate others or discriminate occurs based on religion. The document also examines the history and current status of the caste system in India and how caste still influences politics through voting blocs and candidate selection.
This document summarizes gender, religion, caste, and politics in India. It discusses various disadvantages faced by women in India related to literacy rates, education, jobs, and violence. It also discusses solutions proposed like reservation of seats for women in local bodies. The document examines the relationship between religion and politics in India and instances of communalism. It defines communalism and communal politics. It also discusses secularism in India. The document analyzes the role of caste in politics in India and efforts taken to reduce casteism. It examines how caste can be politicized and the effects of exclusive attention to caste. It also summarizes popular movements in Nepal and Bolivia and the roles of interest groups, pressure
The document summarizes the First World War, Gandhi's Satyagraha movement, and the Non-Cooperation Movement in India between 1915-1931. It discusses how the war led to economic difficulties, famines killed millions, and Gandhi's return to India in 1915. His ideas of non-violence and civil disobedience inspired campaigns in Bihar, Gujarat and among mill workers. The Rowlatt Act and Jallianwala Bagh massacre led Gandhi to launch a nationwide non-cooperation movement. This faced repression and violence, and ultimately failed due to lack of unity and peasant unrest being misdirected. The economic depression and Simon Commission further angered Indians, leading to the Salt
The Rise of Nationalism in Europe
Nationalism is an idea and movement that promotes the interests of a particular nation especially with the aim of gaining and maintaining the nation's sovereignty over its homeland.
When we talk of 'globalisation' we often refer to an economic system that has emerged since the last 50 years or so. But as you will see in this PPS, the making of the global world has a long history - of trade, of migration, of people in search of work, the movement of capital, and much else. As we think the dramatic and visible signs of global interconnectedness in our lives today, we need to understand the phases through which this world in which we live has emerged.
THE RSE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE FOR CBSE CLASS 10 STUDENTS THIS IS THEBEST PPT BY ME FOR MORE BEST JUST EDIT IT IN YOUR WAY YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS AND FRIENDS DON'T FORGET TO LIKE IT IF YOU LIKE THIS JUST FOLLOE ON saqlainmemon776@gmail.com in slideshare.
DON'T FORGET TO SHARE......................................
A comprehensive presentation of the Ancient Greek Empire: first Olympic games, the Mediterranean colonies, the Persian Wars, the Parthenon, Agora, Socrates, etc
Chapter - 2, Nationalism in India, History, Social Science, Class 10Shivam Parmar
I have expertise in making educational and other PPTs. Email me for more PPTs at a very reasonable price that perfectly fits in your budget.
Email: parmarshivam105@gmail.com
Chapter - 2, Nationalism in India, History, Social Science, Class 10
INTRODUCTION
THE FIRST WORLD WAR, KHILAFAT, AND NON COOPERATION
EVENTS LEADING: TOWARDS CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE
Every topic of this chapter is well written concisely and visuals will help you in understanding and imagining the practicality of all the topics.
By Shivam Parmar (PPT Designer)
1) The document discusses the rise of nationalism and independence movements in India in the 1920s-1930s.
2) It highlights key events like the Rowlatt Act, Jallianwala Bagh massacre, the launch of the non-cooperation movement by Gandhi and the Khilafat movement.
3) Gandhi's civil disobedience movement gained momentum, culminating in the famous Salt March of 1930, which led to widespread protests and the arrest of 60,000 Indians by the British.
The document discusses the increasing globalization of the world economy over time. It describes how trade routes like the Silk Road historically connected different regions, allowing for the spread of goods, ideas, and crops. More recently, advances like removing trade barriers and the rise of multinational corporations have further integrated national economies on a global scale. Key events like the two World Wars, the Great Depression, and the establishment of Bretton Woods institutions shaped the modern international economic system.
The document summarizes the growth of nationalism in India under British colonial rule. It discusses how the First World War created economic hardships and political unrest in India. Mahatma Gandhi introduced the idea of non-violent civil disobedience or satyagraha to peacefully resist colonial oppression. This led to early movements of satyagraha and the non-cooperation movement, which involved boycotts of British goods and institutions. However, the movement also faced repression from the British, such as the Jallianwala Bagh massacre in 1919. The movement spread nationalism across urban and rural areas of India in the early 1920s.
The document discusses the rise and characteristics of the nomadic Mongol empire that dominated Central Asia and vast territories in the 13th century. The Mongols were nomadic herders organized into clans who developed formidable cavalry forces. Under Genghis Khan, they rapidly expanded their empire through military conquest and imposed strict discipline. While rejecting settled life, the Mongols facilitated trade and cultural exchange across their domains, including the spread of religions. At its height, the Mongol empire was divided into four khanates after Genghis Khan's death, though all eventually declined as the Mongols became assimilated with local populations and faced military challenges.
The document discusses the origins and early development of the Industrial Revolution in Europe. It notes that prior to industrialization, most people worked in agriculture. The emergence of colonialism and capitalism helped drive industrialization. Early factories producing cotton emerged in the 1730s in England. Richard Arkwright established the first cotton mill, bringing production under one roof. However, industrialization spread gradually and traditional industries remained important for some time. Hand labor remained common where specialized goods were needed. Mechanization increased but industrialists were cautious about new technologies.
The document summarizes accounts from several European travelers who visited India in the late medieval and early modern periods. It discusses their observations and representations of various aspects of Indian society and culture, including:
- Al Biruni's Kitab al-Hind, a text that studied Hindu religious and philosophical texts and translated Sanskrit works.
- Ibn Battuta's travelogue Rihla, which described his travels across India in the 14th century and observations of cities, culture, and the efficient postal system.
- Francois Bernier compared Mughal India unfavorably to Europe and described the land as ruined and impoverished due to the lack of private land ownership.
- European travelers
Water is essential but scarce due to unequal distribution and increased demand from population growth, agriculture, and industry. To manage water resources and ensure supply, various techniques have been used in ancient and modern India, including dams, rainwater harvesting, and other structures. While dams provide electricity, irrigation, and other benefits, they can negatively impact the environment and local communities. More sustainable methods of conserving water involve harvesting rainwater, floodwater, and groundwater through traditional techniques still used in various parts of India.
The non-cooperation movement and subsequent civil disobedience movements in the 1920s-1930s saw participation from many social groups in India. However, their interpretations of "swaraj" or self-rule differed based on their interests. For example, farmers fought high tax revenues while industrial workers remained distant. The movements also faced limitations as not all communities, such as Dalits led by Ambedkar, felt their issues were addressed. Ultimately, the movements helped foster a sense of collective Indian identity and nationalism through united struggle against British rule.
This document provides a summary of globalization prior to the modern era. It discusses how trade, migration, and the movement of ideas, goods, and pathogens connected the world even before recent times. Key points include:
1) Ancient travelers, traders, priests, and pilgrims traveled vast distances carrying goods, money, ideas, and diseases, linking regions through the Silk Road by at least the 1st century CE.
2) Major food crops like potatoes and staples from the Americas transformed diets and populations in Europe and Asia from the 15th century onward.
3) European conquest and colonization in the 16th-19th centuries was enabled not just by weapons but also epidemic diseases that devast
Chapter 5 When People Rebel 1857 and After.pptxCNest1
The document provides background information on the Revolt of 1857 in India. It discusses the political, social, economic and military causes that led to the revolt. Key causes included the Doctrine of Lapse, social reforms imposed by the British, economic exploitation of India, and discrimination faced by Indian soldiers in the army. The immediate cause was the introduction of greased cartridges for the new Enfield rifle. The revolt began in Meerut and spread to Delhi, Kanpur, Jhansi, Lucknow and other major centers. Key leaders included Bahadur Shah II, Nana Sahib, the Rani of Jhansi and Begum Hazrat Mahal. Though the revolt ultimately failed, it weakened British rule
The document summarizes the events in India between 1937-1942, including the provincial elections won by the Indian National Congress, the resignation of Congress ministries in response to India being drawn into World War 2 without consultation, the Quit India Movement launched by Gandhi, and the widespread protests and violence that ensued before being crushed by the British with force. Over 10,000 people were killed and 60,000 arrested during the movement, which significantly increased calls for Indian independence but ultimately lacked coordination and full participation.
This document discusses various aspects of gender, religion, caste, and politics in India. It notes that women face discrimination in areas like literacy rates, pay, sex selection, and violence. It describes feminist movements working for women's equality and increased political participation. While India's constitution establishes it as a secular state, communalism remains a problem when one religion tries to dominate others or discriminate occurs based on religion. The document also examines the history and current status of the caste system in India and how caste still influences politics through voting blocs and candidate selection.
This document summarizes gender, religion, caste, and politics in India. It discusses various disadvantages faced by women in India related to literacy rates, education, jobs, and violence. It also discusses solutions proposed like reservation of seats for women in local bodies. The document examines the relationship between religion and politics in India and instances of communalism. It defines communalism and communal politics. It also discusses secularism in India. The document analyzes the role of caste in politics in India and efforts taken to reduce casteism. It examines how caste can be politicized and the effects of exclusive attention to caste. It also summarizes popular movements in Nepal and Bolivia and the roles of interest groups, pressure
The document summarizes the First World War, Gandhi's Satyagraha movement, and the Non-Cooperation Movement in India between 1915-1931. It discusses how the war led to economic difficulties, famines killed millions, and Gandhi's return to India in 1915. His ideas of non-violence and civil disobedience inspired campaigns in Bihar, Gujarat and among mill workers. The Rowlatt Act and Jallianwala Bagh massacre led Gandhi to launch a nationwide non-cooperation movement. This faced repression and violence, and ultimately failed due to lack of unity and peasant unrest being misdirected. The economic depression and Simon Commission further angered Indians, leading to the Salt
The Rise of Nationalism in Europe
Nationalism is an idea and movement that promotes the interests of a particular nation especially with the aim of gaining and maintaining the nation's sovereignty over its homeland.
When we talk of 'globalisation' we often refer to an economic system that has emerged since the last 50 years or so. But as you will see in this PPS, the making of the global world has a long history - of trade, of migration, of people in search of work, the movement of capital, and much else. As we think the dramatic and visible signs of global interconnectedness in our lives today, we need to understand the phases through which this world in which we live has emerged.
THE RSE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE FOR CBSE CLASS 10 STUDENTS THIS IS THEBEST PPT BY ME FOR MORE BEST JUST EDIT IT IN YOUR WAY YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS AND FRIENDS DON'T FORGET TO LIKE IT IF YOU LIKE THIS JUST FOLLOE ON saqlainmemon776@gmail.com in slideshare.
DON'T FORGET TO SHARE......................................
A comprehensive presentation of the Ancient Greek Empire: first Olympic games, the Mediterranean colonies, the Persian Wars, the Parthenon, Agora, Socrates, etc
Economics Vestiges of Enslavement darc 2018Rasta101
This document discusses how African people and their intellectual and economic contributions developed Europe and the Americas over hundreds of years. It describes how the transatlantic slave trade removed an estimated 40 million Africans from their homeland and transported them to the Americas, where they were forced into unpaid labor that generated massive profits and drove the economic growth and industrialization of many nations. Key industries like banking, insurance, railroads, newspapers, universities, and cities like New York directly benefited from the slave trade and subsequent slave labor. The document also discusses how European colonial powers destabilized African societies through unequal trade, introducing guns, and how racism was constructed to justify the exploitation of Africans.
This document discusses the origin of Negro slavery. It begins by providing context around Europe's colonial expansion following Columbus' discovery of the Americas in 1492. Portugal and Spain initially divided control of newly discovered lands via agreements with the Pope, though other powers like England and France rejected this arrangement. The establishment of colonies in the Americas then led to the introduction and development of Negro slavery as a labor source. The document suggests that British colonies fell into two types - diversified small farm economies or plantations relying on slave labor to produce commodities like sugar.
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Medieval Feudalism Essay
As children, we grew up with a picture of the medieval European society to be a fairy tale, where everyone had wonderful lives. As it is also stated in the book about how Disney interpretations ignores the level of oppression under feudalism. In the medieval times the social and economic system ran based on the European feudalism, which caused various problems for majority of the population. The Europeans feudalism consisted of 90 percent of their population being peasant, then 5 percent being knights, the other 5 percent being the nobles and royalty. This was the structure of the medieval feudalism and what might have led to the Europe to colonization.
The lower class were majority of the population that consisted of the peasants and serfs. In the...show more content...Feudal lords got ⅔ of the production, and the serfs got ½; so, they were completely impoverished (Cottin,29). This demonstrate how little the lower class got even though they were majority of the population and did all labor. The lords of the manors even had power to do what they wish, since they had the law at their feet. An example as stated, The brutal system includes a law called Rite de seigneur, which mandated that the feudal lord could be the first to sleep with the bride of his serf on her wedding night (Cottin,30). The nobles were very greedy and wanted more wealth for themselves so in Britain, they passed the Enclosure Acts. In which the nobles used it to get rid of the commoners and use it as a private property to produce more wealth. Which they did by using the land to raise sheep to get wools. As stated Wool became the backbone and driving force of the medieval English econ
The Old Regime, also called the "Ancien Régime" was the political, social and economic system that was found in many parts of Europe yp to the end of the 18th century.
Powerpoint presentation based on Strayer's 3rd edition, Ways of the World text for High School Ap-Honors World History students. Covers the Industrial Revolution, Socialism, Capitalism, Social Unrest, Europe, Russia, United States and Latin America
The Origins of Capitalism and its Connection with the Industrial Revolutionlennyambrosini
The document discusses the transition from feudalism to capitalism in Europe between the 12th-18th centuries. Under feudalism, peasants worked the land in exchange for shelter and were forced to give part of their harvest as rent to lords. The emergence of merchant capitalism and increased trade led to the rise of a new merchant class and the decline of feudal systems. Peasants were evicted from land as it was enclosed for sheep farming. Without land, they became wage laborers in cities and new industries like textiles. This marked the transition to a capitalist system defined by two main social classes - industrial capitalists and the working class.
The document provides background information on the early English colonization of North America. It discusses key figures and events that shaped the process, including Henry VIII who oversaw the separation of the Church of England from the Catholic Church. The Puritans emerged as a Protestant group seeking further reforms. Charles I struggled for power with Parliament and faced opposition from those who saw him as a tyrannical monarch. Oliver Cromwell later established England as a republican Commonwealth and served as Lord Protector. Sumptuary laws aimed to regulate consumption and luxury spending.
This document discusses different types of labor including free labor, human capital, income, forced labor, slavery, indentured servitude, and the economics of freedom. It notes some advantages of free labor markets and how people represent both labor and capital investment through acquiring skills. Forced labor systems like gulags in the Soviet Union were both inhumane and inefficient. Slavery has existed for thousands of years and roles of slaves varied significantly depending on skills and location. Indentured servitude involved initial choice while slave markets lacked choice. Enslavement was more costly if a major nation opposed it. Slave prices varied by distance from source and demand for their labor. Incentives and constraints around slavery differed in locations like
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Thirty Centuries of History: from Menes to Cleopatra
When people think of ancient Egypt, they think perhaps of pyramids or pharaohs, or of names like Nofretete* or Tutankhamun*, or most likely of the river Nile. Apart from the name Nile all other words and names refer to a period of time which began about 5000 years ago. The time of the history of the kings (pharaohs) in Egypt covers a period of about 3000 years, longer than any other civilisation in world history.
The document defines various European terms:
1. It describes structures like aqueducts and chariots from ancient Rome, and economic systems like capitalism, communism and command economies.
2. It also explains geographic features of Europe like peninsulas, cities, and environmental concepts like deforestation, glaciers and biomes like taiga.
3. Several major historical events and people are outlined, such as the Renaissance, the Crusades, Julius Caesar, and the Viking invasions.
Britain emerged from the Napoleonic Wars as the dominant global power, with colonies and bases around the world supporting its naval power and trade dominance. Its empire expanded significantly in this period, most notably in India, where the British East India Company gained control of large territories and became a powerful political entity, transitioning control of India to the British government over time. By 1815 Britain had established colonies in Australia, the Caribbean, southern Africa, and was firmly in control of India and Canada, marking the rise of its "Second Empire" as compensation for the recent loss of the American colonies.
8 Living and Dying in Bondage THE SLAVE CONSPIRACY OF 1822HISTO.docxalinainglis
8 Living and Dying in Bondage: THE SLAVE CONSPIRACY OF 1822
HISTORICAL CONTEXT
Around the beginning of the nineteenth century, the English textile industry grew at an incredible pace. Work was reorganized so that a relatively small number of individuals controlled the buying of cotton and its spinning, weaving, and sale as cloth. Some of the new technologies were simple, others, complex, involving large factories. But the new industry was characterized by a heightened specialization of labor, the ability of some men to purchase the time of others as cheaply as possible, and the need of masses of people to sell their labor in order to make a living. The growth of the textile industry signaled the beginnings of a general reorganization of production under capitalism.
The freedom of individuals to buy and sell labor—of owners to hire and fire whomever they pleased and of workers to work for whomever they chose—was central to the system. But most of the individuals who produced the raw cotton that eventually became cloth were slaves, people without such freedom. First, long-staple cotton, which grew only in the coastal areas of the Carolinas and Georgia, fed the textile business. Short-staple cotton was hardy and could grow in varied climates, but the seeds stuck in the cotton bolls, making it unfit for spinning. Then, in 1793, an American inventor, Eli Whitney, developed his famous cotton gin, which easily separated fiber from seed. Now cloth could be produced from any kind of cotton.
Soon the cotton culture spread inland from the southern coast, overrunning Alabama and Mississippi by the 1830s, Texas and Louisiana slightly later. Textile mills opened in America and England, and despite ups and downs, the overall demand for cotton products in world markets seemed unlimited. The new industry spurred the expansion of other businesses, including banking, shipping, and insurance, as well as retailing, importing, and exporting. Thus, cotton was one of the most important ingredients in the development of modern capitalism, and where cotton spread, so did slavery. Here was an irony: The same product that had nurtured a free-labor capitalistic economy also was essential to the growth and extension of slavery, an ancient system antithetical to the free-labor marketplace. If cotton cloth production was the great engine of modern capitalism, enslaved men and women drove that engine. Freedom for some, then, depended on the bondage of others.
Before the great boom in cotton demand, the institution of slavery had been on the defensive. Especially in England, evangelical Christians, reformers, and advocates of free labor were beginning to push for outlawing the slave trade with Africa and, in some extreme cases, for the manumission of slaves in the Americas. The new American Constitution allowed Congress to prohibit the slave trade after 1808, and by 1820, the northern states had either outlawed servitude or were in the process of doing so. In the South, howev.
The document provides an overview of life in medieval Europe during the Middle Ages. It discusses the political fragmentation and lack of stability after the fall of the Roman Empire, with local disputes and small settlements across the British Isles. Housing for peasants was often inadequate, with many sleeping in filthy conditions alongside livestock. Nobles had cleaner floors and decorations like tapestries, but their lifestyle was not as extravagant as later royalty. Literacy rates were low initially as knowledge was concentrated in the church through monk scribes. Over time, a feudal political system developed locally to provide order and security with decentralized rule.
The document summarizes the long history of opposition to usury (lending money at interest) from ancient philosophers through the Middle Ages. It describes how charging interest was condemned by thinkers like Aristotle and early Christian leaders. Up until the late Middle Ages, it was forbidden for Christians to charge interest on loans. The document then discusses how the establishment of central banking systems like the Bank of England in 1694 allowed private banks to create money and charge interest, greatly increasing national debts over time and concentrating wealth in the hands of bankers like the Rothschild family.
Similar to the roman empire, slaves and workers (20)
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
2. Slavery was an institution deeply rooted in the
ancient world , both in the Mediterranean and
in the near east and not even Christianity when
it emerged as the state religion seriously
challenged this institution. Under Augustus
there was still 3 million slaves in a total Italian
population of 7.5 million.
3. Slaves were an investment , and at least one roman
agricultural writer advised landowners against using
them because their health could be damaged by
malaria. These considerations were not based on
any sympathy for the slaves but on hard economic
calculation. On the other hand, if the roman upper
classes were often brutal towards their slaves,
ordinary people did sometimes show much more
compassion.
This can be seen through the following case study.
Soon after the city perfect , Lucius Pedanius Secundus
was murdered by one of his slaves. Ancient custom required
that every slave residing under the same roof must be executed.
But a crowd gathered eager to save so many lives and
rioting began. Inside the senate there was a feeling
against excessive severity, but the majority opposed
any change(the senators). However, great crowds ready
with stones and torches prevented the order from
being carried. Nero rebuked the population and lined
with troops the whole root along which those
4. As warfare became less widespread with the
establishment of peace in the first century, the
supply of slaves tended to decline and the users
of slave labour thus had to turn either to slave
breeding or to cheaper substitutes such as wage
labour which was more easily dispensable.
5. In fact, free labour was extensively used on public
works at Rome because an extensive use of slave
labour would have been too expensive. Slaves had to
be fed and maintained throughout the year, which
increased the cost of holding this kind of labour.
6. The Roman agricultural writers
paid a great deal of attention to
the management of labour.
Columella, a first-century writer
who came from the south of
Spain, recommended the
following point.
Landowners should keep a
reserve stock of implements and
tools, twice as many as they
needed , so that production could
be continuous, ‘for the loss in
slave labour time exceeds the
cost of such items’.
8.
Pliny the Elder, the author of a very
famous ‘Natural History’, condemned
the use of slave gangs as the worst
method of organizing production,
mainly because slaves who worked in
gangs were usually chained together
by their feet.
The Elder Pliny described conditions in
the factories of Alexandria. A seal is
put upon the workmen’s aprons , they
have to wear a mask or a net with a
close mesh on their heads , and before
they are allowed to leave the premises,
they have to take off all their clothes.
9. Agricultural labour must have been
fatiguing and disliked as a famous edict
of early third century refers to Egyptian
peasants deserting their villages ‘in
order not to engage in agricultural
work’. The same was probably true of
most factories and workshops.
_______________________________________
10. A law of 398 referred to workers being
branded so they could be recognized if
and when they run away and try to hide.
Many private employers cast their
agreements with workers in the form of
debt contracts.
11. A lot of the poorer families went into debt
bondage in order to survive. Parents sometimes
sold their children into servitude for periods of
25 years. The late-fifth-century emperor
Anastasius built the eastern frontier city of
Dara in less than three weeks by attracting
labour from all over the East by offering high
wages.