Process of Transport and Generation of Sedimentary StructuresAkshayRaut51
sedimentary structures ,sedimentary rocks ,weathering and erosion ,sediment transport mechanism ,hjulstrom curve ,types of flow of sediments ,reynold number ,froude number ,laminations ,bedding plane ,cross bedding ,herringbone structure ,ripple marks ,graded bedding ,sole marks ,mud cracks ,ball and pillow structures ,stylolites ,concretion ,nodules
Origin and Abundance of elements in the Solar system and in the Earth and its...AkshayRaut51
Definition of Elements and atom
Origin of Universe
Theories of origin of Solar system and Earth
Chemical Composition of Planets
Chemical Composition of Earth
Chemical composition of Meteorites
Abundance of Elements
S6E5. Students will investigate the scientific view of how the earth’s surface is formed.
d. Describe processes that change rocks and the surface of the earth.
Process of Transport and Generation of Sedimentary StructuresAkshayRaut51
sedimentary structures ,sedimentary rocks ,weathering and erosion ,sediment transport mechanism ,hjulstrom curve ,types of flow of sediments ,reynold number ,froude number ,laminations ,bedding plane ,cross bedding ,herringbone structure ,ripple marks ,graded bedding ,sole marks ,mud cracks ,ball and pillow structures ,stylolites ,concretion ,nodules
Origin and Abundance of elements in the Solar system and in the Earth and its...AkshayRaut51
Definition of Elements and atom
Origin of Universe
Theories of origin of Solar system and Earth
Chemical Composition of Planets
Chemical Composition of Earth
Chemical composition of Meteorites
Abundance of Elements
S6E5. Students will investigate the scientific view of how the earth’s surface is formed.
d. Describe processes that change rocks and the surface of the earth.
Igneous rocks formaion through chemical weatheringrita martin
Igneous rocks are generally termed as fire rocks formed either underground or above ground there are two types Intrusive, Extrusive igneous rocks mainly containing high silica content
Room and Pillar mining method is one of the oldest existing mining methods. This system in which the mined material is extracted across a horizontal plane, creating horizontal arrays of rooms and pillars. Usually those room and pillars are uniform size. Pillars may or may not be removed after extraction.
Used for soft as well as hard rock mining and is commonly associated with coal, potash, uranium, and other industrial materials.
GEOLOGICAL FIELD REPORT On Latachapli, Lakkhirhat, Nijampur, NishanBaria, Kha...Ayon Saha
The preparation of a geological field report of any place is a valuable contribution of a number of people who are to be acknowledged. I am grateful to Almighty God for the excellent opportunity to visit Kuakata & its surrounding area, arranged by the Department of Geology & Mining, University of Barisal and for finishing the visit successfully.
It deals with the physiography, sedimentology geomorphology and its interpretation, correlation with standard geologic succession, environment and economic geology of Latachapli, Lakkhirhat, Nijampur, NishanBaria, Khapra Bhanga, Lebur Ban, Kuakata Sea Beach Kalapara Upazila, Patuakhali District Barisal, Bangladesh along with the interpretation of paleo-environment of depositional history.
Introduction of Major Plate's of the EarthAyon Saha
Earths outer layer (Crust) is divided in many pieces which is known as Plates. There are many Major and Minor plates around the earth. Here I discussed about the major plates of the Earth.
Landslides is geologic hazard which is generally refers to the movement downslope of rock masses, debris etc. Here I have mentioned the causes of landslides in different perspective.
Time is closely related with geology. The geological timescale is a method of finding the relation between the events that have taken place in the history of the time. This presentation will give you a general knowledge about the relation of time and geology. Cheers!
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
2. Table of Contents
•What is Weathering?
•Types of Weathering
•Products of Weathering
•Mechanical Weathering
•Biological Activity
•Chemical Weathering
8. Mechanical weathering
• Frost Wedging – cracking of rock mass by the expansion of water as it
freezes in crevices and cracks
• Water takes up about 10% more space when it freezes.
• This expansion puts great pressure on the walls of a container.
• Water held in the cracks of rocks wedges the rock apart when it freezes.
• Often occurs in places where temperatures vary from below the freezing
point of water to above the freezing point.
9. Mechanical weathering
• Exfoliation results when rocks formed at depth are exposed
at the ground surface
• As underlying rock layers are exposed, there is less pressure
on them and they expand.
• The expanding layers often form a dome.
10. Mechanical weathering
• temperatures heat up, the rocks themselves expand.
• As the temperatures cool down, rocks contract slightly
• The effect can be the weakening of the rock itself.
11. Abarsion
• the mechanical scraping of a rock surface by friction between rocks
and moving particles during their transport by wind, glacier, waves,
gravity, running water or erosion.
• As these rock fragments bounce around and off of each other, they
break down
15. Biological Activity
• Decaying organisms produce acids (humic acids) that
enhance chemical weathering.
Decaying Leaves
The "black" water that drains from the
sandstone rocks of the Cordillera del Cóndor is
actually the color of strong tea -- from the
tannins and humic acids in the water leached
from the surrounding vegetation.
16. Biological Activity
• Humans have affected the rate of acid rain through the huge
amounts of pollutants that we dispose of every year
• also affect the rates of weathering through mass removal of
vegetation. Vegetation around the world is constantly being
uprooted, especially in rainforest areas where logging goes on every
day.
• Human manually dug out rocks for construction
• Humans manually move or change rocks when they mine
17. Chemical Weathering
• caused by rain water reacting with the mineral grains in
rocks to form new minerals (clays) and soluble salts.
• These reactions occur particularly when the water is
slightly acidic.
• These changes either break down the rock or weaken
the rock to allow for physical weathering.
• Most important agent is water
• Responsible for transport of ions and molecules
involved in chemical processes.
21. Dissolution
• Dissolution
• Many ionic and organic compounds dissolve in
water
• Silica, K, Na, Mg, Ca, Cl, CO3, SO4
• Acid Reactions
• Water + carbon dioxide <---> carbonic acid
• Water + sulfur <---> sulfuric acid
• H+ effective at breaking down minerals
22. Dissolution
• Minerals that are dissolved in water.
• Aided by small amounts of acid in water.
Various organic acids are released into the soil by
decaying organisms – Humic Acids.
Sulfuric Acid produced by weathering of pyrite.
Carbonic Acid is produced when CO2 in the
atmosphere is dissolved into precipitation (may be
enhanced by CO2 in soil).
CaCO3+CO2+H2O ---> Ca2+ + 2HCO3-
24. Oxidation
• Oxidation
• Oxygen dissolved in water promotes oxidation of
sulfides, ferrous oxides, native metals
• Organic Activity
• Plant material makes H+ ions available
25. Oxidation
• Any reaction when electrons are lost from one element.
4Fe+2 (Ferrous Iron) + 3O2 2Fe+3 (Ferric Iron)
2O3
iron + oxygen iron oxide (hematite and limonite
Important in the decomposing ferromagnesian silicate
minerals – olivine, pyroxene, and hornblende.
Oxidation can only occur after the iron is freed from the
silicate structure by hydrolysis.
27. Hydrolysis
• Hydration: attachment of water molecules to crystalline
structure of a rock, causing expansion and weakness
• Hydrolysis: combination of hydrogen and oxygen in
water with rock to form new substances
• The most common example of hydrolysis is feldspar, which
can be found in granite changing to clay. When it rains, water
seeps down into the ground and comes in contact with
granite rocks.
28. Hydrolysis
• The reaction of any substance with water.
• Water molecules dissociate to form hydrogen (H-)
and hydroxyl (OH-) ions.
• Hydrogen ion attacks and replaces other ions.
• Silicates are decomposed primarily by this process.
• 2KAlSi3O8 + 2(H+ + HCO3
-) + H2O Al2Si2O5(OH)4
+2K+ + 2HCO3
- + 4SiO2
• Potassium Feldspar + carbonic acid + water
kaolinite (residual clay) + [potassium ion + bicarbonate
ion + silica (in solution)]