This document provides a summary of a research seminar presentation on crop diversification in Kerala, India. It discusses the objectives to analyze trends in area, production, and productivity of major crops over time periods from 1984-2013. Methodology included collecting secondary data on crops like rice, tapioca, coconut, pepper, ginger, turmeric, rubber, and areca nut. Compound growth rates, Hirschman-Herfindahl index, and decomposition analysis were used to study changes in area, production, diversification. Results showed crops like coconut, pepper, and rubber had higher growth rates initially, while rice, tapioca, ginger, and turmeric had negative growth rates over the periods analyzed.

2. AEC 591 Research Seminar(0+1)
Chairman;
Dr.N. SWAMINATHAN
Dr. V. SUNDARAM
Members;
Dr. A. POUCHEPPARADJOU
PRESENTED BY
SREEKANTH K T
M.Sc., AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS
PAJANCOA & RI

3. Introduction
Objectives
Review of Literature
Methodology
Results and discussion
Conclusion

4. INTRODUCTION
Area 38,86,300 ha
constitute1.18% land area of India
545km
120 km
33,387,677 people

5. Agriculture is a way of life and a tradition for millions of
cultivators in India for centuries.
More than 60 % of people depend on agriculture, directly and
indirectly.
Agriculture and allied sector accounted 13.9 % of the GDP in
2013.
Shift in the cropping pattern resulting in the decline in area under
food crops and increase in the area under non – food crops
continuously.
INDIAN AGRICULTURE

6. In India, crop diversification is taking place at a faster pace since
1990s.
It is viewed as a shift from traditionally grown less remunerative
crops to more remunerative commercial crops.
The diversification of crops in terms of variation in acreage
allocation are taking place due to price and non-price factors like
agro-climatic conditions, labour availability, irrigation facilities,
etc.

7. The cropping pattern changes, however, are the outcome of the
interactive effect of many factors which can be broadly categorized
into the following five groups:
Resource related factors covering irrigation, rainfall and soil fertility.
Technology related factors covering not only seed, fertilizer, and
water technologies but also those related to marketing, storage and
processing.

8. Household related factors covering food and fodder self-sufficiency
requirement as well as investment capacity.
Price related factors covering output and input prices as well as trade
policies and other economic policies that affect these prices either
directly or indirectly.
Institutional and infrastructure related factors covering farm size,
research, extension and marketing systems and government regulatory
policies.

9. KERALA AGRICULTURE
The trend of crop diversification in Kerala started slowly in favour of
non-food crops since mid 1970s.
In Kerala the shift has been from seasonal crop such as Rice to
perennial crops like coconut, rubber and areca nut.
Food crops like rice, tapioca and pulses are less remunerative
compared to the more patronized commercial crops

10. OBJECTIVES
The present study is conducted with the following specific
objectives of analyzing the spatial and temporal dynamics of
cropping pattern in Kerala Agriculture.
To analyze the growth trends of area, production and
productivity of major crops in Kerala.
The specific objectives of the study are the following

11. To analyze the extent of crop diversification in Kerala agriculture.
To study the interaction effect of area and yield on production.

12. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
In a study of Mahesh.R (1999) past three decades the agriculture
sector of Kerala has undergone wide-ranging changes in terms of
ownership of land, cropping pattern, cultivation practices,
productivity, and intensity of cultivation.

13. Jayakumar and Velayudhan (2002) tried to analyze the cause and
consequence of agricultural stagnation in Kerala.
The study limited to important food crops and cash crops. Secondary
data was used in the study.
Growth indices of various crops were computed from 1960-61 to
1999-2000.
The study revealed a significant decrease in the growth of area under
Rice and Tapioca while for Coconut and Pepper, nominal increase
were noted but the Rubber has showed a four-fold increase.

14. Omana Cheriyan (2004) examined the changes in the mode of
labour due to shift in the land use pattern and in the analysis of land-
use- pattern- changes noted some important patterns.
The area put to non-agricultural purposes had increased mainly due
to population pressures.
More land was left fallow or used for less labour absorbing crops.
The study was mainly based on secondary data.

15. Swades Pal and Shyamal Kar (2012) This paper aims to implement
different measures of crop diversification for a uniform data set of
Malda district.
At the same time it focuses on status and changing pattern of crop
diversification in different blocks of Malda district with a comparative
outlook of District and State level status.
Herfindahl index and Simpson index are widely used measures of crop
diversification.
Monopolization in crop diversification is going on which is reflected
through forward and backward shifting crop diversification into a
single class in between 2001 to 2008.

16. In a study by Kalaiselvi.V (2012) Generally viewed as a shifts from
traditionally grown less remunerative crops to more remunerative
crops.
The crop shift also take place due to governmental policies.
Market infrastructure development and certain other price related
supports also induce crop shift.

17. Uma H.R et al (2013) analyzed the impact of cropping pattern on
food security in India.
Based on the primary data collected from individual households with
a focus on Hassan District, in Karnataka.
The major finding of this study is that there is a shift in cropping
pattern from food crops to commercial crops, and this has a direct
impact on food security in future.

18. Punithkumar L M and Indira M (2014) reported Agriculture is
way of life and a tradition for millions in India for centuries.
More than 60% of people depend on agriculture, directly or
indirectly. Agriculture and allied sector accounted 13.9% GDP in
2013.
And shifts in the cropping pattern resulting in the decline
continuously in area under food crops and increase the prices of
food grains and the food security.

19. Collected the 30 years (1984-2013) data of area, production and yield
of major crops in Kerala.
Rice, Tapioca, Coconut, Pepper, Ginger, Turmeric, Rubber and
Areca nut.
Secondary data was collected from
METHODOLOGY
Department of Economics and Statistics Kerala, Trivandrum,
Indian Institute of Spices Research, Calicut,
Regional Agricultural Research Station, Ambalavayal,
Directorate of Arecanut and Spices Development, Calicut
Spices Board, Kochi

20. Data are collected from 1984-85 to 2012-13 and divided sub periods.
Pre-Liberalization period (1984-85 to 1992-93), Liberalization period
(1994-95 to 2002-03), and Post-Liberalization period (2004-05 to
2012-13).
The period from 1984-85 to 1992-93 marks a turning point in
India’s agricultural development.
In India growth rate of crop output accelerated to 3.37% but in
Kerala 1.14 %.
large workforce dependent on agriculture in Pre-Liberalization period.

21. During the liberalization period (1994-95 to 2002-03), the growth
rates of both agricultural output and of land yields slowed down as
compared with the pre-liberalization period.
Output growth rate decelerated to 1.74% from 3.37%.
The post-Liberalization period (2004-05 to 2012-13), the growth
rate of area of crops and agriculture production are drastically
reduced (0.57 %).

23. Rice is cultivated in three seasons in all the districts.
The area under paddy cultivation in the state is decreasing continually.
The total paddy area during the year 1984-’85, was 6.95 lakh hectares
and in 1994- 95 it was 5.03 lakh hectares.
Thereafter a steady decrease in paddy cultivation and reached to 1.97
lakhs hectares during the agricultural year 2012-13.
RICE

24. AISWARYA
JAYA
BASUMATHI
Palakkad (83,998 Ha) Idukki (1,264 Ha)
2011-12

25. Tapioca is one of main food crop in Kerala in the past years and so this
crop was cultivated extensively in the state.
During 1984-85, the area under tapioca cultivation was 2.45 lakh
hectares.
Thereafter the area decreased. The total area of tapioca cultivation
during the year 2012-13 is 71,412 Ha.
Area of tapioca representing 7% area of food crops during 2011-12 and
is cultivated in autumn, winter & summer seasons.
TAPIOCA

26. The area under cultivation of tapioca in autumn, winter & summer
seasons are 15411 Ha (21 %), 24303 Ha (32 %) & 34784 Ha (47 %)
respectively.
An area of 3% increased during 2011-12 than the last year 2010-11
and 33% area reduced than 2001-02.
Kollam, Thiruvananthapuram & Idukki districts stand 1st, 2nd & 3rd
positions in tapioca cultivation with area of 22 %, 20 % and 8 %
respectively during the year 2011-12.

27. Tapioca cultivation is least in Kasargod district and the contribution
is only 0.4%.
M-4Sree Visakham Sree Prakash Vellayani Hraswa

28. Area under coconut cultivation was 6.87 lakhs Ha during 1984-85
and 7.2 lakh hectares during 1985-86.
The area under coconut cultivation reached maximum during 2000-
01 i.e., 9,25,783 Ha.
There after, a decreasing tendency is seen in the area under the
cultivation of coconut in Kerala.
The area of coconut cultivation during 2011-12 is 8,20,867 Ha.
COCONUT

29. During 2011-12, an area of 6% is increased than 2010-11 and 9% area
decreased than 2001-02.
1,27,699 Ha and it represents 16% of the total area.
Kozhikode
HYBRIDS
Lakshaganga (Lakshadweep Ordinary x Gangabondam)
Anandaganga (Andaman Ordinary x Gangabondam)
Keraganga (West Coast Tall x Gangabondam)

30. The area under cultivation of pepper during the year 2011-12 is
85,335 Ha.
Idukki district stands 1st position with an area of 44,010 Ha and the
contribution to state total is 51%.
Idukki, Wayanad & Kannur districts have 1st three positions in area
during the period of last 10 years.
PEPPER

31. Pepper cultivation is least in Alappuzha district and the contribution
during the year 2011-12 is only 1%.
On analyzing the area of last 30 years, pepper is maximum during the
agricultural year 2005-06 and the area is 2,37,998 Ha.
Panniyur-1 Sreekara BalankottaKarimunda

32. Ginger occupied only 2% area under the cultivation of spices &
condiments in our state and is cultivated in all districts.
The total area of ginger during 2011-12 is 6908 Ha.
13% area increased during 2011-12 than compared with the
previous year 2010-11 and 35% area decreased than 2001-02.
Wayanad has 1st position in the area under cultivation of ginger in
the previous years and the contribution is 42% during the year
2012-13
Ginger

33. On analyzing the area of last 30 years, ginger is maximum during
the agricultural year 2005-06 and the area is 12,226 Ha.
Wayanad
Local
Wayanad Himachal
IISR-Rejatha Rio-De-Janeiro

34. The area of turmeric during 2012-13 is 2628 Ha and is decreased
16% than 2011- 12. The area under cultivation of turmeric is
maximum in Palakkad district during 2012- 13.
turmeric
Tekurpetta Sugantham Kodur Alleppey

35. Area during 2012-13 is 5,39,565 Ha and Kottayam stands 1st with
21% area.
Ernakulam (11%) and Pathanamthitta (9%) districts stand 2nd and
3rd positions in area under the cultivation of rubber during 2011-12.
Rubber

36. ARECANUT
The area under cultivation of areca nut during the period 2011-12 is
1,04,548 Ha.
On comparing with the last year 2010-11, 5% area is increased
during 2011-12.
Malappuram (19%), Kasargod (18%) Wayanad (11%)
Areca nut cultivation is least in Thiruvananthapuram district and
the contribution to the total area is only 1%.

37. On analyzing the area of last 30 years, areca nut is maximum during
the agricultural year 2005-06 and the area is 1,08,590 Ha.
Mangala Sumangala Sreemangala Mohitnagar

39. In the study, compound growth rates of area, production and yield of the
selected crops for three periods were estimated to study the growth in
area, production and yield of these crops.
Compound growth rates were estimated with the following exponential
model.
CGR (r) = ( b - 1 ) X 100
The ‘F’ test was applied to test the significance of ‘b’.
ESTIMATION OF GROWTH IN AREA, PRODUCTION AND YIELD
t
Y = a b

40. Hirschman - Herfindahl Index:
It is a measure of concentration. Index was computed by taking the
sum of square of area proportion of each crop in the total cropped
area.
Herfindahl Index = ∑ Pi
‘N’ is the total number of crops and Pi represents acreage proportion
of the i crop in total cropped area
N
i=1
th
2

41. With the increase in diversification, the index would decrease to
zero on complete diversification .
This index takes a value one when there is a complete specialization
and approaches zero as ‘N’ large i.e. diversification is perfect.
Herfindahl Index range from 0 to 1

42. Decomposition analysis has been used to find out the area effect,
yield effect and interaction effect.
Decomposition is the act of splitting a time series or other system
into its constituent parts.
To analyze what has contributed to increase or decrease in
production taking into consideration the endogenous factors such
as area, yield and its effects on the production of individual crop
decomposition analysis has been used.

43. Production in the base year is given by
Q = A *Y -------------- (1)
Similarly, production in the n year is given by
Q = A *Y ;
If we denote Δ A & Δ Y are the change in area and yield in the
n period, then we have
Q = (A + Δ A)* (Y +Δ Y) ------------- (2)
= A * Y + A *ΔY+ΔY * Y +ΔΑ ∗ΔY
th
0
0000
00
0
n
n nn
th
0

44. Subtracting Qo from both sides
Q – Q = A *Y + A *ΔY +ΔA*Y +ΔA*Y–A *Y
ΔQ = A *Δ Y + ΔA* Y + ΔA*Δ Y
The first term on the right hand side can be considered as the yield
effect the second term as area effect, and the third as the interaction
effect.
Thus total change in production can be decomposed into three
effects, viz., yield effect, area effect and the interaction effect due to
changes in area and yield.
0n 000 0
0 0
00

46. COMPOUND GROWTH RATES OF AREA UNDER PRINCIPAL
CROPS IN KERALA (1984-1993,1994-2003 and 2004-2013)
Sl.no: Crops period 1
(1984-1993)
(%)
period 2
1994-2003
(%)
period 3
2004-2013
(%)
Overall period
1984-2013
(%)
1 Rice -3.16 -5.76 -4.34 -4.52
2 Tapioca -5.95 -1.29 -4.72 -3.59
3 Coconut 3.40 0.14 -1.76 0.35
4 Pepper 5.29 1.37 -10.37 0.32
5 Ginger -3.20 -2.89 -8.21 -3.61
6 Turmeric -2.47 -0.51 -2.12 -0.43
7 Rubber 4.65 1.00 1.48 1.75
8 Areca nut 1.17 3.76 0.49 2.41
Table 1

47. Growth rate of coconut , pepper and rubber were higher in the first
period.
Rubber and areca nut are having positive growth rate.
Rice, tapioca, ginger and turmeric are having negative growth rate.
Higher negative growth rate of pepper and ginger at third period
Shift in cropping pattern in favour of cash crops.

48. 0
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
600000
700000
800000
AREA UNDER RICE
AREA UNDER RICE
Expon. (AREA UNDER
RICE)
Ha.
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
1984-85
1985-86
1987-88
1989-90
1991-92
1993-94
1995-96
1997-98
1999-00
2001-02
2003-04
2005-06
2007-08
2009-10
2011-12
AREA UNDER TAPIOCA
AREA UNDER TAPIOCA
Expon. (AREA UNDER
TAPIOCA)
Ha.

49. 0
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
600000
700000
800000
900000
1000000
AREA UNDER COCONUT
AREA UNDER COCONUT
Expon. (AREA UNDER
COCONUT)
Ha.
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
1983-84
1985-86
1987-88
1989-90
1991-92
1993-94
1995-96
1997-98
1999-00
2001-02
2003-04
2005-06
2007-08
2009-10
2011-12
AREA UNDER PEPPER
AREA UNDER PEPPER
Expon. (AREA UNDER
PEPPER)
Ha.

50. 0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
AREA UNDER GINGER
AREA UNDER GINGER
Expon. (AREA UNDER
GINGER)
Ha.
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
AREA UNDER TURMERIC
AREA UNDER
TURMERIC
Expon. (AREA UNDER
TURMERIC)
Ha.

51. 0
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
600000
1984-85
1985-86
1987-88
1989-90
1991-92
1993-94
1995-96
1997-98
1999-00
2001-02
2003-04
2005-06
2007-08
2009-10
2011-12
AREA UNDER RUBBER
AREA UNDER RUBBER
Expon. (AREA UNDER
RUBBER)
Ha.
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
1984-85
1985-86
1987-88
1989-90
1991-92
1993-94
1995-96
1997-98
1999-00
2001-02
2003-04
2005-06
2007-08
2009-10
2011-12
AREA UNDER ARECANUT
AREA UNDER
ARECANUT
Expon. (AREA UNDER
ARECANUT)
Ha.

52. COMPOUND GROWTH RATES OF PRODUCTION UNDER PRINCIPAL
CROPS IN KERALA (1984-1993,1994-2003 and 2004-2013)
Sl.no
:
Crops period 1
1984-1993
(%)
period 2
1994-2003
(%)
period 3
2004-2013
(%)
Overall period
1984-2013
(%)
1 Rice -1.25 -4.36 -1.91 -3.11
2 Tapioca -4.09 -0.29 0.04 -1.14
3 Coconut 6.50 0.85 -0.38 2.21
4 Pepper 4.99 1.14 -8.35 0.60
5 Ginger -0.89 -2.23 -5.21 -1.71
6 Turmeric -1.79 0.52 0.27 0.84
7 Rubber 10.04 4.13 1.58 5.88
8 Areca nut 5.53 28.41 5.66 11.42
Table 3

53. During the period 1 growth rate of production of Rice, Tapioca,
Ginger and Turmeric showed the negative trend similar to area.
The production trend of turmeric in period 2 and 3 was positive while
area under turmeric in this period showed negative trend (-0.51, -
2.12).
Area of Pepper and Ginger are reduced in the third period (-10.37,
-8.21) as a result production of Ginger and Pepper drastically reduced
in period third (-8.35, -5.21).

55. 0
200000
400000
600000
800000
1000000
1200000
1400000
1984-85
1985-86
1987-88
1989-90
1991-92
1993-94
1995-96
1997-98
1999-00
2001-02
2003-04
2005-06
2007-08
2009-10
2011-12
PRODUCTION OF RICE
PRODUCTION OF RICE
Expon. (PRODUCTION
OF RICE)
Tonne
0
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
3000000
3500000
4000000
4500000
1984-85
1985-86
1987-88
1989-90
1991-92
1993-94
1995-96
1997-98
1999-00
2001-02
2003-04
2005-06
2007-08
2009-10
2011-12
PRODUCTION OF TAPIOCA
PRODUCTION OF
TAPIOCA
Expon.
(PRODUCTION OF
TAPIOCA)
Tonne

56. 0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
PRODUCTION OF COCONUT
PRODUCTION OF
COCONUT
Expon. (PRODUCTION
OF COCONUT)
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
100000
1984-85
1985-86
1987-88
1989-90
1991-92
1993-94
1995-96
1997-98
1999-00
2001-02
2003-04
2005-06
2007-08
2009-10
2011-12
PRODUCTION OF PEPPER
PRODUCTION OF
PEPPER
Expon. (PRODUCTION
OF PEPPER)
Tonne
Million Nuts

57. 0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000 1984-85
1985-86
1987-88
1989-90
1991-92
1993-94
1995-96
1997-98
1999-00
2001-02
2003-04
2005-06
2007-08
2009-10
2011-12
PRODUCTION OF GINGER
PRODUCTION OF GINGER
Expon. (PRODUCTION OF
GINGER)
Tonne
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
1984-85
1985-86
1987-88
1989-90
1991-92
1993-94
1995-96
1997-98
1999-00
2001-02
2003-04
2005-06
2007-08
2009-10
2011-12
PRODUCTION OF TURMERIC
PRODUCTION OF TURMERIC
Expon. (PRODUCTION OF
TURMERIC)
Tonne

58. 0
200000
400000
600000
800000
1000000
1200000
1984-85
1985-86
1987-88
1989-90
1991-92
1993-94
1995-96
1997-98
1999-00
2001-02
2003-04
2005-06
2007-08
2009-10
2011-12
PRODUCTION OF RUBBER
PRODUCTION OF
RUBBER
Expon. (PRODUCTION
OF RUBBER)
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
160000
180000
1984-85
1985-86
1987-88
1989-90
1991-92
1993-94
1995-96
1997-98
1999-00
2001-02
2003-04
2005-06
2007-08
2009-10
2011-12
PRODUCTION OF ARECANUT
PRODUCTION OF
ARECANUT
Expon. (PRODUCTION
OF ARECANUT)
Tonne
Tonne

59. COMPOUND GROWTH RATES OF YIELD UNDER PRINCIPAL CROPS IN
KERALA (1984-1993,1994-2003 and 2004-2013)
Sl.no: Crops period 1
1984-1993
(%)
period 2
1994-2003
(%)
period 3
2004-2013
(%)
Overall period
1983-2013
(%)
1 Rice 1.98 1.49 2.54 1.48
2 Tapioca 1.98 -2.09 4.22 2.47
3 Coconut 3.00 0.76 0.97 1.89
4 Pepper -0.30 -0.91 3.05 0.21
5 Ginger 2.38 0.69 4.13 1.94
6 Turmeric 0.70 1.04 2.44 1.28
7 Rubber 5.15 7.57 0.09 4.22
8 Areca nut 4.31 23.76 5.14 8.79
Table 5

60. 0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
YIELD OF RICE
YIELD OF RICE
Expon. (YIELD OF RICE)
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
YIELD OF TAPIOCA
YIELD OF TAPIOCA
Expon. (YIELD OF
TAPIOCA)
Kg/ha
Kg/ha

61. 0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000 1984-85
1985-86
1987-88
1989-90
1991-92
1993-94
1995-96
1997-98
1999-00
2001-02
2003-04
2005-06
2007-08
2009-10
2011-12
YIELD OF COCONUT
YIELD OF COCONUT
Expon. (YIELD OF COCONUT)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
1984-85
1985-86
1987-88
1989-90
1991-92
1993-94
1995-96
1997-98
1999-00
2001-02
2003-04
2005-06
2007-08
2009-10
2011-12
YIELD OF PEPPER
YIELD OF PEPPER
Expon. (YIELD OF PEPPER)
Kg/ha
Nuts/Ha

62. 0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
YIELD OF GINGER
YIELD OF GINGER
Expon. (YIELD OF GINGER)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1984-85
1985-86
1987-88
1989-90
1991-92
1993-94
1995-96
1997-98
1999-00
2001-02
2003-04
2005-06
2007-08
2009-10
2011-12
YIELD OF TURMERIC
YIELD OF TURMERIC
Expon. (YIELD OF
TURMERIC)
Kg/ha
Kg/ha

63. 0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
YIELD OF RUBBER
YIELD OF RUBBER
Expon. (YIELD OF
RUBBER)
Kg/ha
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
YIELD OF ARECANUT
YIELD OF ARECANUT
Expon. (YIELD OF
ARECANUT)
Kg/ha

64. YEAR
PERIOD 1 PERIOD 2 PERIOD 3
1984-1993 1994-2003 2004-2013
1 0.2511 0.2599 0.2711
2 0.2515 0.2642 0.2666
3 0.2509 0.2649 0.2676
4 0.2487 0.2641 0.2708
5 0.2487 0.2653 0.2770
6 0.2549 0.2692 0.2760
7 0.2512 0.2676 0.2745
8 0.2591 0.2718 0.2770
9 0.2572 0.2683 0.3039
10 0.2595 0.2690 0.3055
AVERAGE 0.2533 0.2664 0.2790
Herfindahl Index

65. With the increase in diversification, the index would decrease.
In first period the diversification of crops is more because the index
is less. Second and third period the diversification of crops is
reduced.
If index is increasing shifts are occur many crops to single crops.
Slightly more diversification in third period when comparing
Liberalization period as well as the Post-Liberalization period.

66. The area, yield and interaction effects on production
of crops. (Pre-Liberalization ) 1984-1993
Table 9
Sl.no: Crops Area
Effect
(%)
Yield
Effect
(%)
Interaction
Effect
(%)
1 Rice -180.1 94.3 -14.2
2 Tapioca -121.8 27.1 -5.4
3 Coconut 65.4 29.0 5.7
4 Pepper 97.2 2.1 0.6
5 Ginger -341.5 298.1 -56.7
6 Turmeric -146.1 52.6 -6.5
7 Rubber 45.1 43.3 11.6
8 Areca nut 17.3 78.5 4.2

67. During the first period (1984-1993), the area effect contributed to
increase in production of Coconut, Pepper and Rubber.
Yield effect contributed more for the increase in production of Ginger,
Rice and Areca nut.
The interaction effect of Rubber, Coconut and Areca nut constitutes
more among all other crops to increase in production of these crops.

68. The area, yield and interaction effects on production
of crops. (Liberalization period) 1994-2003
Table 10
Sl.no: Crops Area Effect
(%)
Yield Effect
(%)
Interaction
Effect
(%)
1 Rice -127.0 37.3 -10.3
2 Tapioca -106.1 6.3 -0.2
3 Coconut -4.4 104.6 -0.1
4 Pepper 73.7 -167.9 -5.8
5 Ginger -128.6 31.9 -3.3
6 Turmeric 5.0 94.6 0.4
7 Rubber 12.2 82.7 5.1
8 Areca nut 7.50 78.64 13.85

69. Area effect contributed to increase in production of Pepper and
Rubber.
Yield effect contributed more for the increase in production of Rice,
Coconut, Ginger, Turmeric, Rubber and Areca nut.
Production of Pepper is less, but area is increased this could be
either due to the absence of technological improvement or due to an
increase in area under new field.
The positive and high interaction effect of Areca nut (13.85%) shows
both area yield interaction contributes substantially for the increase in
production.

70. The area, yield and interaction effects on production
of crops. (Post-Liberalization) 2004-2013
Table 11
Sl.no: Crops Area Effect Yield Effect Interaction
Effect
1 Rice -229.2 162.8 -33.6
2 Tapioca -532.4 562.5 -130.1
3 Coconut -189.3 99.7 -10.4
4 Pepper -94.5 -8.3 2.9
5 Ginger -140.4 57.6 -17.2
6 Turmeric -41.3 146.9 -5.6
7 Rubber 61.3 35.7 2.9
8 Arecanut 74.51 24.61 0.86

71. Production is positive in all crops except pepper.
For Tapioca, Rice and turmeric, a very high yield effect compensates
a large decline in the area.
The yield could be sustained but despite that, the area growth
did not take place to meet the consumption needs of the state.

72. SL.NO: CROPS YEAR
1987-1988 1999-2000 2010-2011
1 Rice (Rs/Qtl.) 261 684 1199
2 Tapioca
(Rs/Qtl.)
103 368 1056
3 Coconut
Rs/100No.
276 476 848
4 Pepper
(Rs/Qtl.)
4413 20506 20492
5 Ginger
(Rs/Qtl.)
3982 4406 2671
6 Turmeric
(Rs/Qtl.)
2854 3245 2073
7 Rubber
(Rs/Qtl.)
1766 2997 21516
8 Arecanut
Rs/100No
10 75 47
PRICE OF COMMODITIES

73. study deals with the spatial and temporal dynamics of cropping
pattern in Kerala Agriculture. .
As a result of such crop shift the food crop production has decreased
drastically.
By the calculation of index of crop diversification the diversities in
the crop pattern was noticed.
The major food crop rice shows a declining tendency of growth rate
in each period.
CONCLUSION

74. The decline in area is due to the large-scale conversion of area from
Rice to Rubber, Areca nut and also for other non-agricultural
purposes.
Area under tapioca, which is cereal substitute of rice, also followed
the same pattern of decline in the growth rates.
In the case of tapioca the rate of decline is the highest in second
period.
The large scale conversion of Rice land to Areca nut and Rubber.

75. Decomposition analysis showed that the area effect has been
contributing more for increase in production of commercial crops
and decreasing production of food crops such as Rice and Tapioca.
Wet lands are converted to non-agricultural uses.
Among eight crops studied during the three periods, rubber and
Areca nut are the only crops that showed positive trend in area,
production and productivity.