This document provides an overview of hazard maps and fragility maps. It discusses how fragility maps are constructed using fragility curves, which relate the probability of different damage states to the demand placed on a structure. Fragility curves are developed for different building types using numerical modeling and accounting for uncertainty. Shake maps are also discussed, which map ground shaking from earthquakes using ground motion prediction equations and sensor data. A case study on developing fragility maps for building types in Honduras is presented to demonstrate the process.
Multi-objective optimization for the probabilistic seismic performance based design of an example moment frame steel structure is presented. Direct economic and social losses associated with seismic events, which are of interest in the current recommended frameworks for the performance based design of structures, are considered in the optimization problem defined. Three optimization objectives are selected: the initial construction cost, modeled as the weight of the structural system; expected annual economic loss associated with damage resulting from seismic hazard; and expected annual social loss resulting from seismic hazard induced damage. Hazus recommended procedures are applied in the economic and social loss calculations which include the fragility functions used in the damage analyses and injury event models implemented in the social loss calculations. The multiobjective optimization method uses a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm strategy. The optimization results for the multiple objectives are presented and discussed in the form of Pareto fronts. Engineering demand parameters implemented for the seismic loss analysis are inter-story drifts and peak floor accelerations and are obtained using inelastic time history analysis for the ground motions associated with various seismic hazard levels. To illustrate the design procedure, loss parameters are calculated for an example steel structure located in Los Angeles, CA.
Descriptive study of pushover analysis in rcc structures of rigid jointYousuf Dinar
ABSTRACT: Structures in mega cities, are under serious threat because of faulty and unskilled design and construction of structures. Sometimes structure designers are more concerned in constructing different load resistant members without knowing its necessity and its performance in the structure. Different configuration of construction may also lead to significant variation in capacity of the same structure. Nonlinear static pushover analysis provides a better view on the performance of the structures during seismic events. This comprehensive research evaluates as well as compares the performances of bare, different infill percentage level, different configuration of soft storey and Shear wall consisting building structures with each other and later depending upon the findings, suggests from which level of performance shear wall should be preferred over the infill structure and will eventually help engineers to decide where generally the soft storey could be constructed in the structures. Above all a better of effects of pushover analysis could be summarized from the findings. Masonry walls are represented by equivalent strut according to pushover concerned codes. For different loading conditions, the performances of structures are evaluated with the help of performance point, base shear, top displacement, storey drift and stages of number of hinges form.
A comparative study on force based design and direct displacement based desig...eSAT Journals
Abstract In recent times, many research works related to seismic resistant design of structures were done and various methods of seismic resistant design were predicted and this study explains about two major seismic design methods (i.e) Force Based Design(FBD) and Direct Displacement Based Design(DDBD) in which former is a conventional method while later one is a performance approach of design. Design and Analysis were done on two dimensional bare frames of four, eight and twelve stories based on following codes IS 456, IS 1893:2000, FEMA 356 and the two design approaches were studied. Analysis and design for this study was done using Structural Analysis Program software(SAP 2000). Both design approaches is validated using non linear time history analysis for 16 different ground motion of PGA =0.32g. Structural parameters like Drift Ratio, Ductility Demand and Base shear were compared within the frames of different stories and between design approaches. Keywords: Force Based Design (FBD), Direct Displacement Based Design (DDBD), Base Shear, Ductility, Inter storey Drift, Reinforced Concrete Frames, FEMA.
Seismic Vulnerability of RC Building With and Without Soft Storey Effect Usi...IJMER
A soft storey is one which has less resistance to earthquake forces than the other storeys;
Buildings containing soft stories are extremely vulnerable to earthquake collapses, since one floor is
flexible compared to others. Vulnerability of buildings is important in causing risk to life hence special
consideration is necessary for such soft storey RC buildings. In the present study, analytical
investigation of a RC building by considering the effect of soft storey situated in seismic Zone-V of
India, in accordance with IS 1893-2002 (part-1), is taken as an example and the various analytical
approaches (linear static and nonlinear static analysis) are performed on the building to identify the
seismic demand and also pushover analysis is performed to determine the performance levels, and
Capacity spectrum of the considered, also Storey Shear is compared for 3 models by using Finite
Element Software Package ETAB’s 9.7.4 version.
Multi-objective optimization for the probabilistic seismic performance based design of an example moment frame steel structure is presented. Direct economic and social losses associated with seismic events, which are of interest in the current recommended frameworks for the performance based design of structures, are considered in the optimization problem defined. Three optimization objectives are selected: the initial construction cost, modeled as the weight of the structural system; expected annual economic loss associated with damage resulting from seismic hazard; and expected annual social loss resulting from seismic hazard induced damage. Hazus recommended procedures are applied in the economic and social loss calculations which include the fragility functions used in the damage analyses and injury event models implemented in the social loss calculations. The multiobjective optimization method uses a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm strategy. The optimization results for the multiple objectives are presented and discussed in the form of Pareto fronts. Engineering demand parameters implemented for the seismic loss analysis are inter-story drifts and peak floor accelerations and are obtained using inelastic time history analysis for the ground motions associated with various seismic hazard levels. To illustrate the design procedure, loss parameters are calculated for an example steel structure located in Los Angeles, CA.
Descriptive study of pushover analysis in rcc structures of rigid jointYousuf Dinar
ABSTRACT: Structures in mega cities, are under serious threat because of faulty and unskilled design and construction of structures. Sometimes structure designers are more concerned in constructing different load resistant members without knowing its necessity and its performance in the structure. Different configuration of construction may also lead to significant variation in capacity of the same structure. Nonlinear static pushover analysis provides a better view on the performance of the structures during seismic events. This comprehensive research evaluates as well as compares the performances of bare, different infill percentage level, different configuration of soft storey and Shear wall consisting building structures with each other and later depending upon the findings, suggests from which level of performance shear wall should be preferred over the infill structure and will eventually help engineers to decide where generally the soft storey could be constructed in the structures. Above all a better of effects of pushover analysis could be summarized from the findings. Masonry walls are represented by equivalent strut according to pushover concerned codes. For different loading conditions, the performances of structures are evaluated with the help of performance point, base shear, top displacement, storey drift and stages of number of hinges form.
A comparative study on force based design and direct displacement based desig...eSAT Journals
Abstract In recent times, many research works related to seismic resistant design of structures were done and various methods of seismic resistant design were predicted and this study explains about two major seismic design methods (i.e) Force Based Design(FBD) and Direct Displacement Based Design(DDBD) in which former is a conventional method while later one is a performance approach of design. Design and Analysis were done on two dimensional bare frames of four, eight and twelve stories based on following codes IS 456, IS 1893:2000, FEMA 356 and the two design approaches were studied. Analysis and design for this study was done using Structural Analysis Program software(SAP 2000). Both design approaches is validated using non linear time history analysis for 16 different ground motion of PGA =0.32g. Structural parameters like Drift Ratio, Ductility Demand and Base shear were compared within the frames of different stories and between design approaches. Keywords: Force Based Design (FBD), Direct Displacement Based Design (DDBD), Base Shear, Ductility, Inter storey Drift, Reinforced Concrete Frames, FEMA.
Seismic Vulnerability of RC Building With and Without Soft Storey Effect Usi...IJMER
A soft storey is one which has less resistance to earthquake forces than the other storeys;
Buildings containing soft stories are extremely vulnerable to earthquake collapses, since one floor is
flexible compared to others. Vulnerability of buildings is important in causing risk to life hence special
consideration is necessary for such soft storey RC buildings. In the present study, analytical
investigation of a RC building by considering the effect of soft storey situated in seismic Zone-V of
India, in accordance with IS 1893-2002 (part-1), is taken as an example and the various analytical
approaches (linear static and nonlinear static analysis) are performed on the building to identify the
seismic demand and also pushover analysis is performed to determine the performance levels, and
Capacity spectrum of the considered, also Storey Shear is compared for 3 models by using Finite
Element Software Package ETAB’s 9.7.4 version.
Non linear static pushover analysis of irregular space frame structure with a...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Performance Based Evaluation of Shear Walled RCC Building by Pushover AnalysisIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF MULTI STORIED STRUCTURES USING STATIC NON LINEAR ANALYSISIjripublishers Ijri
In plan during the seismic excitation using nonlinear static analysis (pushover) have been performed on the
same structure. The literature pertaining to pushover analysis is reviewed. The pushover analysis adopted
in the present study is on similar lines with the procedure presented by Ashraf Habibullah and Stephen
Pyle using ETABS V 9.7 structural analysis software. The effect of earthquake force in a idealized G+4 story
building under maximum earthquake zone, with the help of pushover analysis has been investigated and
the results were compared in terms of base shear, displacement, spectral acceleration, spectral displacement
and effective damping and effective time period .to strengthen the symmetric and un symmetric RCC
framed buildings` steel braces are included by using retrofitting method.
STATIC LINEAR AND NON LINEAR (PUSHOVER) ANALYSIS OF RC BUILDING ON SLOPING GR...IAEME Publication
OBJECTIVE: This paper Deals with the seismic activity field investigations often verify so as to uneven constructions undergo extra harm than their common counterparts. This is known in seismic design codes, & limitations on top of sudden changes within mass & rigidity are compulsory. METHODS/ANALYSIS: Irregularity within sizes pressures sharing about rigidity, & within twist influence ability, as mass irregularity is likely to pressure compulsory required. Altitude irregularity has been observed in the direction of reason story failure due to non-uniform distribute of demand-to-supply ratios the length about length of the elevation. Plan irregularity, resting on the additional hand, reason non-uniform demand-to-capacity ratios bounded by the columns. In this paper the structure chosen for study is a 4 to 7 storey commercial complex building. The building which is located in seismic zone III, IV, & V on Medium soil sites. 3D mathematical models for the same are generated in ETABS software. FINDINGS: For all structural fundamentals, M40 Grade of material is used. The floor Diaphragms are unspecified to be rigid. Seismic loads were considered acting along either of the 2 major directions. Using ETABS a 4 to7 storey RC structure with typical ground slope choosing angle range between 00 and 400 building that which produce less torsion effect for set-back & step-back with irregular configuration in horizontal & vertical direction is modeled and analyzed. “And isolated bearing is also used that which resist during earthquake and building that which produce less torsion effect for setback - step back with irregular configuration.
Pushover is a static-nonlinear analysis method where a structure is subjected to gravity loading and a monotonic displacement-controlled lateral load pattern which continuously increases through elastic and inelastic behavior until an ultimate condition is reached. Lateral load may represent the range of base shear induced by earthquake loading, and its configuration may be proportional to the distribution of mass along building height, mode shapes, or another practical means.
The static pushover analysis is becoming a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. The expectation is that the pushover analysis will provide adequate information on seismic demands imposed by the design ground motion on the structural system and its components. The purpose of the paper is to summarize the basic concepts on which the pushover analysis can be based, assess the accuracy of pushover predictions, identify conditions under which the pushover will provide adequate information and, perhaps more importantly, identify cases in which the pushover predictions will be inadequate or even misleading.
Chronological construction sequence effects on reinforced concrete and steel ...Yousuf Dinar
Building structures are analyzed in a single step using linear static analysis on the assumption that the structures are subjected to full load once the whole structure is constructed completely. In reality the dead load due to the each structural components and finishing items are imposed in separate stages as the structures are constructed story by story for nonlinear behavior of materials. Advancement of finite element modeling accelerates the accuracy of finite element simulation by taking the consideration of construction sequential effects. In this paper, rigid frame structures of both concrete and steel model of different configurations have been taken for sequential analysis. The analysis outcomes will help to understand how the structural response against loads varies for construction sequential analysis and linear static analysis while highlighting the material property. For vivid understanding of necessity of sequential analysis, analysis outcomes are eventually compared with conventional one step analysis. The effect of sequence of construction due to the self-weight of members has been studied and its effect on the overall design forces has also been highlighted using finite element modeling.
Variation of deflection of steel high rise structure due to p- delta effect c...Yousuf Dinar
Abstract—This paper evaluates deflection of the steel high rise structure due to the P-Delta effect considering the global slenderness of the whole structure. For easy and quick design only Linear Static analysis is performed and secondary loading effect is neglected in several underdeveloped and developing countries of South Asia. Using STAADPro v8i, 40 different model is simulated to observe the severity of the P-Delta phenomenon against standard Linear Static method. 4 different storey were combined with 5 varying span in both direction for varying the slenderness of the structure. During analysis lateral load imposed with UBC94 to perform the seismic events in two directions in the seismic moderate risk zone of Bangladesh using Bangladesh National Building Code (BNBC) corresponding coefficients however wind load is omitted to observe the seismic event effect in Steel high-rise structure solely assuming outcome decision would be same if the simulation would done for wind load also. This analysis reveals how crucial side of the structure generates different deflections with changing slenderness. Test results were evaluated by storey deflection (in mm) and percentage of variation of deflection was performed by comparing P-Delta outputs with Linear Static Method outputs.
The Pushover Analysis from basics - Rahul LeslieRahul Leslie
Pushover analysis has been in the academic-research arena for quite long. The papers published in this field usually deals mostly with proposed improvements to the approach, expecting the reader to know the basics of the topic... while the common structural design practitioner, not knowing the basics, is left out from participating in those discussions. Here I’m making an effort to bridge that gap by explaining the Pushover analysis, from basics, in its simplicity.
A write up on this topic can be found at http://rahulleslie.blogspot.in/p/blog-page.html, though does not cover the full spectrum presented in this slide show.
P delta effect in reinforced concrete structures of rigid jointYousuf Dinar
ABSTRACT: Popularity of High-Rise structures of rigid joint frame system are increasing day by day to accommodate growing people in metropolitan city and to construct the structures without any special structural component. However combination of rigid frame with RC structure get 30 storey as maximum storey and prone to collapse under severe displacement, axial force and moment, if the P-Delta effects does not included in analysis and design phase. Due to complexity and low knowledge of P-Delta analyses designers, engineers and architectures are prone to perform Linear Static analysis which may eventually become a cause of catastrophic collapse of the high-rise. 12 cases and 2 different analysis are performed to give a light on the P-Delta effect in RC Structures of Rigid Joint which will aware and suggest concerning person to understand, make experience and perform P-Delta analysis of the high-rise for safety using numerical modelling which may accelerate the process and reduce the complexities.
Performance based seismic analysis of rc building considering the effect of d...eSAT Journals
Abstract Due to the present increase in world population, people in this world tend to occupy available locations present in any zone which also include zones falling in the high seismic zone categories. The buildings to be built in these seismic zones are more susceptible to earthquakes for obvious reasons, and the buildings constructed in such zones must be analysed and designed for the unpredictable earthquakes with unpredictable magnitudes by various lateral load resisting systems such as shear walls, bracings, tubular systems, coupled shear walls and even a combination of two load resisting systems called as dual systems. Present study includes linear-static and non-linear static analysis with different shear wall arrangements on dual systems such as flat slabs and shear walls & moment resisting frames and shear walls for different irregular plans using ETABS 9.7.4 software. Parameters such as point displacements, base shears, pushover curves are studied. Keywords: Dual Systems, Flat slabs, Pushover analysis, Shear walls.
This presentation describes about various software analysis concepts, like Thick Vs Thin Shell, Pushover Analysis,Non Linear Staged Construction Analysis,Linear Static,Time History, Non Linearity, Rigid Diaphragms, Semi- Rigid Diaphragm, Center of Rigidity, P Delta Displacements, Non Linearity of Material, Center of rigidity, P Delta Displacements, Non Linearity of Material, Pushover Analysis, Plastic Hinge, Theory of Elasticity, Sway/ Non Sway Condition, Westerguards Theory, Stiffness, Response Reduction Factor, Deformation, Modal Superposition, Modal Analysis, Approximate Analysis, Modeling Assumptions,
Non linear static pushover analysis of irregular space frame structure with a...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Performance Based Evaluation of Shear Walled RCC Building by Pushover AnalysisIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF MULTI STORIED STRUCTURES USING STATIC NON LINEAR ANALYSISIjripublishers Ijri
In plan during the seismic excitation using nonlinear static analysis (pushover) have been performed on the
same structure. The literature pertaining to pushover analysis is reviewed. The pushover analysis adopted
in the present study is on similar lines with the procedure presented by Ashraf Habibullah and Stephen
Pyle using ETABS V 9.7 structural analysis software. The effect of earthquake force in a idealized G+4 story
building under maximum earthquake zone, with the help of pushover analysis has been investigated and
the results were compared in terms of base shear, displacement, spectral acceleration, spectral displacement
and effective damping and effective time period .to strengthen the symmetric and un symmetric RCC
framed buildings` steel braces are included by using retrofitting method.
STATIC LINEAR AND NON LINEAR (PUSHOVER) ANALYSIS OF RC BUILDING ON SLOPING GR...IAEME Publication
OBJECTIVE: This paper Deals with the seismic activity field investigations often verify so as to uneven constructions undergo extra harm than their common counterparts. This is known in seismic design codes, & limitations on top of sudden changes within mass & rigidity are compulsory. METHODS/ANALYSIS: Irregularity within sizes pressures sharing about rigidity, & within twist influence ability, as mass irregularity is likely to pressure compulsory required. Altitude irregularity has been observed in the direction of reason story failure due to non-uniform distribute of demand-to-supply ratios the length about length of the elevation. Plan irregularity, resting on the additional hand, reason non-uniform demand-to-capacity ratios bounded by the columns. In this paper the structure chosen for study is a 4 to 7 storey commercial complex building. The building which is located in seismic zone III, IV, & V on Medium soil sites. 3D mathematical models for the same are generated in ETABS software. FINDINGS: For all structural fundamentals, M40 Grade of material is used. The floor Diaphragms are unspecified to be rigid. Seismic loads were considered acting along either of the 2 major directions. Using ETABS a 4 to7 storey RC structure with typical ground slope choosing angle range between 00 and 400 building that which produce less torsion effect for set-back & step-back with irregular configuration in horizontal & vertical direction is modeled and analyzed. “And isolated bearing is also used that which resist during earthquake and building that which produce less torsion effect for setback - step back with irregular configuration.
Pushover is a static-nonlinear analysis method where a structure is subjected to gravity loading and a monotonic displacement-controlled lateral load pattern which continuously increases through elastic and inelastic behavior until an ultimate condition is reached. Lateral load may represent the range of base shear induced by earthquake loading, and its configuration may be proportional to the distribution of mass along building height, mode shapes, or another practical means.
The static pushover analysis is becoming a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. The expectation is that the pushover analysis will provide adequate information on seismic demands imposed by the design ground motion on the structural system and its components. The purpose of the paper is to summarize the basic concepts on which the pushover analysis can be based, assess the accuracy of pushover predictions, identify conditions under which the pushover will provide adequate information and, perhaps more importantly, identify cases in which the pushover predictions will be inadequate or even misleading.
Chronological construction sequence effects on reinforced concrete and steel ...Yousuf Dinar
Building structures are analyzed in a single step using linear static analysis on the assumption that the structures are subjected to full load once the whole structure is constructed completely. In reality the dead load due to the each structural components and finishing items are imposed in separate stages as the structures are constructed story by story for nonlinear behavior of materials. Advancement of finite element modeling accelerates the accuracy of finite element simulation by taking the consideration of construction sequential effects. In this paper, rigid frame structures of both concrete and steel model of different configurations have been taken for sequential analysis. The analysis outcomes will help to understand how the structural response against loads varies for construction sequential analysis and linear static analysis while highlighting the material property. For vivid understanding of necessity of sequential analysis, analysis outcomes are eventually compared with conventional one step analysis. The effect of sequence of construction due to the self-weight of members has been studied and its effect on the overall design forces has also been highlighted using finite element modeling.
Variation of deflection of steel high rise structure due to p- delta effect c...Yousuf Dinar
Abstract—This paper evaluates deflection of the steel high rise structure due to the P-Delta effect considering the global slenderness of the whole structure. For easy and quick design only Linear Static analysis is performed and secondary loading effect is neglected in several underdeveloped and developing countries of South Asia. Using STAADPro v8i, 40 different model is simulated to observe the severity of the P-Delta phenomenon against standard Linear Static method. 4 different storey were combined with 5 varying span in both direction for varying the slenderness of the structure. During analysis lateral load imposed with UBC94 to perform the seismic events in two directions in the seismic moderate risk zone of Bangladesh using Bangladesh National Building Code (BNBC) corresponding coefficients however wind load is omitted to observe the seismic event effect in Steel high-rise structure solely assuming outcome decision would be same if the simulation would done for wind load also. This analysis reveals how crucial side of the structure generates different deflections with changing slenderness. Test results were evaluated by storey deflection (in mm) and percentage of variation of deflection was performed by comparing P-Delta outputs with Linear Static Method outputs.
The Pushover Analysis from basics - Rahul LeslieRahul Leslie
Pushover analysis has been in the academic-research arena for quite long. The papers published in this field usually deals mostly with proposed improvements to the approach, expecting the reader to know the basics of the topic... while the common structural design practitioner, not knowing the basics, is left out from participating in those discussions. Here I’m making an effort to bridge that gap by explaining the Pushover analysis, from basics, in its simplicity.
A write up on this topic can be found at http://rahulleslie.blogspot.in/p/blog-page.html, though does not cover the full spectrum presented in this slide show.
P delta effect in reinforced concrete structures of rigid jointYousuf Dinar
ABSTRACT: Popularity of High-Rise structures of rigid joint frame system are increasing day by day to accommodate growing people in metropolitan city and to construct the structures without any special structural component. However combination of rigid frame with RC structure get 30 storey as maximum storey and prone to collapse under severe displacement, axial force and moment, if the P-Delta effects does not included in analysis and design phase. Due to complexity and low knowledge of P-Delta analyses designers, engineers and architectures are prone to perform Linear Static analysis which may eventually become a cause of catastrophic collapse of the high-rise. 12 cases and 2 different analysis are performed to give a light on the P-Delta effect in RC Structures of Rigid Joint which will aware and suggest concerning person to understand, make experience and perform P-Delta analysis of the high-rise for safety using numerical modelling which may accelerate the process and reduce the complexities.
Performance based seismic analysis of rc building considering the effect of d...eSAT Journals
Abstract Due to the present increase in world population, people in this world tend to occupy available locations present in any zone which also include zones falling in the high seismic zone categories. The buildings to be built in these seismic zones are more susceptible to earthquakes for obvious reasons, and the buildings constructed in such zones must be analysed and designed for the unpredictable earthquakes with unpredictable magnitudes by various lateral load resisting systems such as shear walls, bracings, tubular systems, coupled shear walls and even a combination of two load resisting systems called as dual systems. Present study includes linear-static and non-linear static analysis with different shear wall arrangements on dual systems such as flat slabs and shear walls & moment resisting frames and shear walls for different irregular plans using ETABS 9.7.4 software. Parameters such as point displacements, base shears, pushover curves are studied. Keywords: Dual Systems, Flat slabs, Pushover analysis, Shear walls.
This presentation describes about various software analysis concepts, like Thick Vs Thin Shell, Pushover Analysis,Non Linear Staged Construction Analysis,Linear Static,Time History, Non Linearity, Rigid Diaphragms, Semi- Rigid Diaphragm, Center of Rigidity, P Delta Displacements, Non Linearity of Material, Center of rigidity, P Delta Displacements, Non Linearity of Material, Pushover Analysis, Plastic Hinge, Theory of Elasticity, Sway/ Non Sway Condition, Westerguards Theory, Stiffness, Response Reduction Factor, Deformation, Modal Superposition, Modal Analysis, Approximate Analysis, Modeling Assumptions,
Fragility analysis of open ground storey rc building designed using various m...eSAT Journals
Abstract The vulnerability of an element is defined as the probability that the said element will sustain a specified degree of structural damage given a certain level of ground motion severity. Significantly low stiffness and strength in any storeys compared to adjacent storeys is generally referred to as soft ground storey. As the columns of this Open ground storey are weakest element, ground storey is most vulnerable. Open ground storey framed buildings are generally analyzed in practice ignoring infill wall stiffness (linear bare frame analysis). Design codes impose a multiplication factor on the design forces in the columns of ground storey. The present study attempts to estimate and compare performance of open ground storey building designed with three different multiplication factors given by Indian code and Israel code. Thus fragility curves are derived using nonlinear dynamic time history analysis carried on a (G+9) OGS building by using method suggested by Cornell. Probabilistic seismic demand models are developed by using power law model. Results show that performance of upper storeys while applying multiplication factor only to the ground storey needs to be checked. The first storey is more vulnerable than the ground storey except for Israel code. Keywords: Open ground storey, multiplication factors, fragility, performance levels, PSDM Model
FORTE-Seismic risk assessment of industrial plants a case study-ID1277-IDRC20...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
5th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2014 Integrative Risk Management - The role of science, technology & practice 24-28 August 2014 in Davos, Switzerland
Seismic performance of adjacent building using fluid viscous dampersAyaz Malik
This presentation highlights the effect of Fluid Viscous Dampers (FVDs) on the seismic performance of adjacent buildings connected through a ped-way. A part of this project also deals with the Qualitative Damage Analysis of the structure during an earthquake, with and without FVDs.
Fragility analysis for the Performance-Based Design of cladding wall panels s...StroNGER2012
This paper presents a probabilistic method to support the design of cladding wall systems subjected to blast loads. The proposed method is based on the broadly adopted fragility analysis method (conditional approach), widely used in Performance-Based Design procedures for structures subjected to natural hazards like earthquake and wind. The cladding wall system under investigation is composed by non-load bearing precast concrete wall panels. From the blast design point of view, these wall panels must protect people and equipment from external detonations. The aim of this research is to compute both the fragility curves and the limit states exceedance probability of a typical precast concrete cladding wall panel considering the detonations of vehicle borne improvised explosive devices. Moreover, the limit states exceedance probability of the cladding wall panel is estimated by Monte Carlo simulation (unconditional approach) in order to validate the proposed fragility curves.
Seismic Fragility Analysis of Regular and Vertical Setback R/C Frame BuildingsIJERA Editor
The earthquake phenomenon represents one of the most devastating forces that causes not only loss to human
life but cripples the economy of a nation as well. Hence it is necessary to study the vulnerability characteristics
of structures subjected to such seismic excitations to reduce the socioeconomic impact of such a catastrophe.
The study of behavior of RC structures subjected to seismic loads has always been a subject of interest owing to
the large scale presence of such structures in the seismically prone areas.
In this report a brief review of seismic performance evaluation procedure of reinforced concrete buildings is
presented. Capacity spectrum method (CSM) is adopted for evaluating seismic performance of reinforced
concrete building for various parameters (hard, medium and soft soils) as per IS code 1893(Part 1):2002.
Further the methodologies for vulnerability assessment of different R.C buildings are presented. The
applicability of HAZUS drift ratio based damage state thresholds for building designed as per IS 456-2000 code
are also studied. Fragility curves were developed for buildings with setbacks on different stories and their
damage probability is compared. Fragility curves were also developed for the buildings with and without infill
walls and compared their damage states. The vulnerable characteristics of these buildings are analyzed and
compared by developing the damage probability matrix. Setback buildings were found to be more vulnerable
compared to regular building however setbacks building with provision of infill are found to perform as regular
RC buildings.
LITERATURE REVIEW ON RAPID VISUAL SURVEY AND SEISMIC VULNERABILITYijsrd.com
The rapid visual screening procedure (RVS) is a method of survey for an audience, which includes building officials and inspectors, and government agency and private-sector building owners to rank buildings that are seismically hazardous. Although RVS is carried out at a large scale after the 2001 earthquake. We have carried out this survey in a large scale in Ahmedabad and Gandhinagar and looking forward to do it in furthermore cities. In this paper we aim to share our work basics and the methodology we followed.
Performance Based Analysis of RC Framed Structure with and without Dampers fo...ijtsrd
The primary requirement of humans on planet earth is food, clothing and shelter. Prehistoric men and women used to live on trees but steadily they started developing the shelters for protection against natural calamities like rains, cold etc. and also from attack against wild animals. Soon humans grew in knowledge and they started living together, forming communities to ensure additional security and man became a social animal. Now these communities developed and started exploding forming villages which later on transformed into cities and became the commercial centres of a region. Soon within these commercial centres, land for horizontal expansion became extinct. The social animal started expanding vertically constructing multi storied structures. The present study focuses on 12 levelled multi storey structure. The structures are considered to be located at various seismic zones. The Performance of the structure is found out by static nonlinear structure. Further, these structures are provided with seismic dampers. The Modelling and analysis are carried out using ETABS software. The performance of these structures is studied and compared using various parameters such as displacement, storey drift, base shear and time period. Along with these results performance of building is predicted based on demand capacity graphs. The results are extracted and conclusions are drawn.From the pushover analysis, the performance point is found out for all the models. And also, it found that, weakest junctions of the models. The Pushover analysis shows the models with dampers are having base shear than the models without damper. The increase in percentage of base shear is around 45 . The introduction of damper causes the improvement in lateral load carrying capacity by 45 . The base shear values are lesser for Zone II and highest for Zone V. There is a linear increase in base shear values for increase in severity of zones. From the pushover analysis base shear, it is noticed that all the models are having lesser base shear values in case of equivalent static analysis than pushover analysis except Model type A4. This shows that, the model Type A4 is UNSAFE. The models can be made SAFE by introducing Dampers as in Models Type B4. Ritu T Raj | Dr. S Vijaya | Dr. B Shivakumara Swamy | Mary Bhagya Jyothi. J "Performance Based Analysis of RC Framed Structure with and without Dampers for Different Seismic Zones" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35702.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/35702/performance-based-analysis-of-rc-framed-structure-with-and-without-dampers-for-different-seismic-zones/ritu-t-raj
Design and Analysis of a Multistory Reinforced Concrete Frame in Different Se...ijtsrd
This study work focuses on the analysis of a structural system to determine the deformations and comparison of steel quantity of seismic zones. In this study, we have taken G 12 multi storied RC moment resisting framed structure building with the shear wall by analyzing the structure for gravity load, wind load and seismic loads for different cities. By Selecting four different cities on the basis of seismic zones zone II, zone III, zone IV, zone V and also considering that the basic wind speed. We have mainly focus on the structural system to determine the deformations and also forces induced by applied loads or ground excitation is an essential step in the design of a structure to resist earthquake. The analysis and design for all the cities are carried out using STAAD Pro' and STAAD Foundation' software which are industry standard software the world over. The wind resistant design is carried out as per IS 875 Part 3 1987 and the earthquake resistant design is carried out as per IS 1893 Part 1 2002. Analysis and design of beams, columns and shear wall have been done in STAAD Pro and the foundation is done in STAAD Foundation. We have also checked the design of some beams, columns, and footings manually and find correct. Design of RCC slabs is carried out manually for which an excel sheet is developed for working out moment coefficients for different edge conditions as per IS code. In this study work, we design and analyze a reinforced concrete frame structure in various seismic zones and we observing the variation in the behavior of the structure in various loading conditions. Priyatam Kumar | Vikash Kumar Singh "Design and Analysis of a Multistory Reinforced Concrete Frame in Different Seismic Zone" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26688.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/26688/design-and-analysis-of-a-multistory-reinforced-concrete-frame-in-different-seismic-zone/priyatam-kumar
Explosion and Damage Assessment Computer Simulation using HEXDAMBREEZE Software
"This article presents the results of simulation software
(BREEZE® HEXDAM) that models the effects of blast
waves from a hypothetical terrorist bombing. "
The objective of this project is to calculate the factor of safety of a complex slope situation. The stress distribution zones are also shown in the project. The probability of slope failure can be shown using FLAC3D software.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
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About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
2. Hazard Maps: Contents
1) Introduction
2) Motivation
3) Fundamentals
a. Fragility
b. Performance: Capacity & Demand
c. Probability
d. Simulations
4) Fragility Maps
a. Fragility Curves
b. Building Stock
5) Shake Maps
a. Ground Motion Prediction Equation (GMPE)
b. Sensors Data
3. Hazard Maps: Introduction
Hazard Maps
A Hazard Map highlights areas that are affected or
vulnerable of a particular hazard.
They help use describe qualitatively and quantitatively a
specific area in order to assess its vulnerability to a
particular hazard.
7. Introduction: Building Stock Vulnerability Map
Ref. “Determination of Fragility Curves” - http://www.merci.ethz.ch
8. Fragility Maps: Motivation
Applications of Fragility Maps & Fragility Curves are:
Probabilistic Risk Assessment
Construction Code Development
Urban Planning
Loss Estimation
Retrofitting
Shake Maps
9. Fragility Maps: Loss Estimation
A group of buildings of different types subjected to a hazard
may experience damage states of different types.
With Fragility Curves at
your disposal for each of
this building types and
damages states, and also
knowing the expense for
repairing this damages
on the buildings, we can
estimate the expected
annual or monthly loss.
€ 3,000
€ 1,000
€ 500
€ 1,500
€ 2,500
10. Fundamentals: Fragility
Fragility
It is a measure of part of the Vulnerability of a structure to
loads induced by a hazard.
Risk = Fun ( Hazard, Vulnerability, Cost )
11. Fundamentals: Fragility
Mathematically, a fragility relationship can be defined as:
Where:
Pf is the failure probability for a specific damage state
Sd is the structural demand, and
Sc is the structural capacity.
12. Fundamentals: Fragility
Fragility
Fragility of a Structure is affected by:
Type of Hazard (EQ, Wind, Flood,...)
Strength of Hazard
Structural Type
Construction Materials
Soil-Structure Interaction
13. Fundamentals: Capacity
Capacity
Is a measure of the maximum load, or any other parameter, a structure
can sustain for it to achieve a predefined damage state. This will
depend on the structural system, materials and other structural
attributes that affect the resistance of a structure.
Ref. Application of the Applied Element Method to the Seismic Vulnerability Evaluation of Existing Buildings –
http://www.extremeloading.com/upload/Karbassi%20et%20Nollet_CSCE2008_without%20logo.pdf
14. Capacity: Pushover Analysis
Pushover Analysis
Using this method we can obtain the Capacity of a Structure. The
procedure consists on applying either a small lateral displacement or
force to the structure, iteratively increasing this amount, re-analizing the
structure at each step, until the predefined damage state is obtained.
Ref. Seismic Risk Assessment and Loss Estimation –
http://web.mit.edu/istgroup/ist/documents/earthquake/Part1.pdf
15. Fundamentals: Demand
Demand
It‘s a measure of the loads, or any other parameter, that a structure
would be subjected to by a given hazard. It will depend on characteristics
of the hazard and site conditions, which affect the overall effect on the
structure. Seismic Demand is represented by using Response Spectra.
Ref. Eurocode 8 - Design of structures for earthquake resistance
16. Demand: Seismic Response Spectra
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
Period T, [sec]
Sa
Seismic Response Spectra
Is a plot of the peak or steady-state response (displacement, velocity or
acceleration) of a series of buildings of varying Natural Frequency or
Period, forced into motion by the
same base Ground Motion.
Using the available Ground
Motion Data from a region a
general Seismic Response
Spectra can be develop for
use in this region.
Ground Motion Data
18. Fundamentals: Performance
Performance
Hammurabi, King of Babylon once said:
“Article 229: The builder has built a house
for a man and his work is not strong and
if the house he has built falls in and
kills a householder, that builder shall be …
slain”.
This is a performance statement.
He addressed structural safety
entirely in terms of user requirements,
did not state how to construct the building,
and did not refer to building structure or building materials.
19. Performance: Performance-Based Design
Performance-Based Design
The Performance approach consists of working in terms of Ends
rather than Means. It is concerned with what a building is
required to do, and not with how it is to be constructed.
- Capacity
Performance-Based Design Ingredients:
- Demand
-> Determination of the Performance Point
-> Check Structural Behavior under Defined Seismic Action
with your Defined Limit States.
20. Performance: Performance Point
Performance Point
Capacity Curve
Base Shear – Roof Displacement
Capacity Curve
Sa – Sd
Response Spectrum
Sa – Period
Response Spectrum
Ref. “Performance-based design ” – NHRE 3rd Course Lecture: Risk Projects
21. Performance: Comparison
Ref. “Seismic Risk Assessment and Loss Estimation”– http://web.mit.edu/istgroup/ist/documents/earthquake/Part1.pdf
22. Fragility Maps: Fragility Curves
Fragility Curves
By assuming material properties and certain other structural
attributes that affect the overall Capacity of a structure, and with
additional assumptions about the ground motion and site
conditions—both factors that affect the seismic Demand, we can
deterministically calculate the performance of a structure.
Naturally, values of these parameters are not exact — they
invariably have a measure of both randomness and uncertainty
associated with them.
When we take into account this probabilistic characteristics we
generate what we know as Fragility Curves.
24. Fragility Curves: Normal (Gaussian) Distribution
Normal (Gaussian) Distribution
μd σd
μc
σc
Ref. “Fragility Curve Development for Assessing the Seismic Vulnerability of Highway Bridges” –
http://mceer.buffalo.edu/publications/resaccom/99-sp01/ch10mand.pdf
25. Fragility Curves: Normal (Gaussian) Distribution
Probability Density Function
Ref. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_distribution
26. Fragility Curves: Normal (Gaussian) Distribution
Cumulative Distribution Function
Ref. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_distribution
27. Normal Distribution: Parameter Estimation
Maximum Likelihood Method
Capacity Demand
C(x) D(x)
C1 D1
C2 D2
C3 D3
.
.
.
.
.
.
Cn Dn
For the Normal Distribution:
μ
29. Normal Distribution: Parameter Estimation
c d A
2 2
c c d
For Civil Engineering
Structures:
0.5 0.6 c
Ref. “Fragility Curve Development for Assessing the Seismic Vulnerability of Highway Bridges” –
http://mceer.buffalo.edu/publications/resaccom/99-sp01/ch10mand.pdf
30. Normal Distribution: Cumulative Distribution Function
Newton-Cotes Integration
Trapezoidal Rule
Simpson Rule
Gaussian Quadratures
Gauss-Legendre
Gauss-Hermite
Numerical Integration Methods
31. Building Stock: Building Categories
Building Categories
A Classification of the Building Stock needs to be made in
order to develop their respective fragility curves.
Classification can be made according to:
• Structural Type
• Building Purpose
• Building Quality
33. Building Stock: Building Purpose
IBC Building Occupancy Classifications
Assembly (Group A) - places used for people gathering for entertainment, worship,
and eating or drinking. Examples: churches, restaurants (with 50 or more possible
occupants), theaters, and stadiums.
Business (Group B) - places where services are provided (not to be confused with
mercantile, below). Examples: banks, insurance agencies, government buildings
(including police and fire stations), and doctor's offices.
Educational (Group E) - schools and day care centers up to the 12th grade.
Factory (Group F) - places where goods are manufactured or repaired.
High-Hazard (Group H) - places involving production or storage of very flammable
or toxic materials. Includes places handling explosives and/or highly toxic materials.
Institutional (Group I) - places where people are physically unable to leave without
assistance. Examples: hospitals, nursing homes, and prisons. In some jurisdictions,
Group I may be used to designate Industrial.
Mercantile (Group M) - places where goods are displayed and sold. Examples:
grocery stores, department stores, and gas stations.
Residential (Group R) - places providing accommodations for overnight stay
(excluding Institutional). Examples: houses, apartment buildings, hotels, and motels.
Storage (Group S) - places where items are stored (unless considered High-
Hazard). Examples: warehouses and parking garages.
Utility and Miscellaneous (Group U) - others. Examples: water towers, barns,
towers.
39. Retrofitting Effects on
Fragility of Structures
Ref. “Deterministic and Probabilistic Evaluation of Retrofit Alternatives for a Five-Story Flat-Slab RC Building” -
https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/bitstream/handle/2142/8784/Deterministic%20and%20Probabilistic%20Evaluation%20of%20Retrofit%20Alt
ernatives%20for%20a%20Five-Story%20Flat-Slab%20RC%20Building.pdf?sequence=2
40. Shake Maps: Introduction
Shake Maps
Is a representation of ground shaking produced by an earthquake.
ShakeMap focuses on the ground-shaking produced by the earthquake, rather than
the parameters describing the earthquake source.
Depending on distance from the earthquake, depth, rock and soil conditions at
sites, and variations in the propagation of seismic waves from the earthquake due
to complexities in the structure of the Earth's crust, it produces a range of ground
shaking levels at sites throughout the region.
PAGER –
Prompt Assessment of Global Earthquakes
for Response
The PAGER system provides fatality
and economic loss impact estimates
following significant earthquakes
worldwide.
Ref. http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/pager/
41. Shake Maps: Motivation
Application of Shake Maps are:
Seismological Research - Calibration of GMPE
Earthquake Scenarios Preparedness
Emergency Response
Loss Estimation
61. Shake Map: Sensors Data
Interpolation and Extrapolation
Sensors Data is prioritize over GMPE
when calculating site Ground-Shaking (PGA),
IF there is enough data available.
Interpolation and Extrapolation Schemes
must be implemented to calculate interior
and exterior PGA values, respectively.
Methods (Uni-Dimensional)
-Linear
-Polynomial
-Spline , others ...
Methods (Multi-Dimensional, Spatial)
-Bilinear
-Natural & Nearest Neighbor
-Kriging , others ... Ref. ShakeMap Manual
62. Shake Map: Interpolation and Extrapolation
MATLAB Commands
• Yi = interp1( X, Y, Xi ) ; Zi = interp2( X , Y, Z, Xi, Yi )
•Zi = griddata( X , Y, Z, Xi, Yi )
•interFun = TriScatteredInterp( X , Y , method )
Zi = interpFun( Xi , Yi )
63. Case Study: Honduras
1. Building Stock
2. Fragility Curves
3. PGA Map – GSHAP
4. Fragility Map Construction
5. Brick Fragility Map
6. Masonry Fragility Map
7. Timber Fragility Map
8. Concrete Fragility Map
9. Adobe Fragility Map
10. Overall Fragility Map
11. ShakeMaps for EQ1 South Coast
12. ShakeMaps for EQ2 North Coast
Software Tools Used:
- MapInfo
- Matlab
- Excel
- openSHA
65. Honduras: Fragility Curves
Brick Building
Type
FILE: AhmadEtAl2010-MABrick-HighPercentageVoids-2storeys-PGA
Unreinforced Masonry bearing wall structure –
Fired Brick with high percentages of voids – 2 storeys
The considered building stock represents the Euro-
Mediterranean buildings in general and Italian and
Slovenian in particular.
Uncertainties in lateral stiffness, strength, and
damage limit states are expressed by using controlled
Monte Carlo simulations.
Masonry Building
Type
FILE: KostovEtAl2004-Type1-1-4storeys-Before1919
Masonry buildings with deformable floors (wooden,
steel floor) - 1-4 storeys - Constructed Before 1919
RC frame and wall, masonry buildings of different
periods in Sofia-Bulgaria
Deterministic event (1858 earthquake)
The uncertainty is related to material strength, load
combination, computational model, construction
quality and behaviour factor.
MEAN_SLIGHT STD_SLIGHT MEAN_HEAVY STD_HEAVY MEAN_COLLAPSE STD_COLLAPSE
0.184 0.115 0.304 0.194 0.318 0.196
MEAN_SLIGHT STD_SLIGHT MEAN_HEAVY STD_HEAVY MEAN_COLLAPSE STD_COLLAPSE
0.14 0.13 0.23 0.22 0.33 0.31
66. Honduras: Fragility Curves
Concrete Building
Type
FILE: LielAndLynch2009-RC-MR
RC buildings - mid rise
Italy
L'Aquila Earthquake, 6th April 2009.
Ground-shaking intensity is estimated for each site
based on Italy Shakemap
The collapse fragility curve is not shown because
there are not sufficient data to estimate it correctly
* Therefore I changed the Damages States accordingly to:
Heavy -> Collapse
Moderate -> Heavy
MEAN_SLIGHT STD_SLIGHT MEAN_HEAVY STD_HEAVY MEAN_COLLAPSE STD_COLLAPSE
0.34 0.06 0.38 0.05 0.45 0.07
67. Honduras: Fragility Curves
Timber Building
Type
Assumed.
Couldn’t find suitable Fragility Curve for Timber,
therefore assumed values which are in between an
Adobe and a Masonry Building.
Adobe Building
Type
Ref. “SEISMIC RISK ASSESSMENT OF ADOBE DWELLINGS” -
www.roseschool.it/files/get/id/4480
MEAN_SLIGHT STD_SLIGHT MEAN_HEAVY STD_HEAVY MEAN_COLLAPSE STD_COLLAPSE
0.189 0.25 0.314 0.33 0.353 0.38
MEAN_SLIGHT STD_SLIGHT MEAN_HEAVY STD_HEAVY MEAN_COLLAPSE STD_COLLAPSE
0.025 0.55 0.125 0.54 0.22 0.59