ABSTRACT: Popularity of High-Rise structures of rigid joint frame system are increasing day by day to accommodate growing people in metropolitan city and to construct the structures without any special structural component. However combination of rigid frame with RC structure get 30 storey as maximum storey and prone to collapse under severe displacement, axial force and moment, if the P-Delta effects does not included in analysis and design phase. Due to complexity and low knowledge of P-Delta analyses designers, engineers and architectures are prone to perform Linear Static analysis which may eventually become a cause of catastrophic collapse of the high-rise. 12 cases and 2 different analysis are performed to give a light on the P-Delta effect in RC Structures of Rigid Joint which will aware and suggest concerning person to understand, make experience and perform P-Delta analysis of the high-rise for safety using numerical modelling which may accelerate the process and reduce the complexities.
Tower design using Dynamic analysis method is now became easier than ever with this simple and effective PDF manual. Starting from modeling, defining till computing results based on Dynamic Analysis you can build the tower of your dream.
Engineering is fun and so does this PDF !
This presentation is an attempt of a comprehensive study about Gridshell Structures.To understand the structure and it's principles we are going to take a look at it's definition. advantages, form development,materials, construction process and joint connections
In order to gain a better understanding of the structure, existing Gridshells have been analysed and studied in depth. Structures Analysed are The Savill Building, Mannheim Multihalle and Centre Pompidou Metz.
The document discusses high rise buildings and their structures. It defines high rise buildings as between 35-100 meters tall or 12-39 floors. Buildings over 100m are called skyscrapers and over 600m are mega-tall. High rises are constructed to address land scarcity in urban areas and increasing demand for space. Their structures have evolved from early stone and iron frames to steel skeleton frames to reinforced concrete shear walls and core structures. Foundations must transfer enormous loads into the ground through methods like raft or pile foundations. Interior structures use rigid frames, shear walls, and exterior structures employ tube systems to resist lateral wind and seismic loads.
Curing & prefabrication of concrete structures@hemadurgarao-IIIT Nuzvidhema3366
Curing concrete is an important process to ensure proper hydration of cement and development of strength. There are various curing methods like immersion, ponding, spraying, wet covering, and membrane curing. Membrane curing uses plastic sheeting or compounds to seal in moisture. Steam curing at higher temperatures accelerates strength gain but can cause retrogression of strength with fast hydration. Prefabricated construction involves dividing construction into standardized parts that are mass produced in a plant and assembled on site. This allows for parallel production, reduced time, and standardization.
Tensile structures carry loads through tension rather than compression or bending. They use lightweight materials like fabric membranes and cables to span large distances. Membrane structures provide flexible design options, translucency for natural light, durability through various fabric materials, and cost savings through their lightweight nature requiring less structural support. Common tensile structure types include stayed, suspended, anticlastic, pneumatic, and trussed designs which are used for applications like stadium roofs, pavilions, and shade structures. Materials include structural fabric membranes, rigid steel or wood frames, and steel cables.
This document discusses structural systems used in high-rise buildings. It defines high-rise buildings and outlines the increasing demand for them due to factors like land scarcity. It describes the development of structural systems from the first generation using stone, brick and cast iron to modern systems using steel and concrete. Interior structural systems discussed include rigid frames, shear walls and outrigger structures. Exterior systems include tube systems and diagrid systems that resist lateral loads through a rigid perimeter structure.
1) Shear walls are vertical elements that carry lateral loads like wind and seismic forces from the building down to the foundation, forming a box structure for support.
2) Shear walls should be placed on all levels of the building, including the basement, and symmetrically on all four exterior walls to form an effective structure. Interior walls can add strength when exterior walls are not sufficient.
3) Common types of shear walls include reinforced concrete, plywood, steel plate, and hollow concrete block masonry walls. Proper design and ductility improve shear wall performance during seismic events.
Tower design using Dynamic analysis method is now became easier than ever with this simple and effective PDF manual. Starting from modeling, defining till computing results based on Dynamic Analysis you can build the tower of your dream.
Engineering is fun and so does this PDF !
This presentation is an attempt of a comprehensive study about Gridshell Structures.To understand the structure and it's principles we are going to take a look at it's definition. advantages, form development,materials, construction process and joint connections
In order to gain a better understanding of the structure, existing Gridshells have been analysed and studied in depth. Structures Analysed are The Savill Building, Mannheim Multihalle and Centre Pompidou Metz.
The document discusses high rise buildings and their structures. It defines high rise buildings as between 35-100 meters tall or 12-39 floors. Buildings over 100m are called skyscrapers and over 600m are mega-tall. High rises are constructed to address land scarcity in urban areas and increasing demand for space. Their structures have evolved from early stone and iron frames to steel skeleton frames to reinforced concrete shear walls and core structures. Foundations must transfer enormous loads into the ground through methods like raft or pile foundations. Interior structures use rigid frames, shear walls, and exterior structures employ tube systems to resist lateral wind and seismic loads.
Curing & prefabrication of concrete structures@hemadurgarao-IIIT Nuzvidhema3366
Curing concrete is an important process to ensure proper hydration of cement and development of strength. There are various curing methods like immersion, ponding, spraying, wet covering, and membrane curing. Membrane curing uses plastic sheeting or compounds to seal in moisture. Steam curing at higher temperatures accelerates strength gain but can cause retrogression of strength with fast hydration. Prefabricated construction involves dividing construction into standardized parts that are mass produced in a plant and assembled on site. This allows for parallel production, reduced time, and standardization.
Tensile structures carry loads through tension rather than compression or bending. They use lightweight materials like fabric membranes and cables to span large distances. Membrane structures provide flexible design options, translucency for natural light, durability through various fabric materials, and cost savings through their lightweight nature requiring less structural support. Common tensile structure types include stayed, suspended, anticlastic, pneumatic, and trussed designs which are used for applications like stadium roofs, pavilions, and shade structures. Materials include structural fabric membranes, rigid steel or wood frames, and steel cables.
This document discusses structural systems used in high-rise buildings. It defines high-rise buildings and outlines the increasing demand for them due to factors like land scarcity. It describes the development of structural systems from the first generation using stone, brick and cast iron to modern systems using steel and concrete. Interior structural systems discussed include rigid frames, shear walls and outrigger structures. Exterior systems include tube systems and diagrid systems that resist lateral loads through a rigid perimeter structure.
1) Shear walls are vertical elements that carry lateral loads like wind and seismic forces from the building down to the foundation, forming a box structure for support.
2) Shear walls should be placed on all levels of the building, including the basement, and symmetrically on all four exterior walls to form an effective structure. Interior walls can add strength when exterior walls are not sufficient.
3) Common types of shear walls include reinforced concrete, plywood, steel plate, and hollow concrete block masonry walls. Proper design and ductility improve shear wall performance during seismic events.
The document discusses rigid frame systems used in high-rise buildings. It provides a history of rigid frames, an introduction to what they are, and examples of their applications. It describes the material properties and connections used. It discusses considerations for rigid frame design like behavior under lateral loads. It notes advantages like architectural freedom but also disadvantages like increased drift. It concludes with a case study on using hybrid rigid/semi-rigid frames to improve seismic performance.
High-rise buildings present unique challenges in their design due to factors like wind loads, lateral loads, and earthquake loads that increase with building height. Some key challenges in high-rise design include selecting appropriate structural systems to resist these loads, designing large span floor systems, performing complex 3D analysis, and ensuring ductile detailing. Modern techniques used to address these challenges include outrigger systems, belt trusses, post-tensioned floor slabs, wind tunnel testing, and advanced control systems.
The document discusses prefabricated construction techniques. Some key points:
- Prefabricated structures are built by assembling standardized components manufactured off-site. This allows for faster, more cost-effective construction.
- Common prefabrication systems include large panel systems using concrete walls and floors, frame systems using precast beams and columns, and slab-column systems with precast floors/walls.
- Prefabricated components provide benefits like controlled quality, weather-resistant construction, and minimized on-site work. Examples of prefabricated elements include concrete panels, beams, columns, and steel frames.
- Connection systems are required to join prefabricated elements together. Applications include industrial,
Structural systems in high-rise buildings have evolved over three generations from the late 18th century to present. Early systems used stone, brick, cast iron and wood. Later systems in the 1850-1940 period used steel frames with concrete. Modern systems from 1940 on use steel cores, outriggers, tube designs, diagrids, and superframes to resist gravity and lateral wind loads. Definitions of high-rise vary but are generally above 35 meters. Drivers for tall buildings include land scarcity, demand for space, and prestige. Innovators like Fazlur Rahman Khan pioneered new efficient systems. Future trends may include taller megatalls over 600 meters using new composite systems and materials.
High-rise buildings first emerged in the late 19th century in urban areas with high land prices and population densities. They allowed for more vertical construction on limited land. Advances in steel construction made taller buildings possible. There are several reasons for building high-rises, including using expensive urban land more efficiently, creating density to reduce transportation needs, and gaining publicity. High-rise buildings present structural challenges like managing increasing loads and forces from wind and earthquakes with height. Foundations must support large loads and lateral forces through techniques like piles.
This document provides an overview of the construction process for post-tension slabs. It begins with a brief history of post-tensioned concrete before defining post-tension slabs as reinforced concrete slabs supported directly by columns without beams. The construction process involves installing strands or tendons in ducts before pouring concrete, stressing the strands after the concrete reaches strength, and then grouting the ducts. Key advantages of post-tension slabs are that they are lighter, allow for greater flexibility in design, and have reduced costs compared to conventional slabs.
basic structural system in architectureshahul130103
This document discusses different structural systems including wall slab, post-lintel, and post slab. It provides details on the basic structural elements of slabs, walls, beams, and columns. For each structural system, it describes the load transfer method, structural members, openings allowed, spans, positioning of stairs, punching, cantilevers, and materials used. Examples of each system are given along with discussions of their strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Case studies of specific buildings demonstrating wall slab structures are also included.
This presentation discusses prefabricated building components. It covers prefabrication systems including large panel systems, frame systems, and slab-column systems. Manufacturing processes are described for various components like roof slabs, floor slabs, waffle slabs, wall panels, shear walls, beams, and columns. Specific component types like floor slabs, waffle slabs, wall panels, and shear walls are explained in more detail. Architectural and structural design aspects of using prefabricated components are also addressed.
Building Construciton techniques - Grid shellsUtsavChaudhury
Grid shells are three dimensional structures that resist loads through their geometric shape without requiring additional frames or columns. They are made of interconnected members arranged in triangular, square or hexagonal patterns to form vaulted surfaces. Key advantages are their ability to create unique curved shapes with few internal supports, using less material than conventional structures. The document discusses the Mannheim Multihalle by Frei Otto as an early prominent example, built in 1970 out of timber laths formed into a funicular grid shell surface. Construction details are provided on forming the curved surface by adjusting tensions in a physical model. Other case studies described are a temporary composite grid shell cathedral and the Centre Pompidou-Metz with its distinctive undulating wooden roof structure
Design and analysis of RC structures with flat slabDeepak Patil
The document provides details about the analysis and design of a multi-story building project called NET Magic located in Bangalore, India. It includes the following key points:
- Outlines the steps involved in the project including load calculation, structural analysis using STAAD software, design of elements like columns, beams, footings according to codes like IS 456 and checking for load combinations.
- Summarizes the dead, live, and seismic loads considered as per codes IS 875 and IS 1893.
- Presents designs of structural elements like isolated and combined footings, columns, continuous beams, and staircase including reinforcement details.
- Lists the materials used like grades of concrete and steel. Also includes
This document provides an introduction and manual for the design of hollow core slabs. It discusses the manufacturing of hollow core slabs and the materials used. It then covers advantages of hollow core slabs and common framing concepts. The bulk of the document focuses on guidelines for designing hollow core slabs, including flexural and shear design, camber and deflection, composite design, and strand development. It also covers special design considerations like load distribution, effects of openings, continuity, and cantilevers. Finally, it discusses using hollow core slabs as diaphragms to resist lateral loads. The manual is intended to provide design guidance and reference material for engineers and producers working with hollow core slab systems.
P-Delta Effects on Tall RC Buildings with and Without Shear WallIRJET Journal
This document discusses the P-delta effect on tall reinforced concrete buildings with and without shear walls. P-delta is a second-order geometric nonlinearity effect that occurs when axial loads cause additional deflection in structures. The study analyzes a 20-story RC building model in ETABS to compare displacements, bending moments, and other parameters with and without considering P-delta effects under seismic and wind loads. Results show that P-delta effects decrease story displacements when shear walls are used and bending moments increase slightly in columns and shear walls after accounting for P-delta.
Multi storey structural steel structuresThomas Britto
Steel has been used in construction for over 150 years. Its use in Hong Kong started in the 1970s with projects like the Park Lane Hotel. Steel has properties that make it suitable for high-rise buildings like strength and versatility, though it can be heavy, lose strength in heat, and rust. Standard steel sections provide design flexibility. Connections are made through joints like splices and welds. Common frame types include simple cage frames, cantilevers, wind-braced, and core structures. Steel construction has advantages like lighter weight and flexibility for changes, but has challenges like fire resistance, movement, and corrosion protection.
Effect of wind Load On High Rise BuildingVikas Patre
Wind load is an important design consideration for high-rise buildings due to the increasing wind forces experienced at greater heights. This document discusses wind load calculation and analysis for a 20.5m high building according to Indian code IS 875-Part 3. Static analysis of the building model in SAP2000 showed that wind load causes higher bending moments and shear forces compared to analysis without wind load. The wind pressure varies with height and building designers must account for this gradient in load to safely structure high-rise buildings.
This document summarizes different types of high-rise structures and provides case studies. It discusses braced frame structures, rigid frame structures, and infilled frame structures. Braced frames use diagonal bracing like X, K, or knee bracing to provide rigidity. Rigid frames have columns and girders joined together. Infilled frames use infill walls to stiffen and strengthen the structure. Case studies include the Central Plaza in Malaysia and Century Tower in Japan, which use K and knee bracing, and the Petronas Towers, which are a rigid frame structure.
This document provides information on form active structural systems, with a focus on arch structures. It defines form active structures as systems of flexible, non-rigid matter where force redirection is achieved through particular form design and stabilization. Examples given include arch, tent, cable, and shell structures. Arch structures are then discussed in more detail, including terminology, types of arches, load mechanisms, classification, design considerations, and advantages. The key points are that arches function in pure compression to span distances by transmitting outward thrust to supports, and their curved form eliminates tensile stresses.
The seminar document provides information on tensile architecture. It discusses how tensile structures carry only tension and use double curvature for strength and stability. Key concepts covered include the history of tensile structures from tents to modern designs by Frei Otto, common materials like tensile fabrics and cables, and basic forms like hypars and conics. Benefits are highlighted such as dynamic shapes, solar control, and use for temporary installations. The document also outlines design, engineering, manufacturing, and installation processes.
This document provides information about space frames, cable structures, and folded plate structures. It defines a space frame as a truss-like, lightweight rigid structure constructed from interlocking struts in a geometric pattern. Space frames can span large areas with few interior supports. Folded plates are assemblies of flat plates rigidly connected along their edges to form a structural system without additional beams. Cable structures derive their strength from tension forces in the cables rather than from bending or compression. Common cable structures include suspension bridges, cable-stayed bridges, and cable-supported roofs.
Descriptive study of pushover analysis in rcc structures of rigid jointYousuf Dinar
ABSTRACT: Structures in mega cities, are under serious threat because of faulty and unskilled design and construction of structures. Sometimes structure designers are more concerned in constructing different load resistant members without knowing its necessity and its performance in the structure. Different configuration of construction may also lead to significant variation in capacity of the same structure. Nonlinear static pushover analysis provides a better view on the performance of the structures during seismic events. This comprehensive research evaluates as well as compares the performances of bare, different infill percentage level, different configuration of soft storey and Shear wall consisting building structures with each other and later depending upon the findings, suggests from which level of performance shear wall should be preferred over the infill structure and will eventually help engineers to decide where generally the soft storey could be constructed in the structures. Above all a better of effects of pushover analysis could be summarized from the findings. Masonry walls are represented by equivalent strut according to pushover concerned codes. For different loading conditions, the performances of structures are evaluated with the help of performance point, base shear, top displacement, storey drift and stages of number of hinges form.
The document discusses rigid frame systems used in high-rise buildings. It provides a history of rigid frames, an introduction to what they are, and examples of their applications. It describes the material properties and connections used. It discusses considerations for rigid frame design like behavior under lateral loads. It notes advantages like architectural freedom but also disadvantages like increased drift. It concludes with a case study on using hybrid rigid/semi-rigid frames to improve seismic performance.
High-rise buildings present unique challenges in their design due to factors like wind loads, lateral loads, and earthquake loads that increase with building height. Some key challenges in high-rise design include selecting appropriate structural systems to resist these loads, designing large span floor systems, performing complex 3D analysis, and ensuring ductile detailing. Modern techniques used to address these challenges include outrigger systems, belt trusses, post-tensioned floor slabs, wind tunnel testing, and advanced control systems.
The document discusses prefabricated construction techniques. Some key points:
- Prefabricated structures are built by assembling standardized components manufactured off-site. This allows for faster, more cost-effective construction.
- Common prefabrication systems include large panel systems using concrete walls and floors, frame systems using precast beams and columns, and slab-column systems with precast floors/walls.
- Prefabricated components provide benefits like controlled quality, weather-resistant construction, and minimized on-site work. Examples of prefabricated elements include concrete panels, beams, columns, and steel frames.
- Connection systems are required to join prefabricated elements together. Applications include industrial,
Structural systems in high-rise buildings have evolved over three generations from the late 18th century to present. Early systems used stone, brick, cast iron and wood. Later systems in the 1850-1940 period used steel frames with concrete. Modern systems from 1940 on use steel cores, outriggers, tube designs, diagrids, and superframes to resist gravity and lateral wind loads. Definitions of high-rise vary but are generally above 35 meters. Drivers for tall buildings include land scarcity, demand for space, and prestige. Innovators like Fazlur Rahman Khan pioneered new efficient systems. Future trends may include taller megatalls over 600 meters using new composite systems and materials.
High-rise buildings first emerged in the late 19th century in urban areas with high land prices and population densities. They allowed for more vertical construction on limited land. Advances in steel construction made taller buildings possible. There are several reasons for building high-rises, including using expensive urban land more efficiently, creating density to reduce transportation needs, and gaining publicity. High-rise buildings present structural challenges like managing increasing loads and forces from wind and earthquakes with height. Foundations must support large loads and lateral forces through techniques like piles.
This document provides an overview of the construction process for post-tension slabs. It begins with a brief history of post-tensioned concrete before defining post-tension slabs as reinforced concrete slabs supported directly by columns without beams. The construction process involves installing strands or tendons in ducts before pouring concrete, stressing the strands after the concrete reaches strength, and then grouting the ducts. Key advantages of post-tension slabs are that they are lighter, allow for greater flexibility in design, and have reduced costs compared to conventional slabs.
basic structural system in architectureshahul130103
This document discusses different structural systems including wall slab, post-lintel, and post slab. It provides details on the basic structural elements of slabs, walls, beams, and columns. For each structural system, it describes the load transfer method, structural members, openings allowed, spans, positioning of stairs, punching, cantilevers, and materials used. Examples of each system are given along with discussions of their strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Case studies of specific buildings demonstrating wall slab structures are also included.
This presentation discusses prefabricated building components. It covers prefabrication systems including large panel systems, frame systems, and slab-column systems. Manufacturing processes are described for various components like roof slabs, floor slabs, waffle slabs, wall panels, shear walls, beams, and columns. Specific component types like floor slabs, waffle slabs, wall panels, and shear walls are explained in more detail. Architectural and structural design aspects of using prefabricated components are also addressed.
Building Construciton techniques - Grid shellsUtsavChaudhury
Grid shells are three dimensional structures that resist loads through their geometric shape without requiring additional frames or columns. They are made of interconnected members arranged in triangular, square or hexagonal patterns to form vaulted surfaces. Key advantages are their ability to create unique curved shapes with few internal supports, using less material than conventional structures. The document discusses the Mannheim Multihalle by Frei Otto as an early prominent example, built in 1970 out of timber laths formed into a funicular grid shell surface. Construction details are provided on forming the curved surface by adjusting tensions in a physical model. Other case studies described are a temporary composite grid shell cathedral and the Centre Pompidou-Metz with its distinctive undulating wooden roof structure
Design and analysis of RC structures with flat slabDeepak Patil
The document provides details about the analysis and design of a multi-story building project called NET Magic located in Bangalore, India. It includes the following key points:
- Outlines the steps involved in the project including load calculation, structural analysis using STAAD software, design of elements like columns, beams, footings according to codes like IS 456 and checking for load combinations.
- Summarizes the dead, live, and seismic loads considered as per codes IS 875 and IS 1893.
- Presents designs of structural elements like isolated and combined footings, columns, continuous beams, and staircase including reinforcement details.
- Lists the materials used like grades of concrete and steel. Also includes
This document provides an introduction and manual for the design of hollow core slabs. It discusses the manufacturing of hollow core slabs and the materials used. It then covers advantages of hollow core slabs and common framing concepts. The bulk of the document focuses on guidelines for designing hollow core slabs, including flexural and shear design, camber and deflection, composite design, and strand development. It also covers special design considerations like load distribution, effects of openings, continuity, and cantilevers. Finally, it discusses using hollow core slabs as diaphragms to resist lateral loads. The manual is intended to provide design guidance and reference material for engineers and producers working with hollow core slab systems.
P-Delta Effects on Tall RC Buildings with and Without Shear WallIRJET Journal
This document discusses the P-delta effect on tall reinforced concrete buildings with and without shear walls. P-delta is a second-order geometric nonlinearity effect that occurs when axial loads cause additional deflection in structures. The study analyzes a 20-story RC building model in ETABS to compare displacements, bending moments, and other parameters with and without considering P-delta effects under seismic and wind loads. Results show that P-delta effects decrease story displacements when shear walls are used and bending moments increase slightly in columns and shear walls after accounting for P-delta.
Multi storey structural steel structuresThomas Britto
Steel has been used in construction for over 150 years. Its use in Hong Kong started in the 1970s with projects like the Park Lane Hotel. Steel has properties that make it suitable for high-rise buildings like strength and versatility, though it can be heavy, lose strength in heat, and rust. Standard steel sections provide design flexibility. Connections are made through joints like splices and welds. Common frame types include simple cage frames, cantilevers, wind-braced, and core structures. Steel construction has advantages like lighter weight and flexibility for changes, but has challenges like fire resistance, movement, and corrosion protection.
Effect of wind Load On High Rise BuildingVikas Patre
Wind load is an important design consideration for high-rise buildings due to the increasing wind forces experienced at greater heights. This document discusses wind load calculation and analysis for a 20.5m high building according to Indian code IS 875-Part 3. Static analysis of the building model in SAP2000 showed that wind load causes higher bending moments and shear forces compared to analysis without wind load. The wind pressure varies with height and building designers must account for this gradient in load to safely structure high-rise buildings.
This document summarizes different types of high-rise structures and provides case studies. It discusses braced frame structures, rigid frame structures, and infilled frame structures. Braced frames use diagonal bracing like X, K, or knee bracing to provide rigidity. Rigid frames have columns and girders joined together. Infilled frames use infill walls to stiffen and strengthen the structure. Case studies include the Central Plaza in Malaysia and Century Tower in Japan, which use K and knee bracing, and the Petronas Towers, which are a rigid frame structure.
This document provides information on form active structural systems, with a focus on arch structures. It defines form active structures as systems of flexible, non-rigid matter where force redirection is achieved through particular form design and stabilization. Examples given include arch, tent, cable, and shell structures. Arch structures are then discussed in more detail, including terminology, types of arches, load mechanisms, classification, design considerations, and advantages. The key points are that arches function in pure compression to span distances by transmitting outward thrust to supports, and their curved form eliminates tensile stresses.
The seminar document provides information on tensile architecture. It discusses how tensile structures carry only tension and use double curvature for strength and stability. Key concepts covered include the history of tensile structures from tents to modern designs by Frei Otto, common materials like tensile fabrics and cables, and basic forms like hypars and conics. Benefits are highlighted such as dynamic shapes, solar control, and use for temporary installations. The document also outlines design, engineering, manufacturing, and installation processes.
This document provides information about space frames, cable structures, and folded plate structures. It defines a space frame as a truss-like, lightweight rigid structure constructed from interlocking struts in a geometric pattern. Space frames can span large areas with few interior supports. Folded plates are assemblies of flat plates rigidly connected along their edges to form a structural system without additional beams. Cable structures derive their strength from tension forces in the cables rather than from bending or compression. Common cable structures include suspension bridges, cable-stayed bridges, and cable-supported roofs.
Descriptive study of pushover analysis in rcc structures of rigid jointYousuf Dinar
ABSTRACT: Structures in mega cities, are under serious threat because of faulty and unskilled design and construction of structures. Sometimes structure designers are more concerned in constructing different load resistant members without knowing its necessity and its performance in the structure. Different configuration of construction may also lead to significant variation in capacity of the same structure. Nonlinear static pushover analysis provides a better view on the performance of the structures during seismic events. This comprehensive research evaluates as well as compares the performances of bare, different infill percentage level, different configuration of soft storey and Shear wall consisting building structures with each other and later depending upon the findings, suggests from which level of performance shear wall should be preferred over the infill structure and will eventually help engineers to decide where generally the soft storey could be constructed in the structures. Above all a better of effects of pushover analysis could be summarized from the findings. Masonry walls are represented by equivalent strut according to pushover concerned codes. For different loading conditions, the performances of structures are evaluated with the help of performance point, base shear, top displacement, storey drift and stages of number of hinges form.
The document summarizes a project seminar on analyzing the seismic behavior of multi-story reinforced concrete flat slab structures with varying plan aspect ratios and slenderness ratios. It outlines the objectives to analyze structures using response spectrum analysis and determine safe design limits. It describes the modeling assumptions for 11-story structures and defines 25 structural models that vary the plan aspect ratio from 1 to 5 and slenderness ratio from 0.41 to 2.88. The methodology involves reviewing literature, modeling in ETABS, comparing results, and drawing conclusions.
FINITE ELEMENT MODELING, ANALYSIS AND VALIDATION OF THE SHEAR CAPACITY OF RC ...Md. Shahadat Hossain
The document presents research on modeling and analyzing the shear capacity of reinforced concrete beams made with steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC). Finite element models were created in ANSYS for plain reinforced concrete beams and SFRC beams. The models were validated against experimental test results. The following were found:
1) Experimental testing showed that the shear strength of beams increased by about 25%, 29%, and 18% for SFRC with steel fibers having aspect ratios of 40, 60, and 80, respectively, compared to plain reinforced concrete beams.
2) Finite element models created in ANSYS using solid elements for the concrete and link elements for reinforcement correlated well with experimental load-deflection curves and failure modes.
3) The
iDesign Engineering Services provides CAD/CAE engineering solutions using software like ANSYS, ABAQUS, LS-DYNA, and Hypermesh. The company has expertise in structural, mechanical, automotive and aerospace design. Key projects include analysis of automotive and aircraft structures, software development, and analysis of geo-technical projects involving soil, shoring, caissons, and temporary structures. The document provides details on the promoter's qualifications and experience, important projects, individual engineer capabilities, and the services offered in areas like structural engineering, geo-technical engineering, and computer aided engineering.
Optimized modeling and design of steel structures using etabsMd. Shahadat Hossain
The document describes an upcoming seminar on optimizing the modeling and design of steel structures using the structural analysis software ETABS. The seminar will cover general modeling techniques, steel frame design, vibration analysis, composite beam design, and nonlinear time history and pushover analysis. Eight example models will be presented to illustrate features of ETABS such as general modeling, advanced modeling, concentric and eccentric braced frames, composite beam design, and nonlinear analysis. The seminar aims to help both experienced and inexperienced ETABS users better understand how to model and design steel structures using the software.
This document discusses the process of selecting bridge types and provides an overview of common bridge types. It describes evaluating potential bridge types based on engineering constraints, costs, environmental and stakeholder impacts. Key bridge types are then summarized, including girder, segmental concrete, truss, arch, cable-stayed, suspension and movable bridges. Their structural properties, construction methods, advantages and challenges are outlined.
This document provides information about an exam for a DPDC course. It notes that the general section will have 60 multiple choice questions worth 30 marks. The civil engineering section will include 20-30 multiple choice questions and 5 fill in the blank questions. It then lists 11 math and technical questions that will be on the exam, covering topics like sedimentation tank design, rainwater runoff calculation, chlorination curves, flexural strength of beams, pH and hydroxide concentration, earth pressure, surveying corrections, concrete volume calculation, and axle load.
This document contains 27 questions related to reinforced concrete design concepts for government job preparation. It includes questions about types of slabs like one-way and two-way slabs, their thickness requirements, corner reinforcement specifications, differences between flat plates and flat slabs, minimum reinforcement for temperature and shrinkage, column definitions and reinforcement ranges, tie specifications, strength reduction factors, concrete definitions, prestressed concrete concepts like losses and advantages/disadvantages, beam types like T-beams and doubly reinforced beams, fundamental RCC assumptions, uncertainty sources in construction, steel suitability, reinforcement ratios, serviceability, development length, and more.
Water resource engineering question for govPrionath Roy
Irrigation is an important topic for water resource engineering positions in government. Managing water resources for agricultural irrigation requires balancing the needs of farmers with environmental protection. Effective irrigation strategies conserve water resources while maximizing crop yields to support local communities.
This document contains questions about various topics related to water distribution systems and water treatment processes. It includes questions about defining distribution systems and their requirements, essential elements of water supply systems, types of distribution systems, assumptions of the Hardy Cross method, factors affecting per capita water consumption, methods for predicting population, types of water quality parameters, WHO and BD water quality standards, common water treatment methods and processes, definitions of hard and soft water, coagulation and flocculation, disinfection types and chlorination curves, pre- and post-chlorination, break point chlorination and chlorine demand, removal processes for arsenic, iron and hardness, water hammer and cavitation, types of sewerage collection systems, definitions of COD
Chronological construction sequence effects on reinforced concrete and steel ...Yousuf Dinar
Building structures are analyzed in a single step using linear static analysis on the assumption that the structures are subjected to full load once the whole structure is constructed completely. In reality the dead load due to the each structural components and finishing items are imposed in separate stages as the structures are constructed story by story for nonlinear behavior of materials. Advancement of finite element modeling accelerates the accuracy of finite element simulation by taking the consideration of construction sequential effects. In this paper, rigid frame structures of both concrete and steel model of different configurations have been taken for sequential analysis. The analysis outcomes will help to understand how the structural response against loads varies for construction sequential analysis and linear static analysis while highlighting the material property. For vivid understanding of necessity of sequential analysis, analysis outcomes are eventually compared with conventional one step analysis. The effect of sequence of construction due to the self-weight of members has been studied and its effect on the overall design forces has also been highlighted using finite element modeling.
1. There are several bearing capacity equations proposed by researchers to estimate the load carrying capacity of shallow foundations.
2. For cohesive soils, the net ultimate bearing capacity is calculated based on the undrained cohesion of the soil, depth of the foundation, width and length of the foundation.
3. For cohesionless soils, the allowable bearing capacity is calculated using the corrected SPT value, depth factor, depth of foundation, width and length of the foundation. Safety factors are applied to calculate the allowable net or bearing capacity from the ultimate values.
1. There are several bearing capacity equations proposed by researchers to estimate the load carrying capacity of shallow foundations.
2. For cohesive soils, the net ultimate bearing capacity is calculated based on the undrained cohesion of the soil, depth of the foundation, width and length of the foundation.
3. For cohesionless soils, the allowable bearing capacity is calculated using the corrected SPT value, depth factor, width and length of the foundation, and tolerable settlement depending on if the width is less than or greater than 4 feet.
This document contains questions from various topics related to environmental science, water resources, transportation, geotechnical engineering, project management, surveying, structural engineering, and soil mechanics. Some of the questions ask for definitions, short notes, explanations, calculations, and drawings related to concepts like pH and water quality parameters, water supply systems, unit hydrographs, hydraulic jumps, flexible pavement design, soil stresses, shear strength testing, earth pressure, bearing capacity, standard penetration testing, critical path method, surveying, structural analysis, concrete mix design, and grain size distribution curves.
Civil engineering suggestions for upcoming examinationPrionath Roy
1. This document provides civil engineering exam preparation suggestions for the upcoming WASA examination. It lists 18 key topics to focus on, including how to calculate lengths and bearings of lines, properties like fineness modulus and slenderness ratio, surveying techniques like back sights and fore sights, structural analysis concepts like bending moment diagrams and influence lines, structural member design of beams and columns, soil mechanics topics such as aquifer discharge and properties including density index and plasticity index, and construction management topics such as critical path method.
Titas gas transmission and distribution company ltdPrionath Roy
This document contains a 10 question civil engineering exam covering topics like:
- Properties of cement and its advantages over lime
- Physical and mechanical properties of engineering materials
- Forces and reactions in a truss structure
- Definitions related to evaporation, evapotranspiration, and soil classification
- Differences between various engineering terms
- Short descriptions of surveying and reinforcement concepts
- Soil classification and grain size distribution curves
- Calculation of consolidation settlement for a clay layer
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P- Delta Effect in Reinforced Concrete Structures of Rigid joint IOSR Journals
Popularity of High-Rise structures of rigid joint frame system are incresing day by day to accommodate growing people in metropoliton city and to construct the structures without any special structural component. However combination of rigid frame with RC structure get 30 storey as maximum storey and prone to collapse under severe displacement, axial force and moment, if the P-Delta effects does not included in analysis and design phase. Due to complexity and low knowledge of P-Delta analyses designers, engineers and architectures are prone to perform Linear Static analysis which may eventually become a cause of catastropic collapse of the high-rise. 12 cases and 2 different analysis are performed to give a light on the P-Delta effect in RC Structures of Rigid Joint which will aware and suggest concering person to understand, make experience and perform P-Delta analysis of the high-rise for safety using numeriacal modelling which may accelerate the process and reduce the complexities.
Variation of deflection of steel high rise structure due to p- delta effect c...Yousuf Dinar
This document summarizes the results of a study that analyzed the effect of P-Delta on the deflection of steel high-rise structures considering global slenderness ratio. 40 different structural models were simulated with varying numbers of stories (7, 14, 20, 30) and bay dimensions to modify the slenderness. Both P-Delta analysis and linear static analysis were performed, and deflections were compared. P-Delta analysis resulted in significantly higher deflections than linear static analysis, especially as slenderness increased with taller buildings and smaller bays. Deflections at the top of each structure and for individual stories were evaluated. Results showed increasing deflections with P-Delta analysis as slenderness rose due to building height or
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Effects of P-Delta on High Rise Buildings Located in Seismic ZonesIRJET Journal
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Influence of P-Delta effect on reinforced concrete buildings with vertical ir...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the P-Delta effect on reinforced concrete buildings with vertical irregularities. It begins with an abstract that introduces the topic and defines key terms. The introduction then provides background on P-Delta effects and how they are more prominent in tall, slender structures. The body of the document reviews past literature on P-Delta effects and discusses different types of P-Delta effects (P-Δ and P-δ) and how they contribute to structural deformation. It concludes that accurately accounting for P-Delta effects is important for the design of tall, vertically irregular buildings.
Comparative Study of Irregular Shape BuildingsIRJET Journal
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IRJET-Influence of Core Wall on the Geometric Non-Linear Behavior of RC Frame...IRJET Journal
The document discusses the influence of core walls on the geometric non-linear or P-delta behavior of reinforced concrete framed structures. It analyzes 40-story structures with and without core walls using ETABS software. The results show that including core walls, especially at the center, significantly reduces displacement, drift, and moment magnifications caused by P-delta effects compared to structures without core walls or with core walls only at the edges.
IRJET-Study on the Effects of Geometric Non-Linear Behavior of RC Framed Stru...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the effects of geometric non-linear behavior, also known as p-delta effects, on reinforced concrete framed structures. The study analyzes 15-story and 20-story RC framed buildings using linear static and geometric non-linear (p-delta) analysis in ETABS. It finds that moment magnification due to p-delta effects increases significantly with building height and member slenderness. Considering slab stiffness significantly reduces moment magnification. The difference in moment and drift magnification between models with and without slab stiffness consideration increases with building height.
IRJET- Comparative Study of Effect of Different Positions of Shear Wall o...IRJET Journal
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Progressive Collapse Analysis and design of Steel StructureIRJET Journal
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Effect of P-Delta Due To Different Eccentricities in Tall StructuresIJERA Editor
P-effect in structure mainly rises from the direct action of lateral forces and the structure in a state of equilibrium where the deformed structure shape is a more responsible factor. This kind of effect is made in the analysis of second order, where the geometry of the elements is come from their changed condition. Gravitational loads on the construction elements, deform producing extra forces, which are not taken into account during calculations of structures in un-deformed shape. The given gravitational loads are more precisely defined, in the group of action forces in a structure, can't be said that their change from project values, will be the determining factor in the effect of P-Delta, but in defining order remains the geometry of the structure. More detail the geometry is defined as the correct second order effects could be considered in structures. In this paper static & dynamic analysis has been performed using with and without P-delta for symmetry & asymmetry Reinforced Concrete (RC) frame building models by varying different eccentricities levels from 0, 10, 20 & 30 percent. Results of comparison between symmetrical & Asymmetrical building in zone 4 & 5 are conferred and conclusions are made.
SEISMIC ANALYSIS USING STAAD Pro FOR L-SHAPED RCC FRAMED BUILDINGIRJET Journal
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IRJET- Analysis of P-Delta Effect on High Rise BuildingIRJET Journal
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IRJET- Non Linear Static Analysis of Frame with and without InfillsIRJET Journal
This document analyzes the effect of masonry infill walls on the seismic performance of reinforced concrete frames through nonlinear static (pushover) analysis. A 4-story building located in seismic zone 2 of India was modeled in SAP2000 both with and without infill walls. Infill walls were modeled using equivalent compression struts. Results showed that the presence of infill walls increased the building's stiffness, base shear capacity, and changed the failure mechanism from a soft-story collapse to a truss action. Comparison of load-displacement curves and hinge formations indicated infill walls significantly improve the building's lateral resistance and shift plastic hinging to joints at the infill-frame interface.
Comparative Study on Masonry Infill, Friction Dampers and Bare Frame Structur...IRJET Journal
The document compares the seismic response of a 10-story building modeled with three different configurations: a bare frame, a frame with masonry infill walls modeled as equivalent diagonal struts, and a frame with friction dampers. Non-linear time history analysis was performed using the EL Centro earthquake record. The addition of masonry infills increased the lateral stiffness and decreased displacements and column moments but also increased base shear and accelerations. The use of friction dampers effectively dissipated energy and reduced the structural response compared to the bare frame, without increasing other demands. Analysis results for story acceleration, displacement, column moment, and base shear are presented for each model.
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Descriptive analysis and reviewing of transportation master plan of Dhaka City till 2018
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This document summarizes an investigation into the performance of flat plate reinforced concrete buildings under nonlinear pushover analysis. The study evaluates bare frame structures with different percentages of masonry infill, as well as structures with soft stories or shear walls. Pushover analysis was performed on a 7-story model building to determine base shear, displacement, story drift, and hinge formation at different performance levels. Results show that infill and shear walls improve seismic performance by reducing displacement, and that placing soft stories higher in the structure increases strength and stability. Shear walls performed best and controlled hinge formation, indicating more uniform response.
Book for Beginners, RCC Design by ETABSYousuf Dinar
Advancement of softwares is main cause behind comparatively quick and simple
design while avoiding complexity and time consuming manual procedure. However
mistake or mislead could be happened during designing the structures because of not
knowing the proper procedure depending on the situation. Design book based on
manual or hand design is sometimes time consuming and could not be good aids with
softwares as several steps are shorten during finite element modeling. This book may
work as a general learning hand book which bridges the software and the manual
design properly. The writers of this book used linear static analysis under BNBC and
ACI code to generate a six story residential building which could withstand wind load
of 210 kmph and seismic event of that region. The building is assumed to be designed
in Dhaka, Bangladesh under RAJUK rules to get legality of that concern organization.
For easy and explained understanding the book chapters are oriented in 2 parts. Part A
is concern about modeling and analysis which completed in only one chapter. Part B
is organized with 8 chapters. From chapter 1 to 7 the writers designed the model
building and explained with references how to consider during design so that
creativity of readers could not be threated. Chapter 8 is dedicated for estimation. As a
whole the book will help the readers to experience a building construction related all
facts and how to progress in design. Although the volume I is limited to linear static
analysis, upcoming volume will eventually consider dynamic facts to perform
dynamic analysis. Implemented equations are organized in the appendix section for
easy memorizing.
BNBC and other codes are improving and expending day by day, by covering new
and improved information as civil engineering is a vast field to continue the research.
Before designing something or taking decision judge the contemporary codes and
choose data, equations, factors and coefficient from the updated one.
Book for Beginners series is basic learning book of YDAS outlines. Here only
rectangular grid system modeling and a particular model is shown. Round shape grid
is avoided to keep the study simple. No advanced analysis is described and it is kept
simple for beginners. Only two way slab is elaborated with direct design method,
avoiding other procedures. In case of beam, only flexural and shear designs are made.
T- Beam, L- Beam or other shapes are not shown as rectangular beam was enough for
this study. Bi-axial column and foundation design is not shown. During column and
foundation design only pure axial load is considered. Use of interaction diagram is not
shown in manual design. Load centered isolated and combined footing designs are
shown, avoiding eccentric loading conditions. Pile and pile cap design, Mat
foundation design, strap footing design and sand pile concept are not included in this
Studio max object tutorial 01 making of sofaYousuf Dinar
This 3D Studio Max tutorial provides step-by-step instructions for modeling a sofa in 3D Studio Max. The tutorial begins by creating a box shape and using chamfer and push modifiers to give it the form of a sofa. FFD is then used to add puffiness and noise is applied to add texture. Finally, the shape is grouped to complete the basic sofa model.
Performance based analysis of rc building consisting shear wall and varying i...Yousuf Dinar
Abstract:
Metropolitan cities are under severe threat because of inappropriate design and construction of structures. Faulty building designed without considering seismic consideration could be vulnerable to damage even under low levels of ground shaking from distant earthquake. So, structural engineers often are more concerned about the constructing Shear wall without knowing its performance with respect to infill percentage which may lead it to an over design state without knowing the demand. Nonlinear inelastic pushover analysis provides a better view about the behavior of the structures during seismic events. This study investigates as well as compares the performances of bare, different infill percentage level and two types of Shear wall consisting building structures and suggests from which level of performance shear wall should be preferred over the infill structure. To perform the finite element simulation ETABS 9.7.2 is used to get the output using pushover analysis. For different loading conditions, the performances of structures are evaluated with the help of base shear, deflection, storey drift, storey drift ratio and stages of number of hinges form and represented with discussion.
The whole manual is divided into three part: Beginning, Intermediate and Expert. Under Beginning part the Basic Geometry- co-ordinate system, loading, supporting, defining and Analysis will be shown for various types of structure; when under Intermediate part both analysis and design will be shown for various types of structure in static linear method. Under Expert part dynamic analysis method will be discussed with sequence. Remember one thing that learning a StaadPro analysis software is a practice work whereas this manual will act as a guideline.
Engr. Yousuf Dinar
Assistant Structural Engineer, Tropical Limited
Lecturer, ATI Training and Consultants
Email: Yousufdinar2012@gmail.com,
Cell: 01675585448.. for inquiry and training service
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Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptx
P delta effect in reinforced concrete structures of rigid joint
1. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR JMCE)
ISSN : 2278-1684 Volume 10, Issue 2 (November- December), PP 38-44
www.iosrjournals.org
P- Delta Effect in Reinforced Concrete Structures of Rigid joint
Yousuf Dinar1, Samiul Karim2, Ayan Barua2, Ashraf Uddin3
1,2
Graduate Student, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Asia Pacific, Bangladesh
3
Student, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Asia Pacific, Bangladesh
ABSTRACT: Popularity of High-Rise structures of rigid joint frame system are incresing day by day
to accommodate growing people in metropoliton city and to construct the structures without any
special structural component. However combination of rigid frame with RC structure get 30 storey as
maximum storey and prone to collapse under severe displacement, axial force and moment, if the PDelta effects does not included in analysis and design phase. Due to complexity and low knowledge of
P-Delta analyses designers, engineers and architectures are prone to perform Linear Static analysis
which may eventually become a cause of catastropic collapse of the high-rise. 12 cases and 2 different
analysis are performed to give a light on the P-Delta effect in RC Structures of Rigid Joint which will
aware and suggest concering person to understand, make experience and perform P-Delta analysis of
the high-rise for safety using numeriacal modelling which may accelerate the process and reduce the
complexities.
Keywords – High-Rise, Rigid joint, RC structures, P-Delta effects, Numerical modeling
I.
INTRODUCTION
In the U.S., the National Fire Protection Association defines a high-rise as being higher than 75 feet (23
meters), or about 7 stories while Most building engineers, inspectors, architects and similar professions define a
high-rise as a building that is at least 75 feet (23 m) tall. High-rise is the demand of new era as it provides
accommodation to a well number of people in a small place but without proper design and consider catastrophic
may happen which is evident from last few decades after introduction of high-rise and mega city concept Figure
1. Reinforced Concrete structures are prone to effected by several parameters for its self-weight and frame
system
Figure 1: High-rise RC structures may collapse for faulty and inattentive design
Photo Credit: Online (weekendnotes.com)
P-Delta effect is a major issue which affects the structural response severally, neglected for its
complexity in analysis phase of the design. Although the development of knowledge and advancement of
technology is quite advanced today, there are a very few practical experimental studies on the P- Delta effects of
2. P- Delta Effect in Reinforced Concrete Structures of Rigid joint
the structure. The most used structural analysis for reinforced concrete design is linear static analysis, where PDelta effect is omitted which is very important to include in analysis and design phase. Because of that, high rise
structures may show potential vulnerability against lateral loads. Lacking of proper consideration pushes the RC
structures, most constructed structure, to the uneconomical condition by constructing shear wall and bracing or
vulnerable state ready for collapse for buckling. P-Delta analysis may bring the 2nd order loading effects in the
structure and design the structure with its effects. This analysis is no more a matter of time consuming paper
work but easy and simple which could be performed by engineers and researchers. Now- a-days many software
have the capability to analysis and design with P-Delta effects. All need to is the variation of outcomes such as
axial, moment and deflection, between P-Delta and Linear Static analysis to identify when the P-Delta analysis
will be performed, possible differences, performing procedure and designing techniques, and this the point from
which the idea of this study evolves.
The objective of this study is determined and presents the P-Delta effects in Reinforced Concrete
Structures of rigid joint, with respect to structural response, against loads, which is axial, moment and
displacement of the structure. Rigid joint is a type of frame system where structure is built with column and
beam joint so, sometimes it is known as column- beam joint frame system. This frame system is easy to build
and found everywhere till structure of 30 storey. To evaluate the P-Delta effect it is required to perform the
linear Static analysis simultaneously. To perform the analysis StaadPro V8i is used for all models of each case.
Gradual increasing the height from storey 5 to storey 30 in 5 storey intervals may draw a significant
understanding in the trend of the P-Delta effects. After comparing the performance of RC structure with respect
to axial, moment and displacement between two mentioned analysis above, necessity of P-Delta analysis over
Linear Static analysis and variation of outcomes will be understood clearly. Force unit is KN while
displacements are measured in mm.
II.
METHODOLOGY
In the traditional first order analysis of structures, the effects of change in the structure actions due to
structure deformations are neglected. However, when a structure deforms, the applied loads may cause
additional actions in the structure that are called second order or P-Delta effects. The P-Delta effect is dependent
on the applied load and building characteristics. According to A.S. Moghadam and A. Aziminejad, parameters
such as height and stiffness of a building, the degree of its asymmetry may also be of importance [1]. So it is
necessary to perform P-Delta during analysis of high-rise structures as those are prone to damage under various
reason for faulty analysis and design which may happened by not considering any of the parameters. So, P-Delta
and other analysis related to high-rise should be performed exactly according to code.
As earlier stated P-Delta is an 2nd order loading considering analysis which is required for slender
column consisting structures, Slender structure as a whole, Steel structure for preventing collapse and heavy
dead load consisting structures. So it is useful to show the changing outcomes of structures by increasing height
making the building slender while considering P-Delta analysis. To identify the loads increasing tendency axial
load in a specific column need to be observed for all cases. It will eventually help to understand the design
variation for column. On the other side, moment of column have to counted for search the moment changing
trend of the column which may help to caution for the building components during design and decrease the
displacement evolved from lateral loads. Displacements are accounted because of understanding the priority of
P-Delta analysis against Linear Static analysis for the high-rises. For rigid joint structures excessive
displacement in a particular frame may cause serious changing the whole structure during lateral events so
displacement in exterior beam-column joint is taken to present the severity among the engineers, researchers and
authorities. The comparison of the results of two analyses with and without P-Delta will illustrate the magnitude
of the P-Delta effects. A well-designed building usually has well-conditioned level by level stiffness/weight
www.iosrjournals.org
2 | Page
3. P- Delta Effect in Reinforced Concrete Structures of Rigid joint
ratios. The changes in displacements and member forces are less than 10%. As rigid joint RC frame has no
specialized structural component which makes the model simple and easy to evaluate the slenderness effects
with increasing loads with additional storey. Study is restrained till storey 30 because of limitation of rigid joint
frame system which is mentioned by Dr.Hal S. Iyengar [2] Figure 2.
Figure 2: Structural System
Credit: Dr.Hal S. Iyengar (1972)
III.
LITERATURE REVIEW
During seismic event or wind load high-rise building may shake and the utmost exterior columns are
subjected to fluctuating axial force both in compression and tension. The lowest part of the column is most
conserving highest intensity of axial loads. Story drift in lateral direction due to the lateral load and axial force
causes the 2nd order loading effects known as “P-Delta effects” shown in Figure 3 represented by M. A. A.
Mollick (1997)[3]. MacGregor and Hage (1977), M.A.A Mollick (1997), Chang and Breen (1981), Gaiotti and
Smith (1989) and Shimazu and Mollick (1991) have their analytical studies on the P-Delta effects whereas
numerical modeling has been done after development of the softwares. A.S. Moghadam and A. Aziminejad
(2004), Wiryanto Dewobroto (2011) have presented different way of P-Delta analysis while considering torsion,
manual analysis, analytical equation but do not line in the differences of P-Delta and linear Static analysis and
guide the height limitation of Linear Static analysis method by presentation of Rigid joint RC structure. The
necessity of having a paper which represents P-Delta effects of RC rigid frame structures in simple words for
easy understanding pushed to have this study.
RC High Rise
Building
Column
subjected
to
P-Delta
Effect
Lateral
Force
Axial
Force
Critical
condition for
Exterior
Column
Critical
condition in
lower part
P-Delta
Effect
Figure 3: P-Delta effects to total loads
www.iosrjournals.org
3 | Page
4. P- Delta Effect in Reinforced Concrete Structures of Rigid joint
So, This study identify the effects and its trend of changing in terms of axial, moment and deflection of
RC structures using StaadPro and compares to the Linear Static outcomes to give a general understanding of
range where P-Delta effects governs significantly.
IV.
DESCRIPTION OF P-DELTA ANALYSIS
Geometric stiffness matrix is an approach to include secondary effects in the static and dynamic
analysis whereas, in Civil Structural Engineering it is commonly referred to as P-Delta Analysis that is based on
a more physical approach. For example, in building analysis the lateral movement of a story mass to a deformed
position generates second-order overturning moments. This second-order behavior has been termed the P-Delta
effect since the additional overturning moments on the building are equal to the sum of story weights “P” times
the lateral displacements “Delta”. Many techniques have been proposed for evaluating this second-order
behavior and takes place in two steps where linear static only consider one 1 st order loading stage Figure 3.
Many researchers, engineers tried to describe the phoneme in simple way.
Figure 3: (a) Linear Static analysis is performed in one step (b) P- Delta analysis is performed in two
steps
In short, P-Delta is secondary order loading effect in structure directly related to stiffness as it reduces
the stiffness of structural elements. The analysis procedures used to determine P-Delta effects vary from one
software to another. Several methods of accommodating P-Delta effects in analysis have been developed. Some
of these methods rely on a constrained problem or set of conditions, and will therefore have documented
“limitations”; the critical issue is to understand the differences and be aware of the limitations and conditions.
Analysis models are “modeling” of the real condition and only provide approximations simulation of the real
world. Again, the P-Delta effect does not distinguish between directions and types of loading. It does not have
idea about floors, floor levels, or the difference between a column and a beam. Proper care should be taken to
work within the limitations of the analysis. By StaadPro, leading structural engineering software, complete
effects could be identified using appropriate command. In StaadPro, a unique procedure has been adopted to
incorporate the P-Delta effect into the analysis. The procedure consists of the following steps:
1.
First, the primary deflections are calculated based on the provided external loading.
2.
Primary deflections are then combined with the originally applied loading to create the secondary
loadings. The load vector is then revised to include the secondary effects.
Lateral loading must be present concurrently with the vertical loading for consideration of the P-Delta
effect. The Repeat Load facility has been created with this requirement in mind. This facility allows the user to
combine previously defined primary load cases to create a new primary load case.
3.
A new stiffness analysis is carried out based on the revised load vector to generate new deflections.
4.
Element/Member forces and support reactions are calculated based on the new deflections.
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5. P- Delta Effect in Reinforced Concrete Structures of Rigid joint
P-Delta effects are calculated for frame members only not for finite elements or solid elements. So
outcomes are compares against frame members only.
V.
DESCRIPTION OF MODELS
As mentioned earlier, to observe the effects of P-Delta in RC rigid joint structure six different storey
cases is taken where storey variation starts from storey 5 to storey 30, boundary limit of rigid joint. Making 5
storey intervals from each makes a gradual but less time consuming analysis. Storey cases are: 5, 10, 15, 20, 25
and 30 Figure 4 while the span is constant, 4X3 Figure 5.
Figure 4: Typical plan of the models
Each of the storey case is performed Linear Static and P-Delta analysis separately with appropriate
command. Each storey is 3 metre in height makes Storey 5, Storey 10, Storey 15, Storey 20,, Storey and
Storey 30 in total height of 15 m, 30 m, 45 m, 60 m, 75 m and 90 m. As storey increases so the slenderness
increases. Bay length of buildings in both directions is 5. The floors are assumed to be rigid in their plane. The
lateral load seismic is considered in both directions of the structure using UBC94 by providing seismic
coefficient of seismic zone 2, moderate risk rated arena of Bangladesh to perform both Linear Static and P-Delta
analysis separately. Accidental load is taken into account for both two major analyses to ensure load
eccentricities are considered in analysis. The column sizes are 458X 600 mm while situated in joint of each
beam give compressive strength. On the other hand, slab thickness is 152.4 mm reinforced concrete of 20 MPa
compressive strength. All beams are of same size 406X458 mm of 24 MPa of compressive strength.
Figure 5: Five different model spans: (a) Storey 5, (b) Storey 10, (c) Storey 15, (d) Storey 20, (e)
Storey 25 (e) Storey 30
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6. P- Delta Effect in Reinforced Concrete Structures of Rigid joint
The concrete strength is assumed to be 24 MPa with yield strength 414 MPa where Modulus of
Elasticity (Young’s Modulus) is 248200 MPa. The model is assumed to be situated in Dhaka city so seismic
zone 2 is taken according to Bangladesh National Building Code (BNBC)[4]. Therefore, each column is
subjected to both in compression and tension during the shaking in alternative sequence. Higher bending
moment governs to the columns due to compression than the tension.
VI.
EXPERIMENTAL CASES
To investigate P- Delta Effect in Reinforced Concrete Structures of Rigid joint six storey group in two
different analyses is performed. During study, total 24 models was analyzed and 12 cases, or geometrical
possibilities, were simulated through both Linear Static and P-Delta analysis shown in Table I.
The load deformation responses of the numerical model specimens were followed through to failure by
means of the deflection in each storey of each case of a particular column. A particular frame, in each and every
case with two different analysis procedure, in crucial side of the structure is observed and value taken from it to
meet the objectives of the study. A specific column is used for getting axial and moment in each floor.
Table I
Total Cases divided into two separate Analysis Group
Storey 5
Storey 10
Storey 15
Storey 20
Storey 25
Storey 30
VII.
P-Delta Analysis
Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
Case 4
Case 5
Case 6
Linear Static Analysis
Case 7
Case 8
Case 9
Case 10
Case 11
Case 12
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
P-Delta and Linear Static analysis of 12 cases, in total 24 models reveals that P-Delta effects
significantly influence the axial, moment and displacement of the structural components and get higher value
than the Linear Static analysis. The variation particularly identified when the slenderness ratio is comparatively
increasing by increasing the storey. Variation is observed in several sections: Variation of axial in an exterior
column, Variation of moment in a exterior column displacement in top, variation of storey displacement of PDelta analysis and percentage of variation against slenderness ratio to systematically scrutinize the response
characteristics of the structure due to P-Delta effects with respect to slenderness.
A. Variation of horizontal displacement in top:
All 12 models and 6 storey case are studied to describe how the structure generate difference with
height which represent the slenderness and obviously to present the priority of P-Delta analysis over Linear
Static analysis. To establish the object top displacement is studied and found that structure analyzed under PDelta effect causes much displacement in top then the structure analyzed by Linear Static analysis. The variation
is following a upward trend with increasing storey. Following Figure 6 shows that after P-Delta analysis
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7. P- Delta Effect in Reinforced Concrete Structures of Rigid joint
displacement increased exponentially with increment of storey over the simple analysis, “Linear Static
analysis”.
Figure 6: Percentage of variation of displacement in top considered under P-Delta analysis over Linear Static
analysis
Storey Percentage of variation must be seen keeping Linear Static analysis outcomes as base Figure 10.
After P-Delta analysis storey 5, storey 10, storey 15, storey 20, storey 25 and storey 30 the top displacement
increased by 10.6%, 10.7%, 10.9%, 11.2%, 11.73% and 12% respectively which represent the the variations do
not follow any linear trend. It seems with increasing slenderness variation between Linear Static and P-Delta
will be maximized and vice-versa so proper understanding and strategy should be taken when designing a highrise.
B. Story displacement of different storey cases:
Storey displacements for both types of analysis: P-Delta analysis and Linear Static found maintaining
the same trend of increasing with incrementing storey whereas the displacement outcomes of P-Delta analysis is
found to be greater that corresponding displacement of Linear Static analysis. This characteristic is found in
every storey case and represents the presence of P-Delta effects during performing P-Delta analysis Figure 7 and
8.
Figure 7: Storey displacement considered for six storey cases under consideration of P-Delta effects
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8. P- Delta Effect in Reinforced Concrete Structures of Rigid joint
This phenomenon represent that Linear Static consider only the 1 st order loading effects which is not
realistic for high-rise but P-delta analysis is suitable to get the iterative action as it consider 2 nd order loading
effects after performing the 1st order loading effects.
Figure 8: Storey displacement considered for six storey cases under consideration of Linear Static analysis
Maximum displacement is found in top of the storey and it could be mentioned to present the scenario.
After P-Delta analysis displacement for storey 5, storey 10, storey 15, storey 20, storey 25 and storey 30 reached
to 1.854 mm, 8.636 mm, 21.361 mm, 41.859 mm, 72.568 mm and 116.637 mm respectively, from 1.676 mm,
7.798 mm, 19.304 mm, 37.643 mm, 64.948 mm and 104.14 mm respectively. These trends alert the caution to
use Linear Static analysis for analysis phase of high-rise. With increasing trend it becomes much important than
Linear Static and the considering sway effects of P-Delta during analysis becomes basic needs.
C. Axial force in critical zone of different cases:
Axial loads are taken from storey 1 of each storey case of each analysis as a maximum axial load is
found in that position. Like the displacement trend, here also the P-Delta outcomes over flow the corresponding
case of the Linear Static analysis and represent the necessity of P-delta analysis over the Linear Static for
reinforced concrete high-rise structures Figure 9.
Figure 9: Axial force in critical zone for six storey cases for P-Delta and Linear Static
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9. P- Delta Effect in Reinforced Concrete Structures of Rigid joint
As the storey increases so the slenderness too which push the difference to positive side and variation
maintains an exponential characteristic. For storey 5, storey 10, storey 15, storey 20, storey 25 and storey 30 the
variation of axial load from P-Delta analysis against the Linear Static analysis is 18.84%, 34.503%, 53.023%,
74.16%, 96.71% and 119.1% respectively. This variation is the main parameter for design too. The section
required under P-Delta analysis must be stronger than section designed considering Linear Static only.
D. Storey Moment of different cases:
A specific column is observed for observe storey moment of each storey case with two different case:
P-Delta analysis and Linear Static analysis. The storey moment trend is different to axial force trend seen in
former section. Moment is seem to increase in Linear Static analysis with increment of storey but after
consideration of P-Delta effect, the moments are found to be decreasing with increment of height which is not a
common trend after all Figure 10.
Figure 10: Storey Moment for six storey cases for P-Delta
This structural behaviour let designer think about the axial part properly as that governs the critical
situation. However the moments are not so negligible to not count during design. Again the moment increases
with increment of storey so slenderness has a effects to the moment. As our structural frame was 4X3 in plan
which is 20 meter by 15 meter, may has its significant role in the moment characteristics. Further addition or
substation may change the trend significantly. Observing the P-Delta outcomes a significant property is seen
which a region where moments decreases with increasing storey gives a steady decreasing path Figure 11.
Figure 11: Storey Moment for six storey cases for Linear Static
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10. P- Delta Effect in Reinforced Concrete Structures of Rigid joint
This path covers 85-90% of the total path. This steady path increases in length with increasing height
or addition of storey. On the other side, analysis conducted without considering P-Delta effects leads to
increment of moment with increment of storey as it was expected. Overall high-rise shows higher value then
low-rise construction under this analysis.
VIII.
CONCLUSION
In Conclusion, it could be summarized that analyzing and designing RC high-rise structure needs
expert observation and understanding. Analysis found was versatile in characteristics but it could be said,
displacement varies exponentially under P-Delta analysis with increasing height or increment in storey and so
the axial force too. Axial force changes in positive side rapidly over the Linear Static analysis, if P-Delta is
performed to find it. Moments shows different tendency which is decreasing in value with increment of story or
increasing height push to consider axial and displacement most. So, Linear Static and P-Delta both are necessary
for RC structures and have to use after proper understanding to prevent any catastrophic. Axial and
displacement could be observed by P-Delta analysis while keeping the moment section to the Linear Static
analysis. All these outcomes were for reinforced concrete structure of rigid joint which is very common in
society. However how the bracing, infill, shear wall and composite section influence the effects of P-Delta
could be studied to find out the general trend of those frame system.
IX.
Acknowledgements
The present authors, Yousuf Dinar, Samiul Karim, Ayan Barua and Md. Al-Imran Khan thank the Department
of Analysis and Design, ATI Training and Consultants, Dhaka, Bangladesh encouraging and sharing strategy for
conducting the simulation work relating to P-Delta Analysis. The authors sincerely thank Mr. Shahin Mahmud,
Director, ATI Training and Consultants, Bangladesh for continuous guidance during study.
REFERENCES
[1] Moghadam A.S., Aziminejad A., (2004), “Interaction of Torsion and P-Delta Effects in Tall Buildings”, Proceedings, 13th World
Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Vancouver, B.C., Canada., Paper No. 799
[2] Iyengar, H.S., (1972),“ Preliminary Design and Optimization of Tall Buildings”, Proceedings, International Conference on Tall
Buildings, Lehigh University., Vol. II.
[3] Mollick, M.A.A., (1997),“ Journal of Civil Engineering”, The Institute of Engineers, Bangladesh, Vol. CE 25, No. 2, 1997
[4] BNBC (2006) Bangladesh National Building Code, Housing and Building Research Institute, Mirpur, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
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