This document provides an overview of sequence analysis, including defining sequence analysis, its applications, DNA sequencing methods, protein sequencing, sequence assembly, sequence alignment, and biological databases. Sequence analysis involves subjecting a DNA, RNA, or protein sequence to analytical methods to understand its features, function, structure, or evolution. It includes sequencing, sequence assembly, alignment, and searching databases. The main applications are comparing sequences to find similarity and relatedness, identifying intrinsic sequence features, and revealing evolution.

1. BBAU LUCKNOW
A Presentation
On
By
Rishabh Garg
(M.Sc. IM 1st sem.)
Submitted to:
Dr. V. Mishra
SEQUENCE ANALYSIS

2. Defining Sequence Analysis
• Sequence Analysis is the process of
subjecting a DNA, RNA or peptide sequence to
any of a wide range of analytical methods to
understand its features, function, structure, or
evolution.
• It includes-
 Sequencing:
 Sequence Assembly ANALYSIS
 Alignment:
 Searching (in Databases)

3. APPLICATIONS (Uses)
• The comparison of sequences in order to find
similarity, often to infer if they are related
(homologous).
• Identification of intrinsic features of the sequence such
as active sites, post translational
modification sites, gene-structures, distributions
of introns and exons.
• Identification of sequence differences and variations
such as point mutations and single nucleotide
polymorphism (SNP) in order to get the genetic marker.
• Revealing the evolution and genetic diversity of
sequences and organisms
• Identification of molecular structure from sequence
alone.
• Genetic diseases

4. DNA SEQUENCING
• DNA sequencing is the process of determining
the precise order of nucleotides or order of the
four bases—adenine, guanine, cytosine,
and thymine, in a strand of DNA.
• Expressed Sequence Tag (EST) is a short sub-sequence
of a cDNA sequence. ESTs may be used to identify
gene transcripts, and are instrumental in gene
discovery and in gene-sequence determination.
• Methods:
 Sanger Sequencing or Chain Termination Method
 Pyrosequencing
 Shotgun Sequencing method

5. Fluorescence-Based
Sequencing
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6. Protein Sequencing
• Protein sequencing is a technique to
determine the amino acid sequence of
a protein, as well as which conformation the
protein adopts and the extent to which it is
complexed with any non-peptide molecules.
• Methods:
Edman Degradation
Mass Spectroscopy

7. • Mass spectrometry(MS) is an analytical technique that
ionizes chemical species and sorts the ions based on their mass
to charge ratio.

8. Sequence Assembly
• Sequence assembly refers to the
reconstruction of a DNA sequence
by aligning and merging small DNA fragments.
It is an integral part of modern DNA
sequencing.
(1) cutting the DNA into small pieces,
(2) reading the small fragments,
(3) reconstituting the original DNA by merging the
information on various fragment.

9. Sequence Alignment
• Sequence Alignment is a way of arranging the
sequences of DNA, RNA, or protein to identify
regions of similarity that may be a
consequence of functional, structural,
or evolutionary relationships between the
sequences.
• It involves the identification of the correct
location of deletions and insertions that
have occurred in either of the two lineages
since the divergence from a common ancestor.

10. TYPES
• On the basis of number of comparing
sequencing strand, it is of two types:
 Pair-wise Alignment
Multiple Sequence Alignment

11. Pair-wise Sequence Alignment
• Pair-wise sequence alignment only compares
two sequences at a time.
• Optimality is based on SCORE.
A pairwise alignment consists of a series of paired
bases, one base from each sequence. There are
three types of pairs:
(1) matches = the same nucleotide appears in
both sequences.
(2) mismatches = different nucleotides are found
in the two sequences.
(3) gaps = a base in one sequence and a null base
in the other.

12. • Algorithm used are Needleman-Wunsch
algorithm and the Smith-Waterman algorithm
BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search TooL)

13. Multiple Sequence Alignment
• Multiple sequence alignment (MSA) is
a sequence alignment of three or more biological
sequences, generally protein, DNA, or RNA.
ClustalW, PROBCONS, MUSCLE

14. DATABASES
• Biological databases are libraries of life
sciences information, collected from scientific
experiments, published literature, high-
throughput experiment technology, and
computational analysis.
UniGene is an NCBI database of
the TRANCRIPTOME
 DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ)
 European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-
EBI)
SWISS-PROT &Tr-EMBL

16. THANKYOU!