The document discusses processors and their core functions. It explains that a processor is the central component of a computer that analyzes data, controls data flow, and manages core functions. It then describes the four main steps in a processor's work: fetch, decode, execute, and write back. The document also contrasts RISC (reduced instruction set computer) and CISC (complex instruction set computer) processors, noting key differences in their instruction sets, performance optimization approaches, decoding complexity, execution times, and common examples of each type.

2. • A Processor or central processing unit (CPU) is said to be
the brain of any Computer.
• A Computer processor analyzes data and controls data flow
in a computer
• It Handles the central management functions of a high-
powered PC

7. The working of processor mainly consist four steps
i.e. Fetch, Decode, Execute and Write back.
These steps are discussed below :
•Fetch : During the fetch step, the processor
retrieves program instructions from memory.
•Decode : In this step, the instruction is broken down into parts.
•Execute : In the execute step, CPU performs the operation implied by the program
instructions.
•Write back : During the write back step, the Processor writes back the results of
execution, to the computer's memory.

8. •The term RISC stands for ‘’Reduced Instruction
Set Computer’’.
•It is a CPU design plan based on simple
orders and acts fast.
•A reduced instruction set computer is a
computer which only uses simple
commands that can be divided into several
instructions which achieve low-level operation
within a single CLK cycle,
as its name proposes “Reduced Instruction Set”.

9. •The term CISC stands for
‘’Complex Instruction Set Computer’’.
•It is a CPU design plan based on single commands,
which are skilled in executing multi-step operations.
•CISC processors have small programs.
It has a huge number of compound instructions,
which takes a long time to perform

10. 1. RISC processors have simple
instructions taking about one
clock cycle. The average clock
cycle per instruction (CPI) is 1.5
1. CSIC processor has complex instructions
that take up multiple clocks for execution.
The average clock cycle per instruction
(CPI) is in the range of 2 and 15.
2. Performance is optimized with
more focus on software
2. Performance is optimized with
more focus on hardware.
3. It has no memory unit and
uses a separatehardware to
implement instructions..
3. It has a memory unit to
implement complex instructions.

11. 4. Execution time is very less 4. Execution time is very High
5.Decoding of instructions is simple. 5.Decoding of instructions is complex
7. The most common
RISC microprocessors
are Alpha, ARC, ARM, AVR,
MIPS, PA-RISC, PIC, Power
Architecture, and SPARC.
7. Examples of CISC processors are the
System/360, VAX, PDP-11, Motorola
68000 family, AMD and Intel x86 CPUs.
6. Code expansion can be a problem 6. Code expansion is not a problem