Riddler Q5
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Magnesium depletion causes hypocalcemia through two main mechanisms: 1) Resistance to parathyroid hormone when magnesium levels fall below 0.8 meq/L, and 2) Decreased secretion of parathyroid hormone in patients with more severe hypomagnesemia. Severe hypermagnesemia above 6 mg/dL can also cause hypocalcemia by suppressing parathyroid hormone secretion.
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Hypercalcemia is a condition where there is an excess of calcium in the blood. It is classified based on calcium level as mild, moderate, or severe. Common causes include primary hyperparathyroidism where the parathyroid gland overproduces hormone, certain cancers which release chemicals raising blood calcium, and some medications. Symptoms range from lethargy to hypertension. Diagnostic tests include blood tests, and treatment focuses on rehydration and medications to lower calcium levels.
Haematology notes
Target cells, Howell-Jolly bodies, and Heinz bodies seen on blood films can indicate various underlying conditions. A leucoerythroblastic picture seen on blood film is due to bone marrow infiltration and can be seen in malignancies, infections, and vitamin deficiencies. Sickle cell disease is caused by a genetic mutation and results in clinical features like aseptic necrosis. Thalassemia results from globin gene mutations and beta thalassemia major causes severe anemia if untreated. Hereditary spherocytosis is an autosomal dominant condition common in Northern Europeans that causes jaundice and splenomegaly in childhood.
Hypokalemia paralyzing revealing a rare association of autoimmune diseases: t...
Hypokalemia is a Paralyzing uncommon pathology, primitive often genetic autosomal dominant. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease of the pancreas responsible for a total deficit of insulinsecretion and hyperglycaemia. Someclinical manifestations extraglandular, canbe a discovery mode of the disease. We report the case of a patient with hypokalemiamoroccan Paralyzingrevealingthis pathology Whose combination with a renaltubulopathy by distal tubular acidosis (DTA) type 1 and autoimmune diseases of specific organ is rare. The DTA type 1 is related to the Inability of the distal tubule to secrete sufficient amount of hydrogen ions, making it possible to acidification of the urine below pH 5.5. This DTA is responsible for a severe rarely hypokalemia, neuromuscular complications, or revealing of a type 1 diabetes as is the case of our patient. A case of hypokalemiaparalyzingpuring a Sjögren syndrome (GSS) is associated with a thyroiditis was reported. Hypokalemia paralyzing revealing combination of autoimmune diseases annually (type 1 diabetes, thyroiditis and tubulopathy) isuncommon and difficulties to diagnose. Thus, faced with an unexplained hypokalemia neuromuscular paralysis in young patients, we must think although rare to a tubulopathy in the context of autoimmune diseases.
Hypokalemia paralyzing revealing a rare association of autoimmune diseases: t...
Hypokalemia is a Paralyzing uncommon pathology, primitive often genetic autosomal dominant. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease of the pancreas responsible for a total deficit of insulinsecretion and hyperglycaemia. Someclinical manifestations extraglandular, canbe a discovery mode of the disease. We report the case of a patient with hypokalemiamoroccan Paralyzingrevealingthis pathology Whose combination with a renaltubulopathy by distal tubular acidosis (DTA) type 1 and autoimmune diseases of specific organ is rare. The DTA type 1 is related to the Inability of the distal tubule to secrete sufficient amount of hydrogen ions, making it possible to acidification of the urine below pH 5.5. This DTA is responsible for a severe rarely hypokalemia, neuromuscular complications, or revealing of a type 1 diabetes as is the case of our patient. A case of hypokalemiaparalyzingpuring a Sjögren syndrome (GSS) is associated with a thyroiditis was reported. Hypokalemia paralyzing revealing combination of autoimmune diseases annually (type 1 diabetes, thyroiditis and tubulopathy) isuncommon and difficulties to diagnose. Thus, faced with an unexplained hypokalemia neuromuscular paralysis in young patients, we must think although rare to a tubulopathy in the context of autoimmune diseases.
Anemia simi joju k.
Anemia is characterized by low levels of hemoglobin or red blood cells. It can be caused by inadequate red blood cell production, increased destruction, or blood loss. Anemia is classified based on red blood cell morphology, etiology, or pathophysiology. Common types include iron deficiency anemia, megaloblastic anemia caused by vitamin B12 or folate deficiencies, and hemolytic anemias where red blood cells are destroyed faster than they can be replaced. Symptoms vary depending on severity but can include fatigue, paleness, and shortness of breath.
Anemia in children.pptx
1. The document discusses various types of anemia including iron-deficiency anemia, vitamin B12 deficiency, and folate deficiency. It describes the stages of erythropoiesis, types of hemoglobin, definitions, classifications, etiologies, clinical features, laboratory findings, and treatment approaches for different anemias.
2. Iron-deficiency anemia is one of the most common and results from inadequate dietary iron intake or absorption. It presents with pallor and can cause developmental delays if untreated. Treatment involves oral iron supplementation.
3. Vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies can cause macrocytic anemia and neurological symptoms. Causes include dietary inadequacy or malab
MYXOEDEMA COMA
Myxedema coma is a life-threatening complication of severe hypothyroidism. It is characterized by decreased level of consciousness, hypothermia, and other symptoms. Precipitating factors include infection, medications, and cold exposure. Diagnosis involves finding very high TSH and low T4 levels. Treatment requires intensive care, addressing precipitants, fluid management, warming, and thyroid hormone replacement therapy with intravenous T4 or T3. Even with treatment, mortality rates are high at 50-60%.
Electrolyte disturbances
This document summarizes electrolyte disturbances, specifically disorders of sodium and potassium balance. It discusses the causes, types, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of hyponatremia, hypernatremia, hypokalemia, and hyperkalemia. The key points covered include normal sodium and potassium levels, how they are regulated, complications that can arise from imbalances, and goals and principles of correcting electrolyte abnormalities.
Hypokalemia
Hypokalemia is defined as a serum potassium level lower than 3.5 mEq/L. It is usually asymptomatic when mild but can cause muscle weakness, cardiac arrhythmias, and paralysis in more severe cases. Causes include drugs, diet, diarrhea, vomiting, hyperthyroidism, and Cushing's syndrome. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, electrolyte tests, ECG, and investigating the underlying cause. Treatment focuses on replacing potassium deficits orally or intravenously while addressing the underlying condition.
Cardiacfailure 091023124947-phpapp01
1. Cardiac failure occurs when the heart is unable to maintain sufficient output to meet bodily demands and increases in incidence with age.
2. Left cardiac failure causes symptoms like fatigue and dyspnea, and signs like cardiomegaly and crackles. Right cardiac failure causes symptoms like fatigue and swelling, and signs like elevated JVP and hepatomegaly.
3. Treatment involves diuretics, vasodilators, digoxin, lifestyle modifications, and addressing precipitating causes.
Hypokalemia Hypokalemia for icu admitted.pptx
This document discusses hypokalemia, including its pathophysiology, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and management. Some key points:
- Hypokalemia is defined as a serum potassium level below 3.5 mmol/L. It can be caused by decreased intake, gastrointestinal loss, renal loss, or shifts of potassium into cells.
- Symptoms vary but can include cardiac arrhythmias, muscle weakness, and neurological issues. Diagnosis involves checking electrolytes, ECG, and investigating underlying causes.
- Treatment involves addressing the underlying cause, stopping offending drugs, and oral or IV potassium supplementation. Severe cases require IV potassium. Specific conditions like Gitelman syndrome are managed long
Approach to hyponatremia
Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte abnormality seen in hospitalized patients. It is caused by an imbalance of water in the body, resulting in a dilution of sodium concentration. The document discusses the various types of hyponatremia (hypovolemic, euvolemic, hypervolemic) based on extracellular fluid volume status and their underlying causes such as SIADH, heart failure, liver cirrhosis. It also covers the diagnostic evaluation, management principles, and treatment approaches for acute symptomatic and chronic hyponatremia which involves slow correction of sodium levels to avoid osmotic demyelination syndrome.
MIRZA NUMAN.pptx
The thalassemia comprise a group of hemoglobinopathies characterized by ineffective erythropoiesis and hemolysis, which lead to chronic anemia and associated complications.
Thalassemic red blood cells (RBCs) do not have sufficient levels of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to meet their increased energy demands.
Alpha-Thalassemia
Beta- Thalassemia
Alpha-thalassemia has become a relatively common clinical problem in North America, North Europe, and Australia
Thalassemia
Thalassemia is an autosomal recessive blood disorder caused by mutations in genes encoding the globin chains that make up hemoglobin. There are two main types - alpha and beta thalassemia. Clinical manifestations range from mild anemia to life-threatening conditions depending on the number of mutated genes. Management involves chronic blood transfusions to reduce severe anemia and complications like iron overload. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency is an X-linked disorder where red blood cells lack the enzyme needed to protect against oxidative damage, leading to acute hemolysis triggered by infection or certain drugs.
Haematinics & Plasma expanders Final.pptx
The document discusses haematinics, which are substances that stimulate red blood cell production or increase haemoglobin levels. It describes various types of anaemia, haematinics like iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid, and their roles, administration, and side effects in treatment of anaemia. It also discusses plasma expanders which are intravenous fluids used to increase blood volume. Various plasma expanders are detailed, including crystalloids like saline and ringers solution, and colloids like albumin, dextran, gelatin, hydroxyethyl starch, and polyvinylpyrrolidone. Their mechanisms, uses, properties and potential adverse effects are outlined.
hyponatremia final.pptx
This document discusses hyponatremia (low sodium levels in blood). It defines hyponatremia as a serum sodium level less than 135 mmol/L. The document outlines the major causes of hyponatremia including syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH), heart failure, liver cirrhosis, and hypothyroidism. It emphasizes the importance of slowly correcting sodium levels in patients with chronic hyponatremia to avoid osmotic demyelination syndrome, a serious neurological complication. The document recommends increasing sodium no more than 12 mmol/L over 24 hours or 18 mmol/L over 48 hours for safe correction.
Similar to Riddler Q5 (20)
Hypokalemia paralyzing revealing a rare association of autoimmune diseases: t...
Hypokalemia paralyzing revealing a rare association of autoimmune diseases: t...
Hypokalemia paralyzing revealing a rare association of autoimmune diseases: t...
Hypokalemia paralyzing revealing a rare association of autoimmune diseases: t...
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