Rheumatoid arthritis management
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PREPARED BY: MUHAMMAD ARIFF B. MAHDZUB BACHELOR MEDICINE AND SURGERY (MBBS) UNIVERSITY COLLEGE SHAHPUTRA, KUANTAN
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Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is caused by microscopic damage to muscle fibers following unaccustomed exercise. It causes pain and stiffness in the hours to days after exercise. The document discusses the inflammatory process underlying DOMS and how certain phytochemicals found in foods and herbs may help relieve symptoms by targeting inflammatory mediators. A clinical study showed that a topical formula containing phytochemical extracts from spices and herbs effectively reduced pain and swelling in patients with muscle injuries like strains or sprains.
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Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis, typically affecting older adults over age 45. It occurs when the cartilage between bones breaks down, causing pain, stiffness, and reduced mobility. Risk factors include age, female sex, joint injuries, obesity, genetics, and overuse. Symptoms include joint pain, stiffness, swelling, and crepitus. Diagnosis is made through physical exam, x-rays showing joint space narrowing and bone spurs, and ruling out other causes. Treatment focuses on reducing symptoms through medications, exercises, weight loss, bracing, and joint replacements for severe cases.
Rheumatoid Arthritis Power Point
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that causes inflammation of the joints. While the cause is unknown, genetic factors may increase susceptibility. RA commonly affects adults between 30-50 years old, with women being affected more than men. Symptoms include morning joint stiffness, swelling of joints on both sides of the body, and lumps under the skin. Regular exercise and medications like NSAIDs and DMARDs can help reduce pain and inflammation. Lifestyle changes and stress management may also help control symptoms.
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Common sports injuries and treatment
1. Common sports injuries include sprains, strains, fractures, dislocations, shin splints, tennis elbow, and muscle cramps. Sprains involve ligament tears while strains damage muscles or tendons.
2. Prevention methods include proper warm up, conditioning, technique, equipment, rest, and rehabilitation exercises. Treatment often involves RICE therapy, bracing, exercises, and in severe cases, surgery.
3. Sports injuries can result from overuse or acute trauma and affect various parts of the body like the knees, elbows, lower back, and ankles. Rehabilitation focuses on regaining mobility, flexibility, and muscle strength.
Living with Osteoarthritis of the Knee
This document discusses osteoarthritis of the knee. It defines osteoarthritis as the degeneration of cartilage in the knee joint. Common symptoms include joint pain, swelling, stiffness, and limited range of motion. Risk factors include prior injury, overuse, obesity, and genetics. Treatment focuses on weight control, medications, physical therapy, bracing, injections, and possible joint replacement surgery for severe cases.
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This document discusses rehabilitation approaches for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and ankylosing spondylitis (AS). It outlines key factors to consider in the rehabilitation evaluation for rheumatic diseases, including impairments, functional problems, disabilities, and disease stage. Treatment involves a multidisciplinary approach including exercise, modalities like heat/cold therapy, orthoses, and education. The goals are to relieve pain and swelling, improve function, prevent disability and joint damage, and maximize quality of life.
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This document provides an overview of physiotherapy and rehabilitation. It discusses various physiotherapy techniques including electrotherapy like shortwave diathermy, ultrasound, TENS; cryotherapy; exercise therapy techniques like active exercises, PNF, and hydrotherapy. It also covers the role of physiotherapists in assessing, managing, and treating medical conditions to relieve pain and improve mobility. The principles and stages of rehabilitation including medical, psychological, and social rehabilitation are outlined. The overall goal of physiotherapy and rehabilitation is to restore optimal health and functioning.
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Chronic Musculoskeletal Disorders and Physical Therapy Management
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BlastPain Centers LLC offers a revolutionary non-invasive laser therapy solution for pain with no drugs, surgery, or side effects. Their goal is to establish centers globally to provide this solution. Chronic pain costs over $100 billion annually in the US alone. Laser therapy relieves pain by stabilizing nerve cells, increasing endorphins, and accelerating healing by stimulating cells and increasing blood flow. It can treat many areas including back, neck, shoulders, hips, and knees. Franchise opportunities include two lasers, a protected business location, and use of the BlastPain name and website. A demonstration treatment can show the dramatic pain relief effectiveness.
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Paraplegia is a spinal cord injury that paralyzes the lower limbs, caused by damage to the spinal cord and nervous system. It affects movement in the trunk, legs, and pelvic region. Causes include spinal fractures, tumors, infections, and trauma. Paraplegia is categorized as complete or incomplete based on the extent of movement loss. Complications include pressure sores, urinary issues, muscle tightness, osteoporosis, and respiratory problems. Physiotherapy focuses on prevention of complications, strengthening, stretching, mobility training, and achieving independence through exercise and assistive devices.
BODY MECHANICS AND EXERCISE
This lesson plan discusses body mechanics, exercise, and the care of patients with splints and casts. It defines body mechanics and outlines principles like maintaining alignment and balance. It describes types of exercise like aerobic, anaerobic, isotonic, and isometric. The plan discusses caring for patients with splints and casts, including purposes of immobilization and prevention of further injury. Nursing roles involve assessing patients for risks and providing care and education.
Physiotherapy approach for gym injuries.pptx
physiotherapy approach in gym injuriesGym injuries are the injuries which occurs while you are doing exercise in the gym.
An workout injures can happen to anyone not matter what your experience or fitness level.
Can occur due to overweight, incorrect posture , improper technique, lack of knowledge, etc.
Overuse
Overweight
Incorrect posture
Incorrect technique
Low quality of equipments
Lack of physiotherapist guidance
Overuse
Trauma injures
Sprains/strains
Fractures and dislocations
Injuries which occur when any body part gets hit by an impactful blunt force like a kick, fall or blow. Impact of the trauma damages the soft tissue leading to contusions, bruises and concussions.
In this type of injuries discolouration , swelling and pain is noticed. Sprain is a stretch or tear in a ligament. “ligaments are flexible bands of fibrous tissues connecting bones to bones, bones to joints and bones to cartilage. When these get torn or stretched, it results in a sprain, most likely in ankles, knees and wrists.”
Muscle pull or tearing of muscle occurs when you overstress your muscle again and again causes damage to muscle fibers .
The tearing may be major or minor
Hamstring muscle pull is most common in gym injuries.
Muscle strain occurs when a particular muscle gets injured due to a pull or twist. This type of injury can happen when people don’t warm up or properly stretch their bodies enough before working out.
You can also get a strain while jogging or doing weight training.
Some common types of strains you may come across while gymming:
Golfer’s elbow
Tennis elbow
Lumbar strain
Jumper’s knee
Runner’s kneewhen the ends of two connected bones separate from each other, it is known as dislocation. This happens when the ligament is hit by some extreme force or blow.
Knee dislocation and wrist dislocation is common type of dislocation.
Neck pain
Low back pain
Shoulder pain
Knee pain
To gain and maintain strength
To do correct exercise
To reduce the risk of injuries
To maintain correct posture
To improve exercise technique
To understand muscle power biomachanics Stretching
There are a number of different types of stretching exercises which can be done to improve flexibility. The most appropriate technique will depend on your specific aims and include:
Static stretching
Dynamic stretching
PNF
Ballistic stretching
Neural stretching
Stretching
There are a number of different types of stretching exercises which can be done to improve flexibility. The most appropriate technique will depend on your specific aims and include:
Static stretching
Dynamic stretching
PNF
Ballistic stretching
Neural stretching
Taping is a form of strapping. It is the procedure that uses tape, attached to the skin, to physically keep in place muscle or bone at a certain position to reduce pain and aids recovery.
It is a form of partial immobilization of joint. which allow for a certain level of functional mobility
PRE is exercise technique which helps you to built muscle strength
Knee problems & physiotherapy (kunjal shah)
This document discusses knee osteoarthritis and physical therapy treatment options. It begins by defining osteoarthritis as the most common joint disease affecting weight-bearing joints like the knee. It then describes how osteoarthritis of the knee affects the joint, causing thinning cartilage, narrowing of the joint space, bone spurs, and pain and stiffness. The document outlines a physical therapy assessment of the knee that examines issues like pain, strength, gait, and functional limitations. It presents various physical therapy treatment options for knee osteoarthritis including joint mobilizations, taping, braces, gait training, soft tissue work, and a basic 4-week rehabilitation program followed by an advanced 2-month program.
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Do you have osteoarthritis? Learn about what to expect throughout the 4 different stages of knee osteoarthritis and the proper treatment for each stage.
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This document discusses knee osteoarthritis (OA), including its causes, risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and physiotherapeutic management approaches. Knee OA is typically caused by wear and tear on the joints and results in the progressive loss of articular cartilage. Physiotherapy is an important part of knee OA management and focuses on reducing pain and inflammation, improving range of motion and strength, education, and prescribing individualized home exercise programs. Modalities like manual therapy, electrotherapy, bracing, and hydrotherapy may also be used as part of a comprehensive physiotherapy treatment plan.
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Osteoarthritis is classified as either primary or secondary. Primary osteoarthritis has no known cause, while secondary osteoarthritis results from previous joint injury or inflammation. The pathophysiology involves the degeneration of articular cartilage and calcification of ligaments, which causes joints to become immobile and leads to erosion and cracking of cartilage. Common causes include age, obesity, joint injury, overuse, genetics, and hormones. Clinical features include pain, stiffness, tenderness, loss of flexibility, grating sensations, bone spurs, and swelling. Management focuses on slowing symptoms through lifestyle changes, medications, bracing, and sometimes surgery like joint replacement. Nursing care involves relieving pain, promoting mobility and function, preventing injury,
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Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that causes inflammation of the synovial lining of joints. It is characterized by periods of active disease and remission. During active periods, joints become swollen, stiff, and painful. Over time this can lead to deformity. Management of RA focuses on education, joint protection, gentle range of motion, exercise modification, and medication to control inflammation and prevent joint damage. Stretching is avoided during active periods to prevent overstretching of inflamed joints.
Hip Osteoarthrosis -PAWAN
1. Osteoarthritis of the hip is a degenerative joint disease resulting from the rate of cartilage degeneration exceeding the rate of repair, leading to new bone formation.
2. It can be primary (idiopathic) or secondary to factors like dysplasia, fractures, or avascular necrosis.
3. Pathology includes progressive cartilage destruction, subarticular cyst formation, bone sclerosis, and osteophyte formation.
4. Treatment involves conservative options like exercises and NSAIDs initially, with surgical options like osteotomies, hip replacements, or arthrodesis for advanced cases.
Nigar sultana muscle injuries
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Non surgical conditions of knee joint and its rehabilitation
This document provides information about non-surgical knee conditions and their rehabilitation. It discusses the anatomy of the knee joint, including ligaments, muscles, and menisci. Common knee conditions like osteoarthritis, knee effusion, ACL injuries, patellar tendonitis, and meniscal tears are described. The symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment options for these conditions are summarized. Physical therapy plays an important role in the rehabilitation of knee issues through exercises, modalities, bracing, and education to reduce pain, improve function and mobility, and prevent further injury.
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Non surgical conditions of knee joint and its rehabilitation
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Soffacation (suicidal)
Suffocation is a general term used to indicate death due to lack of oxygen from either lack of oxygen in the breathable environment or obstruction of external air passages. Asphyxia is caused by lack of oxygen in respired air leading to hypoxaemia and hypercapnia. Smothering causes asphyxia through mechanical obstruction of the external airways (nose and mouth). Suicidal smothering often involves placing a plastic bag over the head in an attempt to cut off oxygen. Classic signs of asphyxia include petechial hemorrhages, cyanosis, congestion, and soft tissue swelling due to increased venous pressure and fluid leakage from blood vessels.
Road & railway injury (suicidal)
Road accidents typically cause gross musculoskeletal or organ damage, severe haemorrhaging, airway blockage from blood, or traumatic asphyxiation from chest crushing. Railway suicides often result in decapitation or extensive body disintegration from being struck by a fast-moving train. Toxicology screens should be performed to check for alcohol or drugs which may have contributed to suicidal behavior. Electrical injuries may also complicate cases where high-voltage train systems are involved.
Strangulation (Hanging)
Strangulation, hanging, suffocation, road/railway injuries, and electrocution are common methods of suicidal death. Strangulation causes asphyxia by compressing the neck and blocking blood flow and air passage to the brain. Hanging causes cerebral hypoxia by compressing the neck and jugular veins. Suffocation involves blocking external airways. Road/railway injuries typically cause severe trauma, hemorrhage or organ damage. Electrocution usually causes cardiac arrhythmias and ventricular fibrillation leading to cardiac arrest. Autopsies look for neck furrows, petechiae, internal injuries or electrical marks depending on the method.
Retinitis pigmentosa (opthalmology)
Retinitis pigmentosa is a slow degenerative, hereditary disease of the retina that involves the rods and cones. It typically appears as a recessive trait due to consanguinity of the parents. Patients experience night blindness in childhood, tunnel vision or central visual loss in middle age, and complete blindness in advanced age. Physical examination shows black spots resembling bone corpuscles across the retina, extremely attenuated retinal blood vessels, and pale optic discs, indicating optic nerve atrophy. There is no specific treatment currently available, but cataract surgery and rehabilitation services can help manage complications.
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This document discusses refractive errors of the eye, including emmetropia, myopia, and hypermetropia. Emmetropia is the normal optical condition where light focuses on the retina. Myopia, or near-sightedness, occurs when light focuses in front of the retina. Symptoms include indistinct distant vision. Hypermetropia, or far-sightedness, is when light focuses behind the retina, causing blurred near vision and eye strain. Both conditions are typically corrected with spectacles, while myopia can also be treated through surgical procedures like LASIK in some cases.
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Glaucoma (opthalmology)
Glaucoma is a group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve, often caused by an increase in intraocular pressure. The aqueous humour maintains pressure in the eye and normally flows through the anterior chamber, draining out of the eye. In glaucoma, the drainage pathways become blocked, increasing pressure and damaging the optic nerve. There are several types of glaucoma including open-angle glaucoma, the most common type caused by slow drainage blockage, and closed-angle glaucoma caused by physical blockage of drainage canals. Treatment aims to lower pressure through eye drops or surgery and slow progression of vision loss.
Electrocution (suicidal)
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- External signs include an areola of blanched skin at the contact points and possible "crocodile skin" lesions from sparking over several centimeters if voltages were in the kilovolt range. Internal autopsy findings are often absent or non-specific since the most common mode of death is cardiac arrhythmia.
Diabetic retinopathy (opthalmology)
Diabetic retinopathy is a complication of diabetes mellitus where changes occur in the retina. It is a leading cause of vision loss among working age adults in Malaysia. The risk of retinopathy rises with longer duration of diabetes and poor blood glucose control. Annual eye screening is recommended to detect early signs and plan treatment. Laser photocoagulation is commonly used to treat early stages while vitrectomy may be used for advanced proliferative cases with vitreous hemorrhage. Anti-VEGF drugs combined with laser can also treat diabetic macular edema.
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Cataracts are a clouding of the lens of the eye that can cause gradual vision loss. They are usually caused by aging but can be caused by other factors like diabetes, smoking, or UV exposure. Cataracts are diagnosed based on a decrease in the red reflex seen during eye exams. They can be treated surgically through phacoemulsification to remove the clouded lens and replace it with an intraocular lens, improving vision. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a disease of the macula that causes central vision loss. Dry AMD involves drusen buildup while wet AMD has abnormal blood vessel growth. Treatments include vitamins for dry AMD and anti-VEGF injections or photod
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- 2. Puan Amira, 42 year-old lady • Chief Complaint: Pain on the right knee and swelling for one day duration • Sudden painful swelling of the right knee • Unable to walk properly • Chronic vague pain • Pain and stiffness of wrist and hand for several years • Pain and stiffness happen for at least two hours in each episode and do not seem alleviated by taking drug prescribed by the general practitioner HISTORY TAKING
- 3. Pain and stiffness at the morning
- 4. Pain and stiffness at the morning • From trigger 2:the pain and stiffness were more prominent in the morning which improved by the afternoon
- 5. often more severe in the morning @ after a period of inactivity Joint inflammation causes swelling in the joint increases when the joint is immobile results in limited mobility and tightening of muscles around the joints. the stiffness & pain is often worse when the joint has been at rest this stiffness & pain improves with activity.
- 6. Managing pain and stiffness at the morning • Start with gentle movements-move gently • Try heat therapy. • Do a few minutes of exercise • Take your meds from bed • Rub in a joint cream • Consult with an occupational therapist.
- 7. The physical property of moving with pain or difficulty
- 8. Mechanism of actions of joint stiffness in rheumatoid arthritis • Abnormal response of the immune system (autoimmune diseases) • Lining of the joint become inflamed because the immune cells mistakenly attack the body’s own tissues. This causes stiffness, pain, warmth, redness & swelling around the joint. • Then rapid division, growth & influx of inflammatory (WBC) cells causes the synovium to thicken • The inflammatory cells release enzymes that may digest bone & cartilage. This will cause more pain, loss of joint shape & alignment, and loss of movement
- 9. Therapies for joint stiffness • Physical therapy & exercises can improve mobility, reduce pain, and increases flexibility & strength • Heat delivered through hot packs, electric mittens, ultrasound or spas can help relieve joint stiffness & pain • Weight control to reduce stress on joint
- 10. Surgeries (options) • Replacing of joint with an artificial one • Commonly performed on hips & knees joints • Joint fusion will performed when the arthritis are more severe on fingers or wrists • In joint fusion, the ends of the bones are locked together until they heal & become one
Editor's Notes
- Pain on movement & loss of range of motion
- The synovium produce fluid that lubricates & nourished cartilages of the joints Immune cell attack the thicken synovium