Thank you for selecting our 𝐑𝐡𝐞𝐮𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐇𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐭 𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐞 (𝐑𝐇𝐃)PPT This medical PowerPoint template about 𝐑𝐡𝐞𝐮𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐇𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐭 𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐞 (𝐑𝐇𝐃) You can download our template by visiting our website: https://www.rxslides.com/product/rheumatic-heart-disease-presentation-template copy and paste this URL into the browser and download the full editable template. This 𝐑𝐡𝐞𝐮𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐇𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐭 𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐞 (𝐑𝐇𝐃)animated template is designed by RxSlides, a medical professional team covering the following topics about 𝐑𝐡𝐞𝐮𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐇𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐭 𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐞 (𝐑𝐇𝐃) 𝐑𝐡𝐞𝐮𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐇𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐭 𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐞 (𝐑𝐇𝐃) 𝐃𝐞𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 • Chronic cardiovascular condition caused by untreated or inadequately treated group-A streptococcal infection. Characteristics: • Permanent damage to heart valves. • Starts with pharyngitis caused by streptococcus pyogenes. • Affects heart valves, including pulmonary, mitral, tricuspid, and aortic. 𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 • High prevalence in low-income countries, particularly among children and young adults. 𝐑𝐢𝐬𝐤 𝐅𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐬 • Inadequate healthcare access • Untreated streptococcal infections • Unfavorable environmental conditions 𝐏𝐚𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐩𝐡𝐲𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐲: • Development of scar tissue on valves due to recurrent inflammation. • Commissural fusion: valves fuse and thicken. • Mitral stenosis: narrowing of mitral valve opening. • Valvular regurgitation: incomplete closure of valves, causing blood flow reversal. • Valvular stenosis: narrowing of valve opening, restricting blood flow. 𝐀𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐑𝐞𝐠𝐮𝐫𝐠𝐢𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: • Cause: Damage to the aortic valve leaflets or supporting structures prevents proper closure during diastole, leading to blood flow back into the left ventricle. • Symptoms: Fatigue, shortness of breath, chest pain, palpitations, and heart failure in severe cases. 𝐀𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐒𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐬: • Cause: Calcification and narrowing of the aortic valve opening restricts blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta. • Symptoms: Fatigue, shortness of breath, chest pain, syncope (fainting), and angina (chest pain due to heart muscle ischemia). 𝐌𝐢𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐥 𝐒𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐬: • Cause: Thickening and fusion of the mitral valve leaflets restrict blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle. • Symptoms: Fatigue, shortness of breath, especially on exertion, chest pain, and hemoptysis (coughing up blood) in severe cases. 𝐒𝐲𝐦𝐩𝐭𝐨𝐦𝐬: • Chest pain • Swollen joints • Fever • Weariness • Heart palpitation • Skin nodules 𝐃𝐢𝐚𝐠𝐧𝐨𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐝𝐬 • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) • X-ray • Electrocardiogram (ECG) • Echocardiogram 𝐓𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐎𝐩𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 • Surgery • Antibiotics • Lifelong prophylaxis 𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐌𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐝𝐬: • Healthy lifestyle • Benzathine benzylpenicillin injections • Improved healthcare services • Preventing rheumatic fever 𝗵𝘁𝘁𝗽𝘀://𝘄𝘄𝘄.𝗿𝘅𝘀𝗹𝗶𝗱𝗲𝘀.𝗰𝗼𝗺

1. Rheumatic Heart Disease
PowerPoint Template

2. Rheumatic Heart Disease ICD-10:

3. Rheumatic Heart Disease
Rheumatic heart
disease (RHD) is a
chronic,
inflammatory
disease of the heart
that develops in
susceptible
individuals following
a group A
streptococcal (GAS)
infection, such as
strep throat or
scarlet fever. The
inflammation
primarily targets the
heart valves,
leading to fibrosis
and scarring, and
ultimately, valve
dysfunction.
Valves of the Heart:

4. Introduction

5. Valves Of The Heart
• Mitral Valve:
Located between
the left atrium and
left ventricle.
Responsible for
preventing blood
from flowing back
into the left atrium
during ventricular
contraction.
• Aortic Valve:
Located between
the left ventricle
and the aorta.
Responsible for
preventing blood
from flowing back
into the left
ventricle during
diastole.
Tricuspid Valve:
Located between
the right atrium
and right ventricle.
Responsible for
preventing blood
from flowing back
into the right
atrium during
ventricular
contraction.
Pulmonary Valve:
Located between
the right ventricle
and the pulmonary
artery. Responsible
for preventing
blood from flowing
back into the right
ventricle during
diastole.

6. Prevalence

7. Prevalence
• It affects an
estimated 40
million people
worldwide,
causing
approximately
300,000 deaths
annually.
• The majority of
cases occur in
children and
young adults, with
a higher
prevalence in
females.

8. Prevalence

9. Risk factors
• Previous GAS
infections:
Recurrent GAS
infections,
especially without
adequate antibiotic
treatment,
increase the risk of
developing RHD.
• Socioeconomic
disparities:
Poverty,
overcrowding, and
inadequate access
to hygiene and
healthcare
contribute to the
spread of GAS and
RHD.

10. Risk factors
• Genetic
predisposition:
Some individuals
have a genetic
predisposition to
developing RHD,
making them more
susceptible to the
disease even after a
single GAS
infection.
• Malnutrition:
Malnutrition can
weaken the immune
system and
increase
susceptibility to
infections like GAS.

11. Risk factors

12. Risk factors

13. Pathophysiology
• Autoimmune
Response: RHD
arises from an
autoimmune response
to Group A
streptococcal (GAS)
infection, specifically
targeting the heart
valves.
• Molecular Mimicry: M
proteins on GAS
share structural
similarities with
antigens in heart valve
tissues, triggering an
immune response that
mistakenly attacks
both.
• Inflammation and
Fibrosis: Immune cells
infiltrate the valves,
causing inflammation
and damage. Fibrosis
and scarring follow,
leading to valve
dysfunction.

14. Pathophysiology

15. Aortic Regurgitation
• Cause: Damage to
the aortic valve
leaflets or supporting
structures prevents
proper closure during
diastole, leading to
blood flow back into
the left ventricle.
• Symptoms: Fatigue,
shortness of breath,
chest pain,
palpitations, and heart
failure in severe
cases.
• Diagnosis:
Echocardiography
remains the gold
standard, revealing
valve regurgitation
and chamber
enlargement.

16. Mitral Stenosis
• Cause: Thickening
and fusion of the
mitral valve leaflets
restrict blood flow
from the left atrium to
the left ventricle.
• Symptoms: Fatigue,
shortness of breath,
especially on exertion,
chest pain, and
hemoptysis (coughing
up blood) in severe
cases.
• Diagnosis:
Echocardiography
reveals narrowed
valve opening,
pressure gradients,
and chamber
enlargement.

17. Aortic Stenosis
• Cause: Calcification
and narrowing of the
aortic valve opening
restricts blood flow
from the left ventricle
to the aorta.
• Symptoms: Fatigue,
shortness of breath,
chest pain, syncope
(fainting), and angina
(chest pain due to
heart muscle
ischemia).
• Diagnosis:
Echocardiography
reveals a narrowed
valve opening,
increased pressure
gradients across the
valve, and potential
left ventricular
hypertrophy.

18. Normal Aortic Valve
• The normal aortic
valve consists of
three cusps
(leaflets) that
open and close
smoothly,
ensuring
unidirectional
blood flow during
systole
(ventricular
contraction) and
diastole
(ventricular
relaxation).

19. Stenotic Aortic Valve
• In RHD, the aortic
valve leaflets
become
thickened,
calcified, and
may fuse,
restricting blood
flow and causing
the heart to work
harder to pump
blood.

20. Symptoms
• Variable
depending on the
affected valve(s)
and severity of
disease.
• General: Fatigue,
shortness of
breath, chest
pain, palpitations,
fever, weight loss.
• Mitral Valve:
Shortness of
breath,
particularly on
exertion, fatigue,
cough,
hemoptysis
(coughing up
blood).
• Aortic Valve:
Fatigue,
shortness of
breath, chest
pain, syncope
(fainting), angina
(chest pain due to
heart muscle
ischemia).
• Tricuspid Valve:
Fatigue,
shortness of
breath, abdominal
discomfort,
swelling in the
legs and ankles
(edema).
• Pulmonary Valve:
Fatigue,
shortness of
breath, chest
pain, right-sided
heart failure
symptoms.

21. Symptoms
• Chest pain
• Swollen joints
• Fever
• Weariness
• Heart palpitation
• Skin nodules

22. Diagnosis
• Medical history:
Assessing prior
GAS infections and
symptoms.
• Physical
examination:
Listening for heart
murmurs and other
signs of valve
dysfunction.
• Echocardiography:
The gold standard
for diagnosis,
visualizing the heart
valves and
assessing their
function.

23. Diagnosis
• Blood tests: Ant
streptolysin O
(ASO) titer and
other markers of
inflammation can
suggest recent
GAS infection.
• Electrocardiogram
(ECG): May show
abnormalities in
heart rhythm or
conduction.
• Chest X-ray: Can
reveal enlarged
heart chambers in
advanced cases.

24. Treatment
• Antibiotic
prophylaxis: Long-
term penicillin to
prevent recurrent
GAS infections
and further valve
damage.
• Anti-inflammatory
medications: To
reduce
inflammation and
alleviate
symptoms.
• Valvuloplasty:
Minimally invasive
procedures to
repair or widen
narrowed valves.

25. Treatment
• Valve
replacement
surgery:
Replacing
damaged valves
with prosthetic
ones.
• Heart failure
management:
Medications,
diuretics, and
other
interventions for
patients with
advanced heart
failure.

26. Complications
• Heart failure: The
heart's inability to
pump blood
effectively.
• Arrhythmias:
Abnormal heart
rhythms.
• Stroke: Embolic
events due to blood
clots forming in the
heart.
• Endocarditis:
Infection of the inner
lining of the heart.
• Sudden cardiac
death: In severe
cases with
significant valve
dysfunction.

27. Complications

28. Prevention
Early diagnosis and
prompt treatment
are crucial for
preventing valve
damage and
reducing the risk of
complications
associated with
RHD.

29. Prevention
• Healthy lifestyle
• Benzathine
benzylpenicillin
injections
• Improved
healthcare services
• Preventing
rheumatic fever

30. Prevention