This document summarizes congenital heart disease and infective endocarditis. It discusses the main types of congenital heart defects including ventricular septal defects, atrial septal defects, patent ductus arteriosus, tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of the great arteries, and obstructive defects. It describes the pathophysiology, clinical features, and complications associated with each type of defect. The document also provides details on infective endocarditis including causative organisms, pathology, diagnostic criteria, and comparisons to other forms of endocarditis.
Congenital heart disease can result from abnormalities present at birth during embryonic development of the heart and vessels. Causes are often unknown but may include genetic and environmental factors. Defects are grouped as those causing right-to-left shunts, left-to-right shunts, or obstructions. Common left-to-right shunt defects include atrial septal defects (ASD), ventricular septal defects (VSD), patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), and atrioventricular septal defects. Right-to-left shunt defects include tetralogy of Fallot. Infective endocarditis is a bacterial infection of heart valves or tissues, characterized by vegetations
Approach to cyanotic congenital heart disease in new bornJigar Patel
This document provides an overview of the approach to cyanotic congenital heart disease in newborns. It discusses the importance of early recognition and stabilization of these patients before transporting them to a cardiac care center. Physical exam findings, tests like chest x-ray and echocardiogram can help make the clinical diagnosis which is then confirmed by echocardiography. Specific cyanotic lesions discussed in detail include transposition of the great arteries, total anomalous pulmonary venous connection, truncus arteriosus, tetralogy of Fallot, hypoplastic left heart syndrome, and tricuspid atresia.
This document summarizes various acyanotic congenital heart diseases. It describes the pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of conditions including atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus, patent foramen ovale, pulmonary valve stenosis, and aortic valve stenosis. Common causes are genetic defects, maternal infections, or drug/alcohol use during pregnancy. These conditions are characterized by left-to-right shunts, which can cause pulmonary hypertension and right heart hypertrophy if significant in size.
This document discusses congenital heart disease. Some key points:
1. Congenital heart disease results from abnormalities present from birth. It is the most common form of heart disease in infants and children.
2. Causes include genetic factors, maternal infections, drugs/alcohol exposure. Presentations include cyanosis, heart failure, murmurs.
3. Types include septal defects, obstructions, malpositions. Defects are classified as acyanotic (left-to-right shunts) or cyanotic (right-to-left shunts).
4. Specific conditions discussed include ventricular septal defect, tetralogy of Fallot, coarctation of
A 52-year-old woman presents with gradually worsening shortness of breath over 2 years and now requires 2 pillows at night. On examination, she has an apical diastolic murmur. This suggests she has valvular heart disease, likely mitral stenosis given the murmur location and symptoms. Mitral stenosis narrows the opening between the left atrium and ventricle, causing shortness of breath and difficulty sleeping flat. Surgical options may include balloon valvuloplasty or valve replacement depending on severity.
Congenital heart disease can result from abnormalities present at birth during embryonic development of the heart and vessels. Causes are often unknown but may include genetic and environmental factors. Defects are grouped as those causing right-to-left shunts, left-to-right shunts, or obstructions. Common left-to-right shunt defects include atrial septal defects (ASD), ventricular septal defects (VSD), patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), and atrioventricular septal defects. Right-to-left shunt defects include tetralogy of Fallot. Infective endocarditis is a bacterial infection of heart valves or tissues, characterized by vegetations
Approach to cyanotic congenital heart disease in new bornJigar Patel
This document provides an overview of the approach to cyanotic congenital heart disease in newborns. It discusses the importance of early recognition and stabilization of these patients before transporting them to a cardiac care center. Physical exam findings, tests like chest x-ray and echocardiogram can help make the clinical diagnosis which is then confirmed by echocardiography. Specific cyanotic lesions discussed in detail include transposition of the great arteries, total anomalous pulmonary venous connection, truncus arteriosus, tetralogy of Fallot, hypoplastic left heart syndrome, and tricuspid atresia.
This document summarizes various acyanotic congenital heart diseases. It describes the pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of conditions including atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus, patent foramen ovale, pulmonary valve stenosis, and aortic valve stenosis. Common causes are genetic defects, maternal infections, or drug/alcohol use during pregnancy. These conditions are characterized by left-to-right shunts, which can cause pulmonary hypertension and right heart hypertrophy if significant in size.
This document discusses congenital heart disease. Some key points:
1. Congenital heart disease results from abnormalities present from birth. It is the most common form of heart disease in infants and children.
2. Causes include genetic factors, maternal infections, drugs/alcohol exposure. Presentations include cyanosis, heart failure, murmurs.
3. Types include septal defects, obstructions, malpositions. Defects are classified as acyanotic (left-to-right shunts) or cyanotic (right-to-left shunts).
4. Specific conditions discussed include ventricular septal defect, tetralogy of Fallot, coarctation of
A 52-year-old woman presents with gradually worsening shortness of breath over 2 years and now requires 2 pillows at night. On examination, she has an apical diastolic murmur. This suggests she has valvular heart disease, likely mitral stenosis given the murmur location and symptoms. Mitral stenosis narrows the opening between the left atrium and ventricle, causing shortness of breath and difficulty sleeping flat. Surgical options may include balloon valvuloplasty or valve replacement depending on severity.
This document discusses coarctation of the aorta, a congenital heart defect where the aorta is narrowed or constricted. It accounts for 5-8% of congenital heart defects. Coarctation can occur isolated or with other defects like bicuspid aortic valve or ventricular septal defect. Clinical presentation depends on age - infants may present with heart failure while older children and adults often present with hypertension. Imaging like chest x-ray and echocardiogram are used for diagnosis. Treatment involves surgery to repair the coarctation.
This document discusses acyanotic heart defects, which are congenital heart defects that cause left-to-right shunting of blood or obstructive lesions without cyanosis. It focuses on two specific defects: atrial septal defect (ASD) and ventricular septal defect (VSD). For ASD, it describes the types of lesions, altered hemodynamics, manifestations, diagnostics, and medical and surgical management. For VSD, it similarly describes the pathophysiology, manifestations, diagnostics, and therapeutic management including medical, surgical, and nursing interventions.
Valvular heart disease refers to pathological conditions affecting the heart valves. The two main types are stenosis, which is a failure of a valve to open completely, and regurgitation, which is a failure of a valve to close completely. Valvular heart diseases can be either congenital or acquired later in life. Rheumatic heart disease is a major acquired cause, resulting from rheumatic fever following a streptococcal throat infection, and often leads to mitral stenosis over time due to scarring. Calcific aortic stenosis is also common, usually due to age-related degeneration and calcium buildup on the aortic valve.
Clinical approach to congenital heart diseaseHariz Jaafar
1. Congenital heart disease affects 8 in 1000 live births and includes defects like ventricular septal defects, atrial septal defects, patent ductus arteriosus, aortic stenosis, pulmonary stenosis, and coarctation of the aorta.
2. Acyanotic heart defects involve left-to-right shunting of blood and obstructive lesions, and may cause symptoms like fatigue, poor growth, and murmurs during infancy or childhood.
3. Ventricular septal defects are the most common congenital cardiac lesion and cause symptoms like fast heart rate, failure to gain weight, and congestive heart failure if large.
This document summarizes congenital heart diseases (CHD). It describes that CHD results from abnormalities present at birth during heart development. The major categories are left-to-right shunts, right-to-left shunts, and obstructions. Common examples like atrial septal defects, ventricular septal defects, and patent ductus arteriosus cause left-to-right shunting, increasing pulmonary blood flow. Right-to-left shunting defects like tetralogy of Fallot cause hypoxemia. Causes include genetic factors and environmental exposures. Clinical features and treatments depend on the specific type of CHD.
Congenital Heart Disease is present in approximately 0.8% of children. It is commonly divided into cyanotic and noncyanotic categories based on the direction of blood flow. Tetralogy of Fallot is the most common cyanotic congenital heart defect, characterized by four anatomical abnormalities that result in deoxygenated blood mixing with oxygenated blood. Clinical features include progressive cyanosis after infancy and hypoxic spells in young children. Surgical repair is usually required. Atrial septal defect is a common noncyanotic defect where a hole exists between the upper chambers of the heart. It often causes no symptoms and may close on its own, but larger defects require closure to prevent lung and heart damage.
This document discusses various types of congenital heart disease, including obstructive lesions that impede blood flow, lesions that increase pulmonary blood flow like atrial and ventricular septal defects, and lesions that decrease pulmonary blood flow such as tetralogy of Fallot and transposition of the great arteries. Specific conditions covered include pulmonary and aortic stenosis, coarctation of the aorta, atrioventricular canal, patent ductus arteriosus, and Ebstein's anomaly. Diagnostic features and potential surgical treatments are provided for each condition.
Congenital Heart disease or CHD refers to structural abnormalities in the heart present at birth. It is the most common type of birth defect, occurring in 5-8 per 1,000 live births. CHD encompasses several types of defects including atrial septal defect (ASD), ventricular septal defect (VSD), and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). ASD involves an abnormal opening between the left and right atria, VSD is an opening in the ventricular septum between the ventricles, and PDA is the failure of the ductus arteriosus to close after birth, allowing blood to flow between the aorta and pulmonary artery. Symptoms vary depending on the size and
This document provides information on congenital heart disease (CHD), including:
- CHD occurs during the first 8 weeks of fetal development in approximately 5-8 per 1000 live births.
- Causes are usually multifactorial involving both genetic and environmental factors.
- Diagnosis involves physical examination, echocardiogram, chest x-ray, fetal echocardiography, and cardiac catheterization.
- Common types of CHD discussed include atrial septal defect (ASD), ventricular septal defect (VSD), patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), and atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD). Signs, symptoms, pathophysiology, and treatment are described for
This document provides information on congenital heart disease (CHD), including:
- CHD occurs during the first 8 weeks of fetal development in approximately 5-8 per 1000 live births.
- Causes are usually multifactorial involving both genetic and environmental factors.
- Diagnosis involves physical examination, echocardiogram, chest x-ray, fetal echocardiography and cardiac catheterization.
- Common types of CHD discussed include atrial septal defect (ASD), ventricular septal defect (VSD), patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), and atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD). Signs, symptoms, pathophysiology, and treatment are described for each
Congenital heart diseases are abnormalities present at birth during weeks 3 through 8 of gestation. They affect around 0.5% of births and are caused by errors in heart development involving transcription factors and signaling pathways. Major types include septal defects which allow shunting between the left and right sides of the heart, obstructive lesions which block blood flow, and abnormalities in the arrangement of the great arteries. Clinical features vary depending on which areas of the heart are involved and range from no symptoms to cyanosis. Many types can be treated surgically or with catheter procedures.
The document discusses aortic regurgitation, including its anatomy, etiology, pathophysiology, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management. Key points include:
- Aortic regurgitation occurs when the aortic valve fails to close properly, allowing blood to flow back into the left ventricle during diastole.
- Causes include conditions like infective endocarditis, bicuspid aortic valve, hypertension, and Marfan syndrome.
- In acute severe cases, a rapid increase in left ventricular preload can cause pulmonary edema and cardiogenic shock. Chronic cases involve left ventricular dilation and hypertrophy to compensate for the increased preload over time.
- Physical exam may
A detailed discussion on embryogenesis of heart and ennumeration of all congenital diseases and description of cyanotic congenital heart disease , each disease in detail.
Valvular heart disease refers to disorders that affect one of the heart's valves, causing stenosis (narrowing) or regurgitation (leakage). The major types are aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation, mitral stenosis, mitral regurgitation, tricuspid stenosis, and tricuspid regurgitation. Symptoms depend on the specific valve affected and include shortness of breath, chest pain, fatigue, and heart failure. Diagnosis involves listening for murmurs, ECGs, echocardiograms, and cardiac catheterization. Treatment ranges from medication and lifestyle changes to surgery depending on severity, with valve replacement or repair being done for severe cases.
This document discusses congenital cardiovascular anomalies, specifically atrial septal defects and ventricular septal defects. It provides information on the incidence, causes, classifications, clinical presentations, investigations, and management of these conditions. The key points are that atrial septal defects and ventricular septal defects are the most common congenital heart diseases, accounting for around 30-35% of cases. They typically present with no cyanosis but can cause heart failure if left untreated. Echocardiography is the main investigation used to diagnose them. Small atrial septal defects may close spontaneously while larger defects usually require surgical closure.
1. The document discusses various types of acyanotic congenital heart disease including ventricular septal defect (VSD), atrial septal defect (ASD), patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), and coarctation of aorta.
2. It provides details on the classification, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options for each condition.
3. The conditions are characterized by shunting of blood between the left and right sides of the heart without cyanosis, and can cause heart failure if left untreated.
This document provides information on congenital heart disease (CHD), including epidemiology, classification, diagnosis, and treatment. It discusses several specific types of CHD such as atrial septal defect (ASD), ventricular septal defect (VSD), patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), coarctation of the aorta, tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of the great arteries, tricuspid atresia, truncus arteriosus, and hypoplastic left heart syndrome. It describes the clinical presentation, investigations, and management approaches for each condition.
cyanotic and acyanotic Congenital heart disease for undergraduated student uo...Azad Haleem
This document provides information on various types of congenital heart defects (CHDs), including descriptions, classifications, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, investigations, and management. It discusses ventricular septal defects (VSDs), atrial septal defects (ASDs), patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), coarctation of the aorta, tetralogy of Fallot, and cyanosis. VSDs, ASDs, and PDA are examples of acyanotic left-to-right shunt lesions, while tetralogy of Fallot is a common cyanotic heart defect. Clinical features, imaging findings, and treatment approaches are described for each condition.
This document discusses coarctation of the aorta, a congenital heart defect where the aorta is narrowed or constricted. It accounts for 5-8% of congenital heart defects. Coarctation can occur isolated or with other defects like bicuspid aortic valve or ventricular septal defect. Clinical presentation depends on age - infants may present with heart failure while older children and adults often present with hypertension. Imaging like chest x-ray and echocardiogram are used for diagnosis. Treatment involves surgery to repair the coarctation.
This document discusses acyanotic heart defects, which are congenital heart defects that cause left-to-right shunting of blood or obstructive lesions without cyanosis. It focuses on two specific defects: atrial septal defect (ASD) and ventricular septal defect (VSD). For ASD, it describes the types of lesions, altered hemodynamics, manifestations, diagnostics, and medical and surgical management. For VSD, it similarly describes the pathophysiology, manifestations, diagnostics, and therapeutic management including medical, surgical, and nursing interventions.
Valvular heart disease refers to pathological conditions affecting the heart valves. The two main types are stenosis, which is a failure of a valve to open completely, and regurgitation, which is a failure of a valve to close completely. Valvular heart diseases can be either congenital or acquired later in life. Rheumatic heart disease is a major acquired cause, resulting from rheumatic fever following a streptococcal throat infection, and often leads to mitral stenosis over time due to scarring. Calcific aortic stenosis is also common, usually due to age-related degeneration and calcium buildup on the aortic valve.
Clinical approach to congenital heart diseaseHariz Jaafar
1. Congenital heart disease affects 8 in 1000 live births and includes defects like ventricular septal defects, atrial septal defects, patent ductus arteriosus, aortic stenosis, pulmonary stenosis, and coarctation of the aorta.
2. Acyanotic heart defects involve left-to-right shunting of blood and obstructive lesions, and may cause symptoms like fatigue, poor growth, and murmurs during infancy or childhood.
3. Ventricular septal defects are the most common congenital cardiac lesion and cause symptoms like fast heart rate, failure to gain weight, and congestive heart failure if large.
This document summarizes congenital heart diseases (CHD). It describes that CHD results from abnormalities present at birth during heart development. The major categories are left-to-right shunts, right-to-left shunts, and obstructions. Common examples like atrial septal defects, ventricular septal defects, and patent ductus arteriosus cause left-to-right shunting, increasing pulmonary blood flow. Right-to-left shunting defects like tetralogy of Fallot cause hypoxemia. Causes include genetic factors and environmental exposures. Clinical features and treatments depend on the specific type of CHD.
Congenital Heart Disease is present in approximately 0.8% of children. It is commonly divided into cyanotic and noncyanotic categories based on the direction of blood flow. Tetralogy of Fallot is the most common cyanotic congenital heart defect, characterized by four anatomical abnormalities that result in deoxygenated blood mixing with oxygenated blood. Clinical features include progressive cyanosis after infancy and hypoxic spells in young children. Surgical repair is usually required. Atrial septal defect is a common noncyanotic defect where a hole exists between the upper chambers of the heart. It often causes no symptoms and may close on its own, but larger defects require closure to prevent lung and heart damage.
This document discusses various types of congenital heart disease, including obstructive lesions that impede blood flow, lesions that increase pulmonary blood flow like atrial and ventricular septal defects, and lesions that decrease pulmonary blood flow such as tetralogy of Fallot and transposition of the great arteries. Specific conditions covered include pulmonary and aortic stenosis, coarctation of the aorta, atrioventricular canal, patent ductus arteriosus, and Ebstein's anomaly. Diagnostic features and potential surgical treatments are provided for each condition.
Congenital Heart disease or CHD refers to structural abnormalities in the heart present at birth. It is the most common type of birth defect, occurring in 5-8 per 1,000 live births. CHD encompasses several types of defects including atrial septal defect (ASD), ventricular septal defect (VSD), and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). ASD involves an abnormal opening between the left and right atria, VSD is an opening in the ventricular septum between the ventricles, and PDA is the failure of the ductus arteriosus to close after birth, allowing blood to flow between the aorta and pulmonary artery. Symptoms vary depending on the size and
This document provides information on congenital heart disease (CHD), including:
- CHD occurs during the first 8 weeks of fetal development in approximately 5-8 per 1000 live births.
- Causes are usually multifactorial involving both genetic and environmental factors.
- Diagnosis involves physical examination, echocardiogram, chest x-ray, fetal echocardiography, and cardiac catheterization.
- Common types of CHD discussed include atrial septal defect (ASD), ventricular septal defect (VSD), patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), and atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD). Signs, symptoms, pathophysiology, and treatment are described for
This document provides information on congenital heart disease (CHD), including:
- CHD occurs during the first 8 weeks of fetal development in approximately 5-8 per 1000 live births.
- Causes are usually multifactorial involving both genetic and environmental factors.
- Diagnosis involves physical examination, echocardiogram, chest x-ray, fetal echocardiography and cardiac catheterization.
- Common types of CHD discussed include atrial septal defect (ASD), ventricular septal defect (VSD), patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), and atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD). Signs, symptoms, pathophysiology, and treatment are described for each
Congenital heart diseases are abnormalities present at birth during weeks 3 through 8 of gestation. They affect around 0.5% of births and are caused by errors in heart development involving transcription factors and signaling pathways. Major types include septal defects which allow shunting between the left and right sides of the heart, obstructive lesions which block blood flow, and abnormalities in the arrangement of the great arteries. Clinical features vary depending on which areas of the heart are involved and range from no symptoms to cyanosis. Many types can be treated surgically or with catheter procedures.
The document discusses aortic regurgitation, including its anatomy, etiology, pathophysiology, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management. Key points include:
- Aortic regurgitation occurs when the aortic valve fails to close properly, allowing blood to flow back into the left ventricle during diastole.
- Causes include conditions like infective endocarditis, bicuspid aortic valve, hypertension, and Marfan syndrome.
- In acute severe cases, a rapid increase in left ventricular preload can cause pulmonary edema and cardiogenic shock. Chronic cases involve left ventricular dilation and hypertrophy to compensate for the increased preload over time.
- Physical exam may
A detailed discussion on embryogenesis of heart and ennumeration of all congenital diseases and description of cyanotic congenital heart disease , each disease in detail.
Valvular heart disease refers to disorders that affect one of the heart's valves, causing stenosis (narrowing) or regurgitation (leakage). The major types are aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation, mitral stenosis, mitral regurgitation, tricuspid stenosis, and tricuspid regurgitation. Symptoms depend on the specific valve affected and include shortness of breath, chest pain, fatigue, and heart failure. Diagnosis involves listening for murmurs, ECGs, echocardiograms, and cardiac catheterization. Treatment ranges from medication and lifestyle changes to surgery depending on severity, with valve replacement or repair being done for severe cases.
This document discusses congenital cardiovascular anomalies, specifically atrial septal defects and ventricular septal defects. It provides information on the incidence, causes, classifications, clinical presentations, investigations, and management of these conditions. The key points are that atrial septal defects and ventricular septal defects are the most common congenital heart diseases, accounting for around 30-35% of cases. They typically present with no cyanosis but can cause heart failure if left untreated. Echocardiography is the main investigation used to diagnose them. Small atrial septal defects may close spontaneously while larger defects usually require surgical closure.
1. The document discusses various types of acyanotic congenital heart disease including ventricular septal defect (VSD), atrial septal defect (ASD), patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), and coarctation of aorta.
2. It provides details on the classification, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options for each condition.
3. The conditions are characterized by shunting of blood between the left and right sides of the heart without cyanosis, and can cause heart failure if left untreated.
This document provides information on congenital heart disease (CHD), including epidemiology, classification, diagnosis, and treatment. It discusses several specific types of CHD such as atrial septal defect (ASD), ventricular septal defect (VSD), patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), coarctation of the aorta, tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of the great arteries, tricuspid atresia, truncus arteriosus, and hypoplastic left heart syndrome. It describes the clinical presentation, investigations, and management approaches for each condition.
cyanotic and acyanotic Congenital heart disease for undergraduated student uo...Azad Haleem
This document provides information on various types of congenital heart defects (CHDs), including descriptions, classifications, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, investigations, and management. It discusses ventricular septal defects (VSDs), atrial septal defects (ASDs), patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), coarctation of the aorta, tetralogy of Fallot, and cyanosis. VSDs, ASDs, and PDA are examples of acyanotic left-to-right shunt lesions, while tetralogy of Fallot is a common cyanotic heart defect. Clinical features, imaging findings, and treatment approaches are described for each condition.
“Psychiatry and the Humanities”: An Innovative Course at the University of Mo...Université de Montréal
“Psychiatry and the Humanities”: An Innovative Course at the University of Montreal Expanding the medical model to embrace the humanities. Link: https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/-psychiatry-and-the-humanities-an-innovative-course-at-the-university-of-montreal
Are you looking for a long-lasting solution to your missing tooth?
Dental implants are the most common type of method for replacing the missing tooth. Unlike dentures or bridges, implants are surgically placed in the jawbone. In layman’s terms, a dental implant is similar to the natural root of the tooth. It offers a stable foundation for the artificial tooth giving it the look, feel, and function similar to the natural tooth.
The biomechanics of running involves the study of the mechanical principles underlying running movements. It includes the analysis of the running gait cycle, which consists of the stance phase (foot contact to push-off) and the swing phase (foot lift-off to next contact). Key aspects include kinematics (joint angles and movements, stride length and frequency) and kinetics (forces involved in running, including ground reaction and muscle forces). Understanding these factors helps in improving running performance, optimizing technique, and preventing injuries.
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdfOsvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others.
These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH.
Gastritis and Gastric Health
Gastric Health is one of the most relevant concerns in human health, with gastrointestinal infections being among the main illnesses that affect humans.
Among gastric problems, we have GASTRITIS AND GASTRIC ULCERS as the main public health problems. Gastritis and gastric ulcers normally result from inflammation and corrosion of the walls of the stomach (gastric mucosa) and are generally associated (caused) by the bacterium Helicobacter pylor, which, according to the literature, this bacterium settles on these walls (of the stomach) and starts to release urease that ends up altering the normal pH of the stomach (acid), which leads to inflammation and corrosion of the mucous membranes and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
In addition to bacterial infections, gastritis and gastric ulcers are associated with several factors, with emphasis on prolonged fasting, chemical substances including drugs, alcohol, foods with strong seasonings including chilli, which ends up causing inflammation of the stomach walls and/or corrosion. of the same, resulting in the appearance of wounds and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
Among patients with gastritis and/or ulcers, one of the dilemmas is associated with the foods to consume in order to minimize the sensation of pain and discomfort.
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Nano-gold for Cancer Therapy chemistry investigatory projectSIVAVINAYAKPK
chemistry investigatory project
The development of nanogold-based cancer therapy could revolutionize oncology by providing a more targeted, less invasive treatment option. This project contributes to the growing body of research aimed at harnessing nanotechnology for medical applications, paving the way for future clinical trials and potential commercial applications.
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, prompting the need for innovative treatment methods. Nanotechnology offers promising new approaches, including the use of gold nanoparticles (nanogold) for targeted cancer therapy. Nanogold particles possess unique physical and chemical properties that make them suitable for drug delivery, imaging, and photothermal therapy.
Summer is a time for fun in the sun, but the heat and humidity can also wreak havoc on your skin. From itchy rashes to unwanted pigmentation, several skin conditions become more prevalent during these warmer months.
PGx Analysis in VarSeq: A User’s PerspectiveGolden Helix
Since our release of the PGx capabilities in VarSeq, we’ve had a few months to gather some insights from various use cases. Some users approach PGx workflows by means of array genotyping or what seems to be a growing trend of adding the star allele calling to the existing NGS pipeline for whole genome data. Luckily, both approaches are supported with the VarSeq software platform. The genotyping method being used will also dictate what the scope of the tertiary analysis will be. For example, are your PGx reports a standalone pipeline or would your lab’s goal be to handle a dual-purpose workflow and report on PGx + Diagnostic findings.
The purpose of this webcast is to:
Discuss and demonstrate the approaches with array and NGS genotyping methods for star allele calling to prep for downstream analysis.
Following genotyping, explore alternative tertiary workflow concepts in VarSeq to handle PGx reporting.
Moreover, we will include insights users will need to consider when validating their PGx workflow for all possible star alleles and options you have for automating your PGx analysis for large number of samples. Please join us for a session dedicated to the application of star allele genotyping and subsequent PGx workflows in our VarSeq software.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Discover the benefits of homeopathic medicine for irregular periods with our guide on 5 common remedies. Learn how these natural treatments can help regulate menstrual cycles and improve overall menstrual health.
Visit Us: https://drdeepikashomeopathy.com/service/irregular-periods-treatment/
Nutritional deficiency Disorder are problems in india.
It is very important to learn about Indian child's nutritional parameters as well the Disease related to alteration in their Nutrition.
Giloy in Ayurveda - Classical Categorization and SynonymsPlanet Ayurveda
Giloy, also known as Guduchi or Amrita in classical Ayurvedic texts, is a revered herb renowned for its myriad health benefits. It is categorized as a Rasayana, meaning it has rejuvenating properties that enhance vitality and longevity. Giloy is celebrated for its ability to boost the immune system, detoxify the body, and promote overall wellness. Its anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and antioxidant properties make it a staple in managing conditions like fever, diabetes, and stress. The versatility and efficacy of Giloy in supporting health naturally highlight its importance in Ayurveda. At Planet Ayurveda, we provide a comprehensive range of health services and 100% herbal supplements that harness the power of natural ingredients like Giloy. Our products are globally available and affordable, ensuring that everyone can benefit from the ancient wisdom of Ayurveda. If you or your loved ones are dealing with health issues, contact Planet Ayurveda at 01725214040 to book an online video consultation with our professional doctors. Let us help you achieve optimal health and wellness naturally.
3. Congenital Heart Disease
• Congenital heart diseases are abnormalities of the heart
or great vessels that are present at birth.
• Most such disorders arise from faulty embryogenesis
during gestational weeks 3 through 8, when major
cardiovascular structures develop.
Pathogenesis:
• Cause is unknown in almost 90% of cases.
• Environmental factors, such as congenital rubella
infection, are causal in many instances.
• Genetic factors are also clearly involved, as evidenced by
familial forms of congenital heart disease and by well-
defined associations with certain chromosomal
abnormalities (e.g., trisomies 13, 15, 18, and 21 and
Turner syndrome).
4. • Congenital heart diseases subdivided into 3 groups:
1. Malformations causing a left-to-right shunt: increase
pulmonary blood flow, (no cyanosis atleast initially) ->
Increased pressure and volume in pulmonary circulation ->
pulmonary hypertension -> Right ventricular hypertrophy
and shunt reversal -> cyanosis. Eg: VSD, ASD, PDA
2. Malformations causing a right-to-left shunt: pulmonary
circulation is bypassed -> poorly oxygenated blood enters
the systemic circulation -> dusky blueness of the skin
(cyanosis) Eg: cyanotic congenital heart diseases -
tetralogy of fallot, transposition of great arteries, tricuspid
atresia, total anomalous pulmonary venous connection,
persistent truncus arteriosus.
6. 1. VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT
• Incomplete closure of ventricular septum, allowing
free communication of blood between the left to
right ventricles, most common form of congenital
cardiac anomaly
• Most VSDs are associated with other congenital
cardiac anomalies such as tetralogy of Fallot
• About 90% involve the region of the membranous
interventricular septum (membranous VSD).
• The remainder lie below the pulmonary valve
(infundibular VSD) or within the muscular septum.
• Although most VSDs are single, those in the muscular
septum may be multiple (so-called "Swiss-cheese"
septum).
Left-to-right shunts “ACYANOTIC”
7.
8. • i) Volume hypertrophy of the right ventricle.
• ii) Enlargement and haemodynamic changes in tricuspid and
pulmonary valves.
• iii) Endocardial hypertrophy of right ventricle.
• iv) Pressure hypertrophy of the right atrium.
• v) Volume hypertrophy of the left atrium and left ventricle.
• vi) Enlargement and haemodynamic changes in the mitral ,
aortic valves
9. 2. ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT
• An abnormal, fixed opening in the atrial septum caused
by incomplete tissue formation that allows
communication of blood between left and right atria
• ASDs are usually asymptomatic until adulthood
• Three major types of ASDs
• Secundum ASDs (90%) - deficient or fenestrated oval
fossa near the center of the atrial septum.
• Primum anomalies (5%) adjacent to the AV valves.
• Sinus venosus defects (5%) located near the entrance of
the superior vena cava
10. • i) Volume hypertrophy of the right atrium and right ventricle.
• ii) Enlargement and haemodynamic changes of tricuspid and
pulmonary valves.
• iii) Focal or diffuse endocardial hypertrophy of right atrium
and right ventricle.
• iv) Volume atrophy of the left atrium and left ventricle.
• v) Small-sized mitral and aortic orifice
11.
12. 3. Patent Ductus Arteriosus
• PDA results when the ductus arteriosus, an essential fetal
structure that normally spontaneously closes, remains open after
birth and shunts blood from the aorta to pulmonary artery.
• Persistence after 3 months of age is considered abnormal
• i) Volume hypertrophy of the left atrium and left ventricle.
• ii) Enlargement and haemodynamic changes of mitral and
pulmonary valves.
• iii) Enlargement of the ascending aorta
14. Right-to-left shunts “CYANOTIC”
1. Tetralogy of Fallot
• Four cardinal features of TOF are
(1) VSD
(2) obstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract
(pulmonary stenosis)
(3) an aorta that overrides the VSD
(4) right ventricular hypertrophy
• Most common cyanotic congenital heart disease
• Heart is often enlarged and may be "boot-shaped" due to
marked right ventricular hypertrophy, particularly of the
apical region.
• The VSD is usually large
15. • An ASD may be present – pentalogy of fallot
• If the pulmonary stenosis is mild, the abnormality
resembles an isolated VSD, and the shunt may be left-to-
right, without cyanosis (so-called pink tetralogy).
• As the obstruction increases in severity, there is greater
resistance to right ventricular outflow -> right-sided
pressures approach or exceed left-sided pressures -> right-
to-left shunt develops -> cyanosis (classic TOF).
• Most infants with TOF are cyanotic from birth or soon
thereafter
18. TRANSPOSITION OF GREAT
ARTERIES TGA
• Aorta arises from Rt. Ventricle.
• Pulm. Artery arises from Lt. ventricle.
• Separation of systemic and pulmonary circulation
incomplete. Degree of mixing of blood.
• Immediate intervention required.
• Without VSD, with VSD
19.
20. PERSISTENT TRUNCUS
ARTERIOSUS
• the arch that normally separates aorta from
pulmonary artery fails to develop.
• This results in a single large common vessel
receiving blood from the right as well as left
ventricle.
• often an associated VSD.
21.
22. TRICUSPID ATRESIA &
STENOSIS
• Single functional ventricle , absence of tricuspid orifice
and, tricuspid ring is small and the valve cusps are
malformed
• Complete occlusion.
• Interatrial defect “R-L shunting”
• Cyanosis at birth.
• High mortality.
23.
24. OBSTRUCTIVE CONGENITAL
ANOMOLY
• COARCTATION OF AORTA:
• Narrowing, constriction.
• More in male, more in Turners syndrome.
• 2 Forms: 1. “Infantile”/Preductal- 2. “Adult” /Postductal
• Symptoms depend on severity of narrowing.
• Associated with PDA, symptoms appear early.
• Without PDA, adulthood. Murmur. Hypertension in
upper limbs, low pressure in lower limbs- claudication,
cold limbs.
25.
26. PULMONARY STENOSIS AND
ATRESIA
• Obstruction at Pulmyonar Valve. Mild to severe.
• Isolated defect or complex with Fallots
• Rt. Ventricular hypertrophy, obstruction to blood outflow
from Rt ventricle
• Cyanosis.
27. AORTIC STENOSIS AND ATRESIA
• Narrowing an obstruction of Aortic valve.
• 3 Types. 1. Valvular-aortic valve cusps are malformed
• and are irregularly thickened. The aortic valve may
• have one, two or three such maldeveloped cusps.
• Sub valvular - thickening under aortic V.
• Supra valvular-fibrous constriction above valve.
28.
29. Infective Endocarditis
Infective endocarditis (IE) characterized by colonization or
invasion of the heart valves or mural endocardium by
microbe.
vegetations composed of thrombotic debris and
organisms, often associated with destruction of underlying
cardiac tissues.
Classified into acute and subacute forms.
Acute IE - infection of previously normal heart valve by
highly virulent organism that produces necrotizing,
ulcerative, destructive lesions.
Subacute IE - caused by organisms of lower virulence;
insidious infections of deformed valves that are less
destructive
30. Etiology
Bacterial – most common
1. Staph. aureus – acute IE, IV drug users
2. Strep Viridans – most common etiology of
subacute IE
3. Staph epidermidis – prosthetic valves
4. HACEK group
31. Morphology
The hallmark of IE is presence of friable, bulky, potentially
destructive vegetations containing fibrin, inflammatory
cells, and bacteria on heart valves.
The aortic and mitral valves are the most common sites of
infection, although the valves of the right heart may also be
involved, particularly in intravenous drug abusers
May form emboli -> septic infarct
Microscopically, the vegetations of typical subacute IE often
have granulation tissue indicative of healing at their bases.
With time, fibrosis, calcification, and a chronic
inflammatory infiltrate can develop.
32. B
Infective (bacterial)
endocarditis. A: Endocarditis
of mitral valve (subacute,
caused by Streptococcus
viridans). The large, friable
vegetations are denoted
by arrows.
B: Histologic appearance of
vegetation of endocarditis
with extensive acute
inflammatory cells and fibrin
33. Diagnostic criteria for IE – Duke’s Criteria
I. Pathologic criteria
• Microorganisms, demonstrated by culture or histologic
examination, in a vegetation, embolus from vegetation, or
intracardiac abscess
• Histologic confirmation of active endocarditis in vegetation
or intracardiac abscess
II. Clinical criteria
Major
• Blood culture(s) positive for a characteristic organism or
persistently positive for an unusual organism
• Echocardiographic identification of a valve-related or
implant-related mass or abscess, or partial separation of
artificial valve
• New valvular regurgitaion
34. Minor
• Predisposing heart lesion or intravenous drug use
• Fever
• Vascular lesions, including arterial petechiae,
subungual/splinter hemorrhages, emboli, septic infarcts,
mycotic aneurysm, intracranial hemorrhage, Janeway
lesions
• Immunological phenomena, including glomerulonephritis,
Osler nodes, Roth spots, rheumatoid factor
• Microbiologic evidence, including a single culture positive
for unusual organism
• Echocardiographic findings consistent with but not
diagnostic of endocarditis, including worsening or changing
of a preexistent murmur
35. • Diagnosis by these guidelines, called the Duke
Criteria, requires either pathologic or clinical
criteria; if clinical criteria are used, 2 major, 1
major + 3 minor, or 5 minor criteria are required
for diagnosis.
36. Comparison of the 4 major forms of vegetative endocarditis. RHD is marked by small,
warty vegetations along the lines of closure of the valve leaflets. Infective endocarditis
(IE) is characterized by large, irregular masses on the valve cusps that can extend onto
the chordae. Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE) typically exhibits small,
bland vegetations, usually attached at the line of closure. One or many may be
present. Libman-Sacks endocarditis (LSE) has small or medium-sized vegetations on
either or both sides of the valve leaflets.
37. Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD)
Acute Rheumatic Fever (RF)
Def: Acute Post-streptococcal systemic, immune-mediated,
inflammatory disease –affects tendons, joints, muscle, heart,
arteries, brain
Incidence:0.3 to 3 %.
Age: Children and young adults. 5-15 yrs
Sex: Female – more.
Socio-economic status: Poor , overcrowding.
38. • Etiology: Post streptococcal pharyngitis
• Beta Hemolytic streptococci Group A Type
• Mortality and morbidity improved with rapid diagnosis &
treatment
39. Pathophysiology
• Group A streptococcal pharyngitis
• Host immune response to group A streptococcal antigens
that cross-react with host proteins
• Abs , CD4 +T cells directed against M proteins recognise
cardiac Ags
• Complement activation & cytokine production
damage
40.
41. Clinical features
Modified Jones criteria:
The Major diagnostic criteria include –
• Carditis,
•
• Polyarthritis,
• Chorea- Sydenhams
• Subcutaneous nodules-attached to deeper structures
• like tendons, ligaments, fascia or periosteum ; Characteristic
locations are extensor surfaces of the wrists, elbows, ankles ,
knees.
• Erythema marginatum.
42. The Minor diagnostic criteria include
• Fever,
• Arthralgia,
• Previous h/o RF
• Prolonged PR interval on the ECG
• Elevated acute phase reactants (increased
ESR), presence of C-reactive protein, and
leukocytosis.
43. Lab evidence of previous group A streptococcal
pharyngitis is must to diagnose rheumatic fever.
One of the following must be present:
• Positive throat culture or rapid streptococcal
antigen test
• Elevated or rising streptococcal antibody titer
• History of previous rheumatic fever or rheumatic
heart disease
The Jones criteria require the presence of 2 major or 1
major and 2 minor
+ Lab evidence
44. Morphology: Aschoff bodies
• Pathognomonic of RHD
• In interstitial tissue of myocardium , endocardium
• 3-4 weeks to develop.
• Consist T lymphocyte , plasma cells , & macrophages
• Anitschkow cell- cardiac histiocyte/ macrophage
• Cells with abundant cytoplasm , round ovoid nucleus
with slender wavy chromatin condensation(Cater pillar –
longitudinal section)
49. Pathology
• ARF: diffuse inflammation & Aschoff bodies lead
to Pancarditis
• Early stage- Fibrinoid degeneration
• Intermediate stage- Proliferative
• Late stage- Healing
• Inflammation of Endocardium & Left side valves
lead to Fibrinoid necrosis
51. • Overlying necrotic foci and along lines of closure
, small vegetations / verrucae form
• Mac Callum plaques
• Mitral V cardinal changes: leaflet thickening ,
commisural fusion & shortening & thickening
fusion of tendinous cords
52. Valvular lesions
• Mitral stenosis: RF – common cause of Mitral
stenosis, 90%
• Pathology: Mitral valve leaflets, along lines of
closure margins. Diffuse thickening. Fibrosis, fish
mouth or button hole configuration.
• Mitral valves. Most affected
• Mitral + Aortic Valves
• Tricuspid , pulmonary V-rare
57. Diagnosis of RF, RHD
• Clinical
• Electrocardiogram and Imaging studies.
• Laboratory diagnosis:
• Throat swab.
• Culture.
• test for Streptococcal antigen
• ESR, TLC, CRP
• Anti Streptolysin - S and O Rising titer.
• Anti M antibodies.
• Histological findings