The document outlines valvular heart diseases, including how heart valves work and the main types of valve disease. It defines valve disease as occurring when valves do not work properly. The two main types are stenosis, where the valve does not open fully, and regurgitation, where the valve does not close fully. It then describes the anatomy and function of each heart valve and the specific diseases that can affect each one, such as mitral stenosis and mitral regurgitation.

2. VALVULAR HEART DISEASES

3. Outlines and objectives
 Definition of valvular heart diseases.
 How does heart valve work?
 What are the Types of valve disease?

4. Definition:
 Heart valve
disease occur
when your heart
valve do not work
as they should.

5. How does heart valve work?
The heart valves make sure that
blood always in a forward
direction and there is no
backward direction.
 Heart Valves
 Aortic valve
 Mitral valve
 Pulmonary valve
 Tricuspid valve

6. TYPES OF VALVE DISEASE
 STENOSIS.
 REGURGITATION.
 STENOSIS:
Failure of the valve to open completely ,therefore
preventing forward flow is called STENOSIS.
 REGURGITATION:
Failure of the valve to close completely thereby
allowing reversed flow is called REGURGITATION.

8. Types of VALVULAR HEART DISEASES
 Mitral Stenosis
 Mitral Regugitation
 Aortic Stenosis
 Aortic Regugitation
 Tricuspid Stenosis
 Tricuspid
Regugitation
 Pulmonary Stenosis
 Pulmonary
Regugitation

9. What is mitral valve?
 The mitral valve is also known as the bicuspid
valve.
 In normal cardiac physiology, the mitral valve
opens during left ventricular diastole, to allow
blood to flow from the left atrium to the left
ventricle.

10. Mitral valve stenosis
 Abnormal narrowing of mitral valve is known
as mitral valve stenosis.
 The normal thickness of mitral leaflet is 2–4
mm. Usually, thickness of mitral leaflets
increases at the margins in MS and extend
toward body and whole leaflet is thickened in
severe cases. THE ABNORMAL THICKENING of
valve restrict the wall from its normal thus less
amount of blood will be supplied to the body.

11. Etiology
 Chronic rheumatic heart disease(rheumatic
fever)
 Mitral annulus Calcification
 Congenital abnormalities
 Calcium buildup
 Tumors
 Blood clots(Thrombosis)

12. Pathophysiology
 In rheumatic heart disease(is a complication of
rheumatic fever), an autoimmune attack on the
mitral valve produces thickening of the valve
leaflets. The mitral valve is often described as
having a "fish-mouth" appearance. ... Both most
likely contribute to the progressive nature of
mitral stenosis.

14. Risk Factors
STRONG
 Streptococcal infection
 Female gender
WEAK
 Ergot medications
 Serotogenic
medications
 SLE
 Amyloidosis
 Bronchial carcinoid
syndrome

15. Signs and symptoms of mitral stenosis
include
 Heart failure symptoms, such as dyspnea
on exertion,orthopnea and paroxysmal
nocturnal dyspnea (PND)
 Palpitations.
 Chest pain.

16.  Hemoptysis.
 Thromboembolism in later stages when
the left atrial volume is increased (i.e.,
dilation).

17. Diagnostic tests
 Transthoracic echocardiogram.
 Transesophageal echocardiogram.
 Electrocardiogram (ECG).
 Chest X-ray.

18. Mitral Valve Regurgitation
 Mitral valve regurgitation is leakage of blood
backward through the mitral valve each time
the left ventricle contracts. A leaking mitral
valve allows blood to flow in two directions
during the contraction.

20. Pathology of mitral regurgitation
 Regurgitation of blood from left ventricle to the
atrium occurs through out systole. During
diastole, regrtitant blood flows back across the
mitral valve. Left ventricular volume is greatly
increased, being the sum of cardiac out put
plus the regurgitant flow; the left ventricle is
thus dilated and hypertrophied.

21.  The left atrium, which accepts both the
pulmonary venous return and regurgitation flow
is also dilated in chronic cases. Left atrial
pressure and pulmonary venous pressure are
increased. In chronic cases, there is plmonary
fibrosis pulmonary arterial hypertension and
right ventricular hypertrophy followed by
failure. Acute mitral valve regurgitation
produces pulmonary edema and acute left
heart failure.

22. Causes
• Mitral valve regurgitation may develop
suddenly as a result of infective
endocarditis (an infection of the valve) or
because of injury to the valve or its
supporting structures.

23. • The valve or its supporting structures can be
damaged by…
 Heart attack
 Coronary artery disease
• Weakness in the tissues of these structures
(myxomatous degeneration).

24. Risk Factors
 Endocarditis, an infection in your heart
chambers and valves
 Rheumatic fever, an inflammatory condition
that can happen because of strep throat
 A previous heart attack

26. Symptoms
• Fatigue or feeling very tired
• Shortness of breath
• Heart palpitations, or the sense of feeling
your own heartbeat
• Cough (can be a dry cough or a cough with
blood)
• Swelling in your feet and ankles
• Chest pain
• Fainting
• Anxiety

27. DIAGNOSIS
1: Physical examination
2:Echocardiography
3:Electrocardiogram

29. Referances
• Short text book of pathology by
Mohammad Inam Danish.
• General pathology by Firdaus.
• Pathology-Wikipidea

30. Learning outcomes
 Know about valvular heart diseases.
 Understand that how does heart valve
work?
 Know about the Types of valve disease?