The document outlines 6 types of arguments: 1) categorical arguments that determine if something is or isn't, 2) definitional arguments where the definition is contested, 3) cause/consequence arguments about what causes what, 4) metaphor arguments that compare things, 5) evaluation arguments about what is good or bad, and 6) proposal arguments about what should be done. It then provides examples that name the type of argument for various claims about steroid use, toy factories, college athletes, and 9/11.