This document provides guidance on conducting a literature review. It defines a literature review as surveying scholarly sources relevant to a research topic and providing descriptions and evaluations of these sources. The document outlines steps for developing a literature review such as narrowing the topic, searching literature databases, organizing sources, and developing research questions. It also discusses summarizing and synthesizing sources as part of the literature review and provides tips for critically analyzing sources. Finally, the document lists parts of a literature review and potential sources to search like journal articles, conferences, and databases.
This presentation has been made for those who intends to write their thesis or dissertation in the level of masters and Ph.D. I have done this only for the sake of Allah!
A literature review is a survey of academic sources on a particular project topic. It gives an overview of the ebb and flows information, permitting you to distinguish significant hypotheses, strategies, and holes in the current research.
A literature review is to show your reader that you have read, and have a good grasp of, the main published work concerning a particular topic or question in your field.
This presentation has been made for those who intends to write their thesis or dissertation in the level of masters and Ph.D. I have done this only for the sake of Allah!
A literature review is a survey of academic sources on a particular project topic. It gives an overview of the ebb and flows information, permitting you to distinguish significant hypotheses, strategies, and holes in the current research.
A literature review is to show your reader that you have read, and have a good grasp of, the main published work concerning a particular topic or question in your field.
Please See Instructions belowallready have references articles a.docxDIPESH30
Please See Instructions below
allready have references articles and abstract
Strict APA format
No Plageriasm
writing sample appreciated especially if you have completed a literature Review
Literature Review Instructions
What Is a Literature Review?
A literature review is a survey and a discussion of the literature in a given area of study. It is a concise overview of what has been studied, argued, and established about a topic; it is generally organized chronologically or thematically. A literature review is also written in essay format.
A literature review is not an annotated bibliography because it groups related works together and discusses trends and developments rather than focusing on one item at a time. It is also not a summary; rather, a literature review evaluates previous and current research in regards to how relevant and/or useful it is and how it relates to your own research.
Therefore, a literature review is
more
than an annotated bibliography or a summary because you are organizing and presenting your sources in terms of their overall relationship to your problem statement.
A literature review is written to highlight specific arguments and ideas in a field of study. By highlighting these arguments, the writer attempts to show what has been studied in the field and also where there are weaknesses, gaps, or areas needing further study. The literature review must also demonstrate to the reader why the writer’s research is useful, necessary, important, and valid.
Literature reviews can have different types of audiences, so consider why and for whom you are writing your review. For example, many literature reviews are written as a chapter for a thesis or dissertation in order to support a proposal or are written in order to help the writer develop a base of knowledge in a particular business area.
Asking the following questions will assist you in sifting through your sources and organizing your literature review. Remember, your Literature Review organizes the previous research in light of what you are planning to do in your own project.
What's been done in this topic area to date? What are the significant discoveries, key concepts, arguments, and/or theories that scholars have put forward? Which are the important works?
On which particular areas of the topic has previous research concentrated? Have there been developments over time? What methodologies have been used?
Are there any gaps in the research? Are there areas that have not been looked at closely yet but should be? Are there new ways of looking at the topic?
Are there improved methodologies for researching this subject?
What future directions should research in this subject take?
How will your research build on or depart from current and previous research on the topic? What contribution will your research make to the field?
How Do I Organize and Structure the Literature Review?
There are several ways to organize and structure a literature review. Two common way.
Research is "creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge". It involves the collection, organization and analysis of evidence to increase understanding of a topic, characterized by a particular attentiveness to controlling sources of bias and error.
Literature Review
A literature review surveys books, scholarly articles, and any other sources relevant to a particular issue, area of research, or theory, and by so doing, provides a description, summary, and critical evaluation of these works in relation to the research problem being investigated.
Types of literature review
On the purpose of research there are 5 main types of literature review:
Narrative Literature Review
Argumentative Literature Review
Theoretical Literature Review
Integrative Literature Review
Systematic Literature Review
The role of the literature review Your literature review gives y.docxoreo10
The role of the literature review
Your literature review gives your readers an understanding of the evolution of scholarly research on your topic.
In your literature review you will:
•survey the scholarly landscape
•provide a synthesis of the issues, trends, and concepts
•possibly provide some historical background
Throughout the literature review, your emphasis should fall on the current scholarly conversation. This is why the rubric often specifies that you need resources from peer-reviewed journals, published within the last five years of your anticipated graduation date. It's in these recent, peer-reviewed journals that the scholarly debate is being carried out!
The literature review also shows the "gap" in the conversation -- and how your own doctoral study will fill that gap and contribute to the scholarly knowledge. This is where you make the case for the importance and usefulness for your own work.
Searching comprehensively
Your literature review should be as comprehensive as possible -- you want to include all of the relevant resources dealing with your topic. Missing important articles or researchers will significantly weaken your scholarship! So, searching comprehensively becomes important.
To ensuring comprehensiveness:
•Identify the databases that will cover your topic
◦Spend some time reading the descriptions of the databases in your subject area
◦Contact the Library to get advice from a librarian on appropriate databases
◦Some topics cross over subject/theoretical boundaries, and librarians can suggest databases that you may not have considered
•Search in more than one database
◦Some of our databases are huge, containing thousands of journals, but no single database covers every journal relevant to a topic
◦Searching in each relevant database, one at a time, gives you a better sense of control over your search, as well as a more accurate idea of the journals/databases that you've covered
Using a multi-database search (such as Thoreau) is not necessarily recommended; in doing so, you lose the ability to use subject terms and search limits that may be unique to each database.
•Explore resources outside of the databases:
◦Government websites
◦Professional organizations
◦Research groups
◦Think tanks
These can all be important sources of statistics and reliable information. These will not be peer-reviewed resources (i.e. since they are not journals, they do not employ the same sort of editorial process that results in peer-review). Evaluating for reliability is important!
Beyond the Library: Google Scholar
Google Scholar provides a good way to take your search beyond the databases; it searches very broadly and will pull in resources you may not have discovered before.
Google's definition of scholarly includes government sites, think tanks, research organizations, journal websites, and of course colleges and universities.
Unfortunately, there is no way to limit your Google Scholar search to only peer-reviewed res ...
Please See Instructions belowallready have references articles a.docxDIPESH30
Please See Instructions below
allready have references articles and abstract
Strict APA format
No Plageriasm
writing sample appreciated especially if you have completed a literature Review
Literature Review Instructions
What Is a Literature Review?
A literature review is a survey and a discussion of the literature in a given area of study. It is a concise overview of what has been studied, argued, and established about a topic; it is generally organized chronologically or thematically. A literature review is also written in essay format.
A literature review is not an annotated bibliography because it groups related works together and discusses trends and developments rather than focusing on one item at a time. It is also not a summary; rather, a literature review evaluates previous and current research in regards to how relevant and/or useful it is and how it relates to your own research.
Therefore, a literature review is
more
than an annotated bibliography or a summary because you are organizing and presenting your sources in terms of their overall relationship to your problem statement.
A literature review is written to highlight specific arguments and ideas in a field of study. By highlighting these arguments, the writer attempts to show what has been studied in the field and also where there are weaknesses, gaps, or areas needing further study. The literature review must also demonstrate to the reader why the writer’s research is useful, necessary, important, and valid.
Literature reviews can have different types of audiences, so consider why and for whom you are writing your review. For example, many literature reviews are written as a chapter for a thesis or dissertation in order to support a proposal or are written in order to help the writer develop a base of knowledge in a particular business area.
Asking the following questions will assist you in sifting through your sources and organizing your literature review. Remember, your Literature Review organizes the previous research in light of what you are planning to do in your own project.
What's been done in this topic area to date? What are the significant discoveries, key concepts, arguments, and/or theories that scholars have put forward? Which are the important works?
On which particular areas of the topic has previous research concentrated? Have there been developments over time? What methodologies have been used?
Are there any gaps in the research? Are there areas that have not been looked at closely yet but should be? Are there new ways of looking at the topic?
Are there improved methodologies for researching this subject?
What future directions should research in this subject take?
How will your research build on or depart from current and previous research on the topic? What contribution will your research make to the field?
How Do I Organize and Structure the Literature Review?
There are several ways to organize and structure a literature review. Two common way.
Research is "creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge". It involves the collection, organization and analysis of evidence to increase understanding of a topic, characterized by a particular attentiveness to controlling sources of bias and error.
Literature Review
A literature review surveys books, scholarly articles, and any other sources relevant to a particular issue, area of research, or theory, and by so doing, provides a description, summary, and critical evaluation of these works in relation to the research problem being investigated.
Types of literature review
On the purpose of research there are 5 main types of literature review:
Narrative Literature Review
Argumentative Literature Review
Theoretical Literature Review
Integrative Literature Review
Systematic Literature Review
The role of the literature review Your literature review gives y.docxoreo10
The role of the literature review
Your literature review gives your readers an understanding of the evolution of scholarly research on your topic.
In your literature review you will:
•survey the scholarly landscape
•provide a synthesis of the issues, trends, and concepts
•possibly provide some historical background
Throughout the literature review, your emphasis should fall on the current scholarly conversation. This is why the rubric often specifies that you need resources from peer-reviewed journals, published within the last five years of your anticipated graduation date. It's in these recent, peer-reviewed journals that the scholarly debate is being carried out!
The literature review also shows the "gap" in the conversation -- and how your own doctoral study will fill that gap and contribute to the scholarly knowledge. This is where you make the case for the importance and usefulness for your own work.
Searching comprehensively
Your literature review should be as comprehensive as possible -- you want to include all of the relevant resources dealing with your topic. Missing important articles or researchers will significantly weaken your scholarship! So, searching comprehensively becomes important.
To ensuring comprehensiveness:
•Identify the databases that will cover your topic
◦Spend some time reading the descriptions of the databases in your subject area
◦Contact the Library to get advice from a librarian on appropriate databases
◦Some topics cross over subject/theoretical boundaries, and librarians can suggest databases that you may not have considered
•Search in more than one database
◦Some of our databases are huge, containing thousands of journals, but no single database covers every journal relevant to a topic
◦Searching in each relevant database, one at a time, gives you a better sense of control over your search, as well as a more accurate idea of the journals/databases that you've covered
Using a multi-database search (such as Thoreau) is not necessarily recommended; in doing so, you lose the ability to use subject terms and search limits that may be unique to each database.
•Explore resources outside of the databases:
◦Government websites
◦Professional organizations
◦Research groups
◦Think tanks
These can all be important sources of statistics and reliable information. These will not be peer-reviewed resources (i.e. since they are not journals, they do not employ the same sort of editorial process that results in peer-review). Evaluating for reliability is important!
Beyond the Library: Google Scholar
Google Scholar provides a good way to take your search beyond the databases; it searches very broadly and will pull in resources you may not have discovered before.
Google's definition of scholarly includes government sites, think tanks, research organizations, journal websites, and of course colleges and universities.
Unfortunately, there is no way to limit your Google Scholar search to only peer-reviewed res ...
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
2. What is literature review?
The terms literature search, literature review and
literature survey are one and the same and these are
used interchangeably.
It means, in simple words, going through what is
already said (published) about the topic/aspect you
have chosen to research.
3. What is literature review?
A literature review surveys scholarly articles, books
and other sources (e.g. dissertations, conference
proceedings) relevant to a particular issue, area of
research, or theory, providing a description, summary,
and critical evaluation of each work.
4.
5. How to decide that it is a good review
A good literature vs poor one
A synthesis of
available research
Annotated
bibliography
Is a critical
evaluation
Confined to
description
Has appropriate
breadth and depth
Narrow and shallow
Has clarity confusing
Uses rigorous and
consistent method
Constructed in an
arbitrary way
6. Questions to ASK
How much literature do I need to look at?
How far do I need to go in reviewing the literature?
What related idea do I need to explore?
What literature provides a framework for my research?
7. Questions To ask about your Review
Do I have specific research question which my review serves?
What is the scope of my literature? What type of publications am I
using?
Have I critically reviewed my literature?
Relationship between the problem and the literature?
8. What do I need now to start literature review?
● Do you really understand the topic (I need to understand)
● Do you know the keywords and phrases (I need to build the knowledge)
● I need to know the research topics in the field
● I need start searching
● To Take references
● To Start filling the gaps
● To Start coming with research questions
9. Steps Before specifying a research problem
1. Narrow your topic and select papers accordingly
https://ohiostate.pressbooks.pub/ch
oosingsources/chapter/narrowing-a
-topic/
10. Steps Before specifying a research problem
2. Search for literature
Define your source selection criteria (ie. articles published between a specific date range, focusing on a specific
geographic region, or using a specific methodology). Using keywords, search a library database.
Reference lists of recent articles and reviews can lead to other useful papers. Include any studies contrary to your point
of view.
3. Organize the selected papers by looking for patterns and by developing
subtopics
4. Develop a thesis or purpose statement
5. Specify the research questions
11. After specifying the research problem
A literature review usually combines both summary and
synthesis of the sources.
A summary is a recap of the important information of the
source; A synthesis is a re-organization, or a reshuffling,
of that information.
12. After specifying the research problem
Try to gain some impression of what the source is about;
what a question or questions the author is trying to answer;
how the source is structured, and whether, in fact, the
questions tackled and the answers put forward are relevant
to your needs.
This involves locating the parts of the source where your
questions are dealt with. You must then look for the answers
or conclusions that the author has drawn, and also at how
the author arrived at them.
13. After specifying the research problem
Supposing that you have extracted the relevant information
from the written report, you must now record your data in
note form, so that later you can retrieved it and use it
easily at the appropriate stage.
14. Parts of the literature review
https://libguides.reading.ac.uk/food-
research-project/literature-review
15. When reading the review of an article
Has the author formulated a problem/issue?
Is the problem clearly articulated?
What are the strengths and limitations of the way the author has
formulated the problem or the issue?
How accurate the analysis is?
Is this reference that contribute to our understanding of the problem?
How does this article fit into the question/thesis I am developing?
16. Where should i search?
- Journal articles
- Top conferences
- thesis/dissertation
- Symposium proceeding
- Annual reports
17. Now write lr
Through LR, rationalize the ideas and the references
Understand the structure of the subject
Identify methodologies and techniques that have been used
Placing the research in historical context
20. Check this for interesting videos
https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1LbN3FVAWjZF87UaOHkwA
4R20WWErJG7RlGoUBsRnzO4/edit#slide=id.g8eb899869b_0_68