How to write a research paper: How to write a research paper?
The research paper can be considered as the living thing which grows and changes as the student explores, interprets and evaluates sources related to a specific topic. Steps to write a research paper:
• Choose your topic.
• Begin your search.
• Making an outline.
• Write your paper.
A literature review is a search and evaluation of the available literature in your given subject or chosen topic area. It documents the state of the art with respect to the subject or topic you are writing about. It surveys the literature in your chosen area of study.
UGPTI communications coordinator Tom Jirik discussed guidelines, issues and concerns related to academic writing at the Fall 2015 orientation for students in the NDSU Transportation and Logistics Program. Enrico Sassi, director of the NDSU Graduate Center for Writers, provided an overview of the center’s services and discussed ways to avoid plagiarism.
Research Methodology: Syllabus Design and IntroductionDilip Barad
Research Methodology in Humanities, especially, in English literary studies is important to the aspirants of M.Phil, Ph.D. or to the research scholars/teachers who wish to apply for minor or major research projects to UGC or similar funding agencies. This presentation gives an outline of model syllabus for such courses. It also presents some views of Richard Altick and John Fenstermaker from 'The Art of Literary Research'.
How to write a research paper: How to write a research paper?
The research paper can be considered as the living thing which grows and changes as the student explores, interprets and evaluates sources related to a specific topic. Steps to write a research paper:
• Choose your topic.
• Begin your search.
• Making an outline.
• Write your paper.
A literature review is a search and evaluation of the available literature in your given subject or chosen topic area. It documents the state of the art with respect to the subject or topic you are writing about. It surveys the literature in your chosen area of study.
UGPTI communications coordinator Tom Jirik discussed guidelines, issues and concerns related to academic writing at the Fall 2015 orientation for students in the NDSU Transportation and Logistics Program. Enrico Sassi, director of the NDSU Graduate Center for Writers, provided an overview of the center’s services and discussed ways to avoid plagiarism.
Research Methodology: Syllabus Design and IntroductionDilip Barad
Research Methodology in Humanities, especially, in English literary studies is important to the aspirants of M.Phil, Ph.D. or to the research scholars/teachers who wish to apply for minor or major research projects to UGC or similar funding agencies. This presentation gives an outline of model syllabus for such courses. It also presents some views of Richard Altick and John Fenstermaker from 'The Art of Literary Research'.
This presentation defines and provides examples of primary and secondary sources in the Humanities, the Social Sciences, and the Sciences. It also discusses where primary sources can be found.
Testing Reviewer Suggestions Derived from Bibliometric Specialty Approximatio...Nadine Rons
Many contemporary research funding instruments and research policies aim for excellence at the level of individual scientists, teams or research programmes. Good bibliometric approximations of related specialties could be useful for instance to help assign reviewers to applications. This paper reports findings on the usability of reviewer suggestions derived from a recently developed specialty approximation method combining key sources, title words, authors and references (Rons, 2018). Reviewer suggestions for applications for Senior Research Fellowships were made available to the evaluation coordinators. Those who were invited to review an application showed a normal acceptance rate, and responses from experts and coordinators contained no indications of mismatched scientific focus. The results confirm earlier indications that this specialty approximation method can successfully support tasks in research management.
Poster presented at the 23rd International Conference on Science and Technology Indicators (STI 2018) "Science, Technology and Innovation indicators in transition", Leiden, The Netherlands, 12-14 September 2018 (http://sti2018.cwts.nl/).
Paper: Rons, N. (2018). Testing Reviewer Suggestions Derived from Bibliometric Specialty Approximations in Real Research Evaluations. In: Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Science and Technology Indicators (STI 2018) "Science, Technology and Innovation indicators in transition", 12-14 September 2018, Leiden, the Netherlands, Rodrigo Costas, Thomas Franssen, Alfredo Yegros-Yegros (Eds.), 170-173 (http://hdl.handle.net/1887/65261).
The necessity of related literature search and review exercises in dissertati...inventionjournals
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The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
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1. REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND THESIS WRITING
Dr.R.Kalidasan
Assistant Professor (Selection Grade)
Department of Physical Education and Yoga
Bharathidasan University
Tiruchirappalli-620 024
11/7/2017 1Kalidasan - RRL, BDU
2. 11/7/2017 Kalidasan - RRL, BDU 2
A 5-day National-level Training Programme on
Thesis Writing: From Copper Strip to Gold Bar
organised by Centre for Technical and Academic Writing, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli
on 31st October 2017, 3.45 pm to 5.15 pm
REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND THESIS WRITING
An overview of the presentation:
Research - overview
Thesis format (General format – Chapters)
Selection of Research topic using Review of Related Literature
Review of Literature – Intro
Need of Literature review in research
Purpose of Literature review
Locating the relevant literature
Identify resources
Minimum No. of sources in Review of Related Literature
Techniques of organising of Review of Related Literature
Classification of literature
Structure and writing style of Review of Related Literature
Common errors / mistakes in Review of Related Literature
List of Database and open source details
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RESEARCH
The word research derives from the French
recherche, from rechercher, to search closely where
"chercher" means "to search”.
Research is scientific and systematic approach to find
an answer.
Problem & answer
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Why we do research?
Degree
Awards and Honours
Recognition
Fellowship / scholarship
Contribution to the society by invention
Patent
Name and fame
Money
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S.No University Nos Country
1 Harvard University 133 United States
2 University of Cambridge 97 United Kingdom
3 Columbia University 96 United States
4 University of California, Berkeley 94 United States
5 University of Chicago 92 United States
6 Massachusetts Institute of Technology 88 United States
7 Stanford University 67 United States
8 University of Oxford 66 United Kingdom
9 Yale University 58 United States
10 Cornell University 57 United States
11 California Institute of Technology 48 United States
11 University of Paris 48 France
13 Princeton University 43 United States
14 Georg August University of Gottingen 42 Germany
15 Humboldt University, Berlin 41 Germany
Top 15 Universities – No. of Nobel laureatesWorld’s first University
Research and Sports in India
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Challenges
Academic dishonesty
Lack of originality
Plagiarism
Purposeless research
Lack of creative
Critical thinking in academics as well as researchers
Interference from the ....
Albert P’rayan, The Hindu, 30th October 2017
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THESIS WRITING
General format
5 to 9 Chapter
Three major sections
Back Materials
Body
Front Materials
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Format Fields
MLA Format English, foreign language, literature and humanities
APA Format Social sciences, education, engineering and business
Chicago Format History, economics and social sciences
AAA Format Anthropology and ethnography
CSE Format Biological sciences
AMA Format Biomedical sciences, medicine and nursing
ACS Format Chemistry
AIP Format Physics
Bluebook Format American academic legal writing
Style manual
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Front materials or Preliminary materials
Title page
Certificate by the supervisor (Approval page)
Declaration (by the investigator)
Vita
Dedication (God, Father, Mother and Wife)
Acknowledgement or Preface (to those helped)
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures (Diagram, Graphs and Photo)
List of Flow charts
Abstract
Abbreviations
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Body of the thesis / dissertation
Chapter-I Introduction
Chapter-II Review of related literature
Chapter-III Methodology / Procedure / Methods
Chapter-IV Analysis and interpretation of data /
Analysis of data, result and discussion
Chapter-V Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations
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Back materials (or) Supplementary materials
Bibliography
(All references combined in alphabetical order)
Appendix / Appendices
(Extra materials – raw data, training schedules,
questionnaire, certificates and so on)
Reprints
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Size of a thesis - norms
Ph.D. thesis 75,000 to 1,00,000 words (300 pages – BDU)
P.G. thesis 5,000 to 25,000 words
M.Phil. thesis in-between
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Ph.D. thesis title - "Non Cooperative Games“
Year – 1950
University – Princeton (United states)
Ph.D. thesis total no. of pages - 26
Bibliography – 2
John Nash
Nobel Prize winning mathematician
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To identify the research gap to purse the
original research in any the field
Ways to identify the research gap
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Golden fish
1. Reviews of literature
2. Meta-analysis
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Review of literature
Gather mountain of information
(some say 500 literatures – at Ph.D. level)
Read many papers and learn from the
both the good and the bad work of others
on a particular
Exploring a topic from the gaps
Developing a research question
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Significance and rationale
Developing study theory
Designing method
22. Literature
Written work
Writing (creative writing)
Literary texts
Books & writings published on a particular subject
Art form
Word origin
‘littera’- ‘litteratura’ – ‘letter’ (Latin, French) - literature (English)
Definition - Literature (research)
“... a collection of all scholarly writing on a topic”.
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23. Review
A formal assessment / analysis / evaluation....
A critical appraisal of a book, ....
Word origin
‘revoir’- ‘reveue’ (French) - review (English)
Snapshots
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24. RL - Review of Literature
RRL - Review of Related Literature
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Definition
Literature review is ....
‘an interpretation and synthesis of
published work’ - Merrian (1988)
A synthesis of studies on any given topic.
A literature review surveys, summarizes,
and links together research in a given
field.
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Analysis of the literature (overview previous research)
Organised around the concept
Description of understanding of the
state of knowledge about the topic
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Literature review in research
A text of a scholarly paper / work
Theoretical and methodological contributions
to a particular topic
Literature reviews are secondary sources, and
do not report new or original experimental
work.
28. NEED FOR LITERATURE REVIEW IN RESEARCH
to ensure a thorough understanding of the topic
to identify potential areas for research
to identify similar (nature) work done within the area
identifying knowledge gaps that demand further investigation
to compare previous findings
to critique existing findings and suggest further studies
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31. Identify Resources
•Books / Book chapter
•Journals (and other periodicals)
•Dissertations / Theses
•Conference proceedings
•Conference article / papers
•Bibliographies
•Maps
•Indexes/Abstracts printed
•Electronic Databases
•Government publications
•Interviews and other unpublished research
•Newspaper, Magazine, series, protocols, reference works
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32. Minimum no. of source in review of literature
It depends on
topic
nature of research project
level of scholarship / fellowship
number of other factors
Doctoral thesis
50 +
80 to 100 sources
60 to 120 sources
100 pages – at least 100 sources
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33. Minimum number of sources
Research paper
10 pages of content – at least 10 sources
3 times the no. of pages in the body of paper
(ie 3 X 10 =30 sources)
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34. Techniques for organising of review of literature
1. Chronological order
2. Topical order / Questions
3. Geographical order
4. General-to-specific order
5. Specific-to-general order
6. Advancements order
7. Problem-cause-solution order11/7/2017 34Kalidasan - RRL, BDU
35. Chronological order
Organize the literature by the
dates the research was
published
2017, 2016, 2015, …
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36. Topical Order
Organize by
omain topics / theme / issues / questions
oHeading, sub heading ….
oemphasize the relationship of the issues
to the main “problem”
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Geographical order
Studies arrange on different
region
Ex.Asia, Africa, Europe,…
Ex.North, East, West, South
38. General-to-Specific Order
(Funnel approach)
Examine broad-based research first and then focus
on specific studies that relate to the topic
Ex. Studies on General fitness
Studies on Specific fitness
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39. Specific-to-General Order
Try to make discuss specific
research studies so conclusions
can be drawn
Ex. Studies on Hockey
Studies on other games
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Advancements order
Organize the review on the basis
of each advancement.
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Arrange the reviews using
•Mind map (Free mind software)
•Argument map
•Flow chart of ideas
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Mind map
Title
Influences of autogenic training and yogic
practices on selected Physiological and
Psychological variables among stress effected
students
Free mind software
STRESS AFFECTED STUDENTS
Studies on Physiological variables Studies on Psychological variables
SUMMARYHeart rate
Blood pressure
Anxiety
Aggression
44. Classification of literature review
• Long literature review
Typically done for
theses / dissertation &
some journal articles
Dozens studies
Organised by THEME
• Short literature review
Around 10 or less
studies
Often organised by
AUTHOR but the
THEMATIC organised
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Assessing the review of literature
Qualification
Neutrality
Credibility
Worth
Source
Open source / Peer reviewed / Subscribed journals /
Commercial source
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While taking literature from WEB SOURCES
always evaluating with 5C
•Credibility
•Content
•Currency
•Construction
•Connectivity
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Common mistake in writing RL
Copying the abstract of research
article / paper and putting it in the
review chapter is not right way in
documenting the RRL.
“Writing an abstract is more difficult
than writing paper”
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It is always better to read an article /
paper then writing the literature
review is an ideal / appropriate way.
Unwanted information can be avoid.
“Poor reader cannot be a good writer”
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Structure and Writing style of RRL
Introduction (Problem formulation, aim, objectives,
significance & rationale …)
Material & Methods (Methodology)
(Sample, Variables, Test / Tool / Technique,
Design, Treatment / intervention, Data analysis
– Statistics, …)
Results (Analysis & interpretation, ….Conclusion)
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POINTS TO BE CONSIDERED WHILE WRITING REVIEWS
Convince the reader that the research area is significant /
important /interesting
Your research will fill some important or interesting gap or
address important limitation or deficiency
Precise direction (Signpost)
Historical context for your research guided
Explain and justify your choice of theoretical framework
Introduce relevant terminology and provide definition to
clarity how terms are to be used
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Quoting of own (self) studies can
also be part of review of literature.
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Summary
At the end of the Review of related literature
chapter, a summary has to be provided
No. of sources details (can be given sub-
heading wise also)
Year-wise sources rate in bar diagram form in
thesis
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0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2006 2003 2002
5
2
4
5
3
1 1 1
2
Reviews
Year
Hockey
Figure-2.1 The year wise productivity of literature related in hockey
55. 11/7/2017 Kalidasan - RRL, BDU 55
Common errors made in Literature reviews
isn’t logically organized
isn’t focused on most important facets of the study
doesn’t relate literature to the study
isn’t written in author’s own words
reads like a series of disjointed summaries
doesn’t argue a point
references are omitted
carrying too few references or outdated references cited
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•Reference & purpose (Author(s), Title, Journal, Year of published, purpose)
•Subjects (Nos., Subject characteristics, Sample design)
•Data (Year of collected)
•Variables (Control & Intervention)
•Conclusion
•Comments
COMPILATION OF LITERATURE REVIEWS IN EXCEL FORMAT
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Sentences
Express one idea in a sentence. Ensure that all your sentences have
a subject, verb and object.
Paragraphs
Group sentences that express and develop one aspect of your topic.
Use a new paragraph for another aspect or another topic.
Consistent Grammar
Use sentences and paragraphs with appropriate use of commas,
colours and semi-colours. Incorrect use of punctuation can affect
the meaning.
Transition Words
Use words that link paragraphs and which show contrast and
development to your argument e.g. ‘hence’, ‘therefore’, ‘but’,
‘thus’, ‘as a result’, ‘in contrast’.
Tips on writing
58. 11/7/2017 Kalidasan - RRL, BDU 58
Electronic database
Open source
Commercial / Subscripted electronic source
Single database does not
cover every relevant article
74. e Shodh Sindhu
Provides access to e-resources (e-journals and e-
books) to Universities, Colleges and Centrally
Funded Technical Institutions in INDIA11/7/2017 74Kalidasan - RRL, BDU
79. 11/7/2017 Kalidasan - RRL, BDU 79
Sl.No. Database Area
1. EMBASE Medical literature
2. MEDLINE Medical literature
3. SPORTDiscus Sports Medicine
4. CINAHIL Allied Health
5. PsychINFO Sport Psychology
6. PsychARTICLES Sport Psychology
OTHER DATA BASE
80. 11/7/2017 Kalidasan - RRL, BDU 80
Free Online Journal and
Research Databases for
Academics
81. 11/7/2017 Kalidasan - RRL, BDU 81
Humanities/Social Sciences
•Artcyclopedia
•Digital History
•Education Resources Information Center
•Encyclopedia of Psychology
•Fold3
•LexisWeb
•Library of Anglo - American Culture & History
•Literary Encyclopedia
•National Criminal Justice Reference Service
•Open Library of Humanities (OLH)
•PhilPapers
•POPLINE
•Psycline
•PubPsych
•Social Science Research Network
•State Legislative Websites Directory
•The SocioWeb
•University of Oxford Text Archive
•VET-Bib
•WikiArc
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Multidisciplinary
•Academic Index
•Archives Hub
•BASE: Bielefeld Academic Search Engine
•Catalog of U.S. Government Publications
•CIA World Factbook
•CiteULike
•CogPrints
•CORE
•De Gruyter Open
•Digital Library of the Commons Repository
•Directory of Open Access Journals
•EBSCOhost American Doctoral Dissertation Database
•EThOS
•Google Books
•Google Correlate
•Google Scholar
•iSEEK Education
•JSTOR: Journal Storage
•JURN
•Library of Congress
•Microsoft Academic Search
•National Archives
•OAIster
•OASIS
•OpenDOAR
•Oxford Journals
•Paperity
•ResearchGate
•SafetyLit
•Scientific Electronic Library Online
•Smithsonian
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Business / Economics
•EconBiz
•EconLit
•EconStor
•EDGAR Search
•IDEAS
•Inomics
•National Bureau of Economic Research
84. 11/7/2017 Kalidasan - RRL, BDU 84
Science / Medicine
•AGRICOLA: Agricultural Online Access
•AGRIS
•Analytical Sciences Digital Library
•Astrophysics Data System
•Bioline International
•BioMed Central
•CancerData
•CERN Document Server
•CHBD: Circumpolar Health Bibliographic Database
•ChemBioFinder
•Dryad
•Elsevier Open Access Journals
•Europe PMC
•HighWire
•HubMed
•IARP
•MyScienceWork
•National Agricultural Library
•PubChem
•Pubget
•Public Library of Science
•PubMed
•Retina
•Science.gov
•ScienceOpen
•Scientillion
•SciTech Connect
•Semantic Scholar
•VADLO
•Institution Research Information System
•Sparrho
•SpringerLink
•The British Library Catalogues & Collections
•Wiley Online Library
•WorldWideScience.org
•Zenodo
87. 11/7/2017 Kalidasan - RRL, BDU 87
To be a successful researcher, one needs
Passion
Motivation
Interest
Willing to work hard
Hunger for learning
Willing to accept criticism
