Review presentation of biofuels based on microalgae with focus on Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The presentation includes microalgal biomass production process and the latest research on C. reinhardtii organisms such as genome and genetic engineering.
Might be interesting for students and others who are interested in microalgal biofuels.
A biofuel is a hydrocarbon that is made BY or FROM a living organism that we humans can use to power something. A thorough research work has been carried out by few of the colleagues(me & my MBA mates) to analyze the potential for the algae fuel and how can it be made commercially viable.
A variety of fuels can be made from biomassi resources including the liquid fuels ethanol, methanol, biodiesel, Fischer-Tropsch diesel, and gaseous fuels such as hydrogen and methane. Biofuels research and development is composed of three main areas: producing the fuels, applications and uses of the fuels, and distribution infrastructure.
Biofuels are primarily used to fuel vehicles, but can also fuel engines or fuel cells for electricity generation. For information about the use of biofuels in vehicles, see the Alternative Fuel Vehicle page under Vehicles. See the Vehicles page for information about the biofuels distribution infrastructure. See the Hydrogen and Fuel Cells page for more information about hydrogen as a fuel.
A powerpoint presentation on biofuels . Application , manufacture , advantages and disadvantages of biofuels also included . Presentation based on sustainable devolopment . A useful powerpoint presentation for engineering students . GO GREEN . Thank you .
A biofuel is a hydrocarbon that is made BY or FROM a living organism that we humans can use to power something. A thorough research work has been carried out by few of the colleagues(me & my MBA mates) to analyze the potential for the algae fuel and how can it be made commercially viable.
A variety of fuels can be made from biomassi resources including the liquid fuels ethanol, methanol, biodiesel, Fischer-Tropsch diesel, and gaseous fuels such as hydrogen and methane. Biofuels research and development is composed of three main areas: producing the fuels, applications and uses of the fuels, and distribution infrastructure.
Biofuels are primarily used to fuel vehicles, but can also fuel engines or fuel cells for electricity generation. For information about the use of biofuels in vehicles, see the Alternative Fuel Vehicle page under Vehicles. See the Vehicles page for information about the biofuels distribution infrastructure. See the Hydrogen and Fuel Cells page for more information about hydrogen as a fuel.
A powerpoint presentation on biofuels . Application , manufacture , advantages and disadvantages of biofuels also included . Presentation based on sustainable devolopment . A useful powerpoint presentation for engineering students . GO GREEN . Thank you .
Microalgal applications for biofuel productionSAIMA BARKI
Finding alternate to fossil fuels and 21st century,,
The use of microalgae as an alternate for fossil fuel, need of hour not because of political concerns but because required for the food security of next generations.
In this world of concerns regarding depletion of fossil fuels, pollution control and other factors leading to threat of man kind survival a way of producing biodiesel from algae which can be a source of alternative fuel. Lots of methods and sources being used for producing biodiesel but from algae one can produce high amount of biodiesel depending on the type of species or strain selected and this way this is a viable and feasible method to produce biodiesel.....
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to examine the increasing economic feasibility of algae biofuels. Algae can be grown in places where traditional crops cannot be grown and it consumes carbon dioxide, thus making it better than traditional sources of biofuels. It can also be harvested every 10 days thus making its oil yield per acre 200 times higher than corn and 40 times higher than sunflowers. The problem is that harvesting and extracting the algae requires large amounts of labor and energy (drying) and the algae may damage surrounding eco-systems. Thus new and better processes along with large scale production are needed to solve these problems. These slides discuss the various approaches (open pond, photo-bioreactor, fermentation), their advantages and disadvantages, their existing and future costs, and other improvements that are driving steadily falling costs. In the short term, algae will continue to be used in niche applications such as cosmetics, food, and fertilizers. In the long run, as the cost reductions continue, algae might become a major source of fuel for transportation and other applications.
PowerPoint Presentation for Microalgae Undergraduate Research Project at UPRA...Joseph Barnes
This is the PowerPoint presentation I prepared for my research project which is attempting to enhance the growth of microalgae for purposes of generated biofuel. This presentation covers my undergraduate research project at the UPRA during the fall semester of 2014 under the department of physics and chemistry. The phase in the research covered by this presentation involves attempting to grow C. vulgaris, a green microalgae, to the density of 1 gram per liter or more by supplementing the growth media with carbon dioxide gas. Unfortunately, although we failed to reach our mark of 1 g/L, we did learn how mixing carbon dioxide gas with aeration is better than directly injecting the gas into the growth media. Also, we were able to improve the biomass density compared to our earlier attempts.
Samir Khanal, Professor of Biological Engineering Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering at UHM, describes an integrated approach in converting biomass into biofuel and biobased products. Slides from the REIS seminar series at the University of Hawaii at Manoa on 2009-10-22.
Microalgal applications for biofuel productionSAIMA BARKI
Finding alternate to fossil fuels and 21st century,,
The use of microalgae as an alternate for fossil fuel, need of hour not because of political concerns but because required for the food security of next generations.
In this world of concerns regarding depletion of fossil fuels, pollution control and other factors leading to threat of man kind survival a way of producing biodiesel from algae which can be a source of alternative fuel. Lots of methods and sources being used for producing biodiesel but from algae one can produce high amount of biodiesel depending on the type of species or strain selected and this way this is a viable and feasible method to produce biodiesel.....
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to examine the increasing economic feasibility of algae biofuels. Algae can be grown in places where traditional crops cannot be grown and it consumes carbon dioxide, thus making it better than traditional sources of biofuels. It can also be harvested every 10 days thus making its oil yield per acre 200 times higher than corn and 40 times higher than sunflowers. The problem is that harvesting and extracting the algae requires large amounts of labor and energy (drying) and the algae may damage surrounding eco-systems. Thus new and better processes along with large scale production are needed to solve these problems. These slides discuss the various approaches (open pond, photo-bioreactor, fermentation), their advantages and disadvantages, their existing and future costs, and other improvements that are driving steadily falling costs. In the short term, algae will continue to be used in niche applications such as cosmetics, food, and fertilizers. In the long run, as the cost reductions continue, algae might become a major source of fuel for transportation and other applications.
PowerPoint Presentation for Microalgae Undergraduate Research Project at UPRA...Joseph Barnes
This is the PowerPoint presentation I prepared for my research project which is attempting to enhance the growth of microalgae for purposes of generated biofuel. This presentation covers my undergraduate research project at the UPRA during the fall semester of 2014 under the department of physics and chemistry. The phase in the research covered by this presentation involves attempting to grow C. vulgaris, a green microalgae, to the density of 1 gram per liter or more by supplementing the growth media with carbon dioxide gas. Unfortunately, although we failed to reach our mark of 1 g/L, we did learn how mixing carbon dioxide gas with aeration is better than directly injecting the gas into the growth media. Also, we were able to improve the biomass density compared to our earlier attempts.
Samir Khanal, Professor of Biological Engineering Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering at UHM, describes an integrated approach in converting biomass into biofuel and biobased products. Slides from the REIS seminar series at the University of Hawaii at Manoa on 2009-10-22.
The topic is captioned as Green genes- a promising fuel source for future..the ppt describes about biofuel and its forms..mainly focused on biodiesel and its present status, applications etc.,
Introduction
Evolution of biofuels
Biofuel production methods
Target areas for biotechnological interventions
Current research and developments
Success stories
Applications
Future line
Summary
Conclusion
Green genes
Green genes- plants and algae
Hydrocarbons, polysaccharides and triacylglycerides -precursors for biofuel
Biofuel
From renewable biological processes
Forms of biofuel:
Biodiesel
Bioethanol
Biomethane
Biohydrogen
Biodegradable and ecofriendly
Major sources- plants and algae
Evolution of biofuel
Biomethane
Agricultural waste, manure, plant material, green waste, etc.
Anaerobic digestion
Cooking
Compressed biomethane - vehicle
Biohydrogen
Source - algal biomass
Biological process – fermentation
Organic acid as substrate – higher fermentation rate
Fuel for vehicles
Bioethanol from lignocellulose biomass
Presence of lignin in vascular tissue - barrier
Enzymatic digestion of lignin - improve plant carbohydrate production
Genes encoding enzymes hydroxyphyl (H), guaiacyl (G) and syringyl (S) - building blocks of lignin
Antisense constructs to knock out genes encoding enzymes
…bioethanol from lignocellulose biomass
Mature stem harvested - late flowering stage
Plants with least lignin have high carbohydrate level
Hydroxycinnamoyl - highly contributes for lignin blocking than enzymes like C 3-H and C 4-H
C 4H : Cinnamate 4-hydroxylase
HCT : Shikimate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase
C 3-H : Coumaroyl shikimate 3-hydroxylase
CCoAOMT : Caffeoyl CoA 3-O-methyltransferase
F 5-H: Ferulate 5-hydroxylase
COMT: Caffeic acid 3-O-methyltransferase
Higher saccharification efficiency - transgenic lines
Pathway - conserved across plant kingdom
Targeted genes - candidate genes for improving saccharification in bioenergy crops like jatropha, switchgrass etc.
Biodiesel from algal biomass
Photosynthetic, heterotrophic organisms
Potential for cultivation as energy crops
Microalgal species with oil content
Why microalgae than plants?
More oil yield
Small area of land
Lesser need of labour, nutrients and water
Grow rapidly with high solar energy conversion efficiency
Wider adaptability
Current research and developments
Offshore Membrane Enclosure for Growing Algae (OMEGA) system
Success stories
Applications
General introduction of Biorefineries.
Some research papers to support my study on biorefineries.
Classification of biorefinery systems in four main features.
The economic viability of Biorefinery systems.
Environmental impacts of biorefinery systems.
Biorefinery prospects in India.
Merits and Demerits of these systems.
Applicability of biorefineries.
Figures show the process of biorefinery, Concept, conceptual biorefinery, a schematic diagram of classification, biorefinery model, etc.
What is a biogas plant Types process advantages and disadvantagesoviyadayalamoorthi
A biogas plant is a facility that produces biogas, a renewable energy source, through the anaerobic digestion of organic materials. Anaerobic digestion is a biological process that breaks down organic matter in the absence of oxygen, producing biogas as a byproduct. Biogas primarily consists of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2), along with small amounts of other gases.
Lipid profiling and corresponding biodiesel quality of mortierella isabellina...zhenhua82
Four lipid extraction methods (Bligh & Dyer, hexane & isopropanol, dichloromethane & methanol, and hexane) were evaluated to extract lipid from freeze- and oven-dried fungus Mortierella isabellina ATCC42613. The highest lipid yield (41.8%) was obtained from Bligh & Dyer extraction on the oven-dried fungal biomass with a methanol:chloroform:water ratio of 2:1:0.8. Other lipid extraction methods on both freeze- and oven-dried samples had lipid yields ranging from 20.7% to 35.9%. Non-polar lipid was the main lipid class (more than 90% of total lipid) in M. isabellina. Regarding fatty acid profile, there was no significant difference on fatty acid concentration between different drying and extraction methods. Estimation of biodiesel fuel properties using correlative models further demonstrated that the fungal biodiesel is a good alternative to fossil diesel.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Governing Equations for Fundamental Aerodynamics_Anderson2010.pdf
Review of latest Microalgae Biofuel Research
1. MICROALGAL
BIOFUELS
FE580 - SPECIAL TOPICS IN FOOD ENGINEERING
PRESENTED BY: FARID MUSA
İzmir Institute of Technology, Bioengineering dep. – Urla/IZMIR
2. OUTLINES
• GLOBAL ENERGY ISSUES
• INTRODUCTION TO BIOFUELS
• ALGAL BIOFUELS
• MICROALGAL MODEL ORGANISM GENOME (C. Reinhardtii)
• GENOME-SCALE METABOLIC NETWORK MODEL (AlgaGEM)
• CONCLUSION
2
3. WORLD ENERGY PRODUCTION
3
World Total Primary Energy Supply (2016) by fuel, Million Tonnes of Oil Equivalent
1 Mtoe = 11630 GWh
Ref: IEA (https://www.iea.org/statistics/kwes/supply)
4. GLOBAL ENERGY OUTLOOK
According to IEA there are two scenarios for future energy
outlook
• New Policies Scenario (NPS)
• Sustainable Development Scenario (SDS)
Change in Global Total Energy Demand
• Increase by 29% based on NPS
• Increase by 0.7% based on SDS
Change in Total CO2 Emissions
• Increase by 10% based on NPS
• Decrease by 45% based on SDS
4
Ref: IEA (https://www.iea.org/weo/)
8. INTRODUCTION TO BIOFUELS
• According to World Energy Council: Bioenergy is energy
from organic matter (biomass), i.e. all materials of biological
origin that is not embedded in geological formations (fossilised)
• Bioenergy supplies 10% of global energy supply
• Bioenergy is derived from biofuels
• Compared to other renewable energy sources like solar or
wind energy, biofuels can be transported much easier
• Biofuels can be primary and secondary.
• Primary biofuels are derived from: firewood, wood chips,
pellets, animal waste, etc.
• Secondary Biofuels are divided into Three Generations
8
Refs: https://www.worldenergy.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/WEResources_Bioenergy_2016.pdf ;
https://www.greenfacts.org/en/biofuels/l-2/1-definition.htm;
https://www.renewableenergyworld.com/bioenergy/tech/biofuels.html
13. THIRD GENERATION BIOFUELS
• Biofuels: Bioethanol, Biodiesel, Hydrogen, Bio-Oil, Bio-Char,
etc.
• Biomass Feedstock:
• Microalgae: Eukaryotic or Cyanobacteria
• Macroalge or Seaweed: Red, Green, Brown
• Approximate Production Cost: 1.50 – 2.50 $/L
• Disadvantage: High Production Cost
13
Ref: (Chen et al. 2015); (Suali et al. 2012); (Rastogi et al. 2017)
15. WHAT IS ALGAE?
The term “algae” has no formal taxonomic standing
It is used to refer to a diverse group of polyphyletic simple oxygen
evolving photosynthetic organisms that are not plants
There are more 20,000 known algae species
Algae are responsible for 40-50% of global photosynthesis
The study of algae is called phycology.
Algae live and affect marine, freshwater, and some
terrestrial ecosystems
Algae can be unicellular, colonial, or multicellular
Most algae are eukaryotic and live in aquatic habitat
Blue-green algae (Cyanobacteria ) are prokaryotic algae
15
Ref: (Hallmann et al. 2015); http://www.biologyreference.com/A-Ar/Algae.html
20. ALGAE CULTIVATION
20
• Open-Culture
• Main advantage: Cheap
• Main disadvantage: CO2 loss
• Targets lower value products like biomass for biofuels.
• Closed-Culture
• Main advantage: High control
• Main disadvantage: Expensive
• Targets high value products like pigments, proteins, lipids,
carbohydrates, vitamins, etc.
• Integrated Systems
• Agro-Industrial wastewater integration
• Industrial flue gas CO2 sequestration
Ref: (Hallmann et al. 2015); (Rastogi et al. 2017)
21. OPEN-SYSTEM CULTIVATION
Paddle-wheel raceway pond and Circular stirred pond
• Pros: Low costs, Direct Sun, Easy Clean, etc.
• Cons: Large Areas, Poor mixing and light penetration, Weather dependent, etc.
Open-air thin-layer culture system
• Pros: Simple and cheap construction, Efficient sunlight usage, Low energy
demand, etc.
• Cons: Difficult cleaning, CO2 loss, Chance of contamination, etc.
Tubular photobioreactor
• Pros: High surface-to-volume ratio, High photosynthetic efficiency, High mixing
efficiency, etc.
• Cons: Cell damage due to shear forces, increased dissolved oxygen, fouling etc.
Tubular photobioreactor
• Pros :Low CO2 loss, Best mixing, High mass transfer and growth rate, etc.
• Cons: Sophisticated construction, Inefficient large-scale mixing, Reduced
illumination, etc.
21
Ref: (Hallmann et al. 2015); (Rastogi et al. 2017)
22. CLOSED-SYSTEM CULTIVATION
Vertical or horizontal Flat
panel/plate photobioreactor
• Pros: Suitable for outdoor cultures,
Best solar energy harvesting, Low
accumulation of dissolved oxygen,
etc.
• Cons: Low surface-to-volume ratio,
difficult scale-up, fouling, etc.
22
Ref: (Hallmann et al. 2015); (Rastogi et al. 2017)
24. HARVESTING
• Algae Harvesting refers to concentration of diluted algae suspension
until a thick algae paste is obtained
• Account approximately up to 20–30% of the total biomass production
cost
• It is one of the most challenging stages of algal biofuel production
towards efficient and cost-effective industrial scale process
• Common harvesting methods
• Physical: Centrifugation, Filtration, Flotation, Sedimentation
• Chemical: Flocculation (Autoflocculation, Inorganic, Polymeric,
etc.)
• Biological: Bio-flocculation
24
Ref: (Hallmann et al. 2015); (Rastogi et al. 2017); http://www.oilgae.com/algae/har/mia/mia.html
28. LIPID EXTRACTION
• “Purpose of the extraction process is to obtain oil from the algal
cells to ease their conversion into biofuel or other agricultural
products through biochemical or thermochemical means”
(Suali et al. 2012)
• There are several lipid extraction methods such as
mechanical, physical, chemical or enzymatic
• Solvent extraction of lipid from dry biomass is common and
efficient method, but biomass drying is highly energy
requiring process
• Therefore, lipid extraction from web biomass is more
feasible for biofuel production
• N and P starvation leads to higher lipid production in some
microalgae
28
Ref: (Hallmann et al. 2015); (Rastogi et al. 2017); (Rodionova et al. 2017)
29. LIPID EXTRACTION
• Organic solvents such as hexane can be highly flammable and toxic,
and high energy demanding during solvent recovery
• Although with different limitations lipid extraction using supercritical
CO2 is most promising method due to its inert, non-flammable, non-
toxic characteristics
• ScCO2 produce solvent free lipids without thermal degradation
from both dry and wet biomass
• Triacylglycerols (or triglycerides, TG, TAG) are lipid produced by
microalgae and converted into biofuels like biodiesel via
transesterification process
• Microalgae can have high TAG content ranging from 20 – 80% of dry
microalgae weight
• The rest of the algae dry weight contain carbohydrates and
proteins which can used to produce bioethanol or biohydrogen via
fermentation
29
Ref: (Hallmann et al. 2015); (Rastogi et al. 2017); (Suali et al. 2012); (Rodionova et al. 2017)
37. WHY C. REINHARDTII?
• Green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has been the focus of
most molecular and genetic phycological research.
• This microalgae is a popular unicellular organism extensively
studied and provides an excellent microbial platform for the
investigation of fundamental biological functions
• Biomass obtained from C. reinhardtii can be used to produce
various biofuels including biohydrogen via dark fermentation
• There is a genome-scale metabolic network model called
AlgaGEM for C. reinhardtii
• Most research of microalgae genetic engineering studies are
based on C. reinhardtii
37
Refs: (Blabyal et al. 2014); (de Oliveira Dal’Molin et al; 2011); (Lam et al. 2012); (Rodionova et al. 2017)
38. KEY EVENTS IN MICROALGAE SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY
38
Ref: (Jagadevanet et al. 2018)
41. C. REINHARDTII GENOME
ASSEMBLY
• C. Reinhardtii genome assembly version v3.1 carried out by
Merchant al. 2007 by whole-genome shotgun end sequencing of
plasmid and fosmid libraries, followed by assembly into ~1500
scaffolds
• Based on alignments of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) to the
genome, draft assembly is 95% complete
• 6968 protein families of orthologs, co-orthologs and paralogs
were identified
• 2489 were homologous to proteins from both Arabidopsis and
humans
• 706 protein families were shared with humans but not with
Arabidopsis
• 1879 protein families were shared with Arabidopsis but not
with humans
41
Ref: (Merchant et al. 2007)
45. NEXT-GENERATION
SEQUENCING
• Assembly v3.1 contained many gaps due to high G+C% of
genome content
• Assembly v4.0 completely reassembled genome and
improved genome assembly by leaving only 7.5% gaps
• Assembly v5.0 was released in 2012 and covered half of
the remaining gaps via usage of new Sanger and Roche
454 NGS technology
• V5.0 integrated new expression data with total of 1.03
billion ESTs
• New assembly have only 3.6% gaps and 37 unanchored
scaffolds.
45
Ref: (Blaby et al. 2014)
49. GENETIC ENGINEERING
49
Ref: (Jagadevan et al. 2018)
• Overexpression of acetyl-
CoA carboxylase (ACC)
increase TAG content
• Inactivation of the
peroxisomal long-chain
acylCoA synthetase (LACS)
isozymes inhibits lipid
breakdown and increase oil
content in A. Thaliana
• Overexpression of glycerol-3-
phosphate acyltransferase
(GPAT), lysophosphatidic
acid acyltransferase (LPAT),
or diacylglycerol
acyltransferase (DAGAT)
increase lipid production
51. ALGAGEM
• AlgaGEM - a genome-scale metabolic reconstruction(GEM) of
algae based on the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii genome
• It is in silico GEM model that can be used to simulate C. reinhardtii
metabolic pathways in order to predict lipid production
• Model simulations are carried out using MATLAB using COBRA
Toolbox
51
Ref (de Oliveira Dal’Molin et al. 2011)
56. CONCLUSION
• Algae based biofuels promise sustainable carbon neutral
green energy future
• Current large-scale production technology is not feasible
and require extensive research
• R&D of algal biofuels require multidisciplinary approach
that include but not limited to biotechnology,
bioengineering, genomics and other –omics based fields,
process engineering, etc.
• Frameworks such as AlgaGEM combined with metabolic
patway engineering can significantly promote algae based
biofuels
56
57. REFERENCES
Blaby, I. K., Blaby-Haas, C. E., Tourasse, N., Hom, E. F., Lopez, D., Aksoy, M., . . . Prochnik, S. (2014). The Chlamydomonas genome
project: a decade on. Trends Plant Sci, 19(10), 672-680. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2014.05.008
De Bhowmick, G., Sarmah, A. K., & Sen, R. (2019). Zero-waste algal biorefinery for bioenergy and biochar: A green leap towards
achieving energy and environmental sustainability. Sci Total Environ, 650(Pt 2), 2467-2482. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.002
de Oliveira Dal’Molin, C. G., Quek, L.-E., Palfreyman, R. W., & Nielsen, L. K. (2011). AlgaGEM–a genome-scale metabolic
reconstruction of algae based on the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii genome. Paper presented at the BMC genomics.
Iwai, M., Hori, K., Sasaki-Sekimoto, Y., Shimojima, M., & Ohta, H. (2015). Manipulation of oil synthesis in Nannochloropsis strain
NIES-2145 with a phosphorus starvation-inducible promoter from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Front Microbiol, 6, 912.
doi:10.3389/fmicb.2015.00912
Jagadevan, S., Banerjee, A., Banerjee, C., Guria, C., Tiwari, R., Baweja, M., & Shukla, P. (2018). Recent developments in synthetic
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