Review of concepts of earth science including river delta, earthquakes, subduction, tsunami, volcanoes, two sunken cities, fossil fuels, clean energy, water use and protection, properties of water.

1. Review
part 1
What do you remember about Earth and Environmental Science?
By Kella Randolph M.Ed.
http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-N9xRWfkIbGs/VEOsLg_TTCI/AAAAAAAAAWw/Y3IyeeGm4KM/s1600/esferas%2Btierra.jpg

2. Chemical weathering
• Carbonation
• Geology of National Parks3dparks.wr.usgs.gov - 800 × 596 - Search by
imageIn the past, wind-blown dust and soil probably filled the alcove to higher
levels and chemical weathering associated with shallow groundwater
• plant acids
• The Geologic Story of the Ocoee Riverpubs.usgs.gov - 378 × 233 - Search
by imagePhotograph of folded rock layers near Maddens Branch Folded rock
layers near Maddens Branch. [Photograph by David Usher, U.S. Geological
Survey]
• and oxidation
• Mars & Iron Mountain | USGS California Water Science
Centerca.water.usgs.gov - 625 × 468 - Search by imageGossan is a rock
consisting mostly of iron oxides formed by weathering of rock originally
greater than 50% iron sulfide (usually pyrite).

3. Caves
Chemical weathering is the main cause of the
formation of most caves.
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Treak_Cliff_Cavern_-_interior_-_Andy_Mabbett_-
_38.JPG/1280px-Treak_Cliff_Cavern_-_interior_-_Andy_Mabbett_-_38.JPG

4. A delta is:
• Large amounts of sediments are deposited at the mouth of a river.
• Erosion and deposition are the processes that create a delta.
• deltas.usgs.gov - 826 × 662 - Search by image
• Satellite Image of the Mekong and Mississippi River Deltas The U.S. Geological
Survey is bringing its broad scientific understanding of the Mississippi

5. River delta
Rivers and streams can carry sediments
long distances before they are
deposited. When sediments are
deposited at the mouth of a river a
delta is formed.
Sand, silt, clay and rocks are eroded from
areas upstream. The river current sweeps up
those materials and carries them until the
speed of the water slows. When the force of
the water movement becomes very slow, the
heavier materials drop to the riverbed, then
the other materials drop in order of their
weight. This creates layers of sediment that
build up and fan out, creating a delta.
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-lPjvrvxEHiI/ULxh5mnmoPI/AAAAAAAABug/1yYb7yoJTwU/s1600/NileDelta-EO.JPG

6. Sediments collect in
layers
• Layers of sediment collect and pile up over
time due to deposition.
• Deposition is the geological process in which
sediments, soil and rocks are added to a
landform or landmass. Wind, ice, water, and
gravity transport previously weathered surface
material, which, at the loss of enough kinetic
energy in the fluid, is deposited, building up
layers of sediment.
• Image:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Estructura-
suelo.jpg/220px-Estructura-suelo.jpg

7. Sediments collect in
layers
• Materials that have eroded from other areas are carried by wind and
water until they settle and collect in sedimentation layers.
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Soil_Profile_Showing_1912_ash_layer_and_ash_C%2C_Archeological_Compliance_Excavation_Near_Brooks_Camp_Visito
r_Center_(13542983894).jpg/800px-Soil_Profile_Showing_1912_ash_layer_and_ash_C%2C_Archeological_Compliance_Excavation_Near_Brooks_Camp_Visitor_Center_(13542983894).jpg

8. Earth’s Mantle
An elastic layer of molten rock that has the
force to move the tectonic plates
USGS Geology in the
Parksgeomaps.wr.usgs.gov
This Photo by https://opentextbc.ca/physicalgeologyearle/wp-content/uploads/sites/145/2016/06/volcanic-tectonics.png

9. The Lithosphere
Made of the Crust and Upper Mantle
The crust is where the action is. The entire
rock cycle takes place in the crust, from
magma pools deep below, to mountain
peaks, high above the surface.
Earthquakes, are often preceded by warning
trembling, called foreshocks.
https://opentextbc.ca/physicalgeologyearle/wp-content/uploads/sites/145/2016/06/volcanic-
tectonics.png
Image right: www.eoearth.org - 750 × 463 -
Search by imageFigure 3: Three types of plate
convergance resulting in subduction. (Image
Source. US Gelogical Survey.)

10. Seven major tectonic
plates
According to the Theory of Plate
Tectonics, the Earth has seven major
or primary plates: the North American,
South American, African, Antarctic,
Indo-Australian, Eurasian and
Pacific. There are also several
secondary plates including the Arabian,
Caribbean, Indian and Philippine Sea
plates, and tertiary plates which make up
sub-sections of the major plates of the
Earth. (Text courtesy of:
https://www.reference.com/science/names-earth-s-major-plates-
455124acbae6128e)
http://www.monografias.com/trabajos32/placas-tectonicas/Image3885.jpg

11. Plate Tectonics, plates that fit together like puzzle pieces pieces. The
seven Major plates are
• Matching coastlines, fossil evidence, and rock formations are all evidence for the theory
of Continental Drift
• Which was first presented by Alfred Wegener
• NASA:
http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http%3A%2F%2Fscience1.nasa.gov%2Fmedia%2Fmed
ialibrary%2F2002%2F01%2F25%2F28jan_extinction_resources%2Fpangea_strip.jpg&imgrefurl
=http%3A%2F%2Fscience1.nasa.gov%2Fscience-news%2Fscience-at-
nasa%2F2002%2F28jan_extinction%2F&h=180&w=475&tbnid=FfGsh6Kq8jfo6M%3A&zoom=1
&docid=i4GY8XswmaDw4M&ei=CqM5U4O0KKL50gH-
xYDIDw&tbm=isch&ved=0CGEQhBwwBA&iact=rc&dur=4286&page=1&start=0&ndsp=6
• www.rpdp.net - 284 × 218 - Search by imageFigure 12. Distribution of several plant and
animal fossils found in the continents that formed
• Interactive Earth game: click below.
• http://kids.earth.nasa.gov/archive/pangaea/Pangaea_game.html

12. Subduction
• When one plate is pushed under the other
as they collide is called subduction.
https://i.stack.imgur.com/OGxxW.gif

13. What Happens During an Earthquake?
While tectonic earthquakes can occur at any location around
the world, the majority of large earthquakes—about 80
percent—occur at the circum-Pacific seismic belt found
along the rim of the Pacific Ocean. Two other regions
regularly exhibiting earthquakes include the Alpide belt,
extending along the southern margin of Eurasia through the
Himalayan Mountains, Sumatra, and Java; and the Mid-
Atlantic Ridge running along the floor of the Atlantic Ocean.
When an earthquake occurs, different types of energy waves
are generated.
"P waves" or "primary waves" are the first waves to be
detected. These are compressional waves that push and pull
as they move through rock and fluids.
"S waves" or "secondary waves" are the next waves to be
detected. These waves move only through rock. They move
up and down or side to side, perpendicular to the direction
in which the wave is moving.
Surface waves follow P and S waves. They travel along the
surface of the earth and thus cause the most damage.
Surface waves can be characterized as Love waves, which
are faster and move the ground from side to side, and
Rayleigh waves, which roll like waves on the surface of
oceans and lakes.
https://scienceexchange.caltech.edu/topics/earthquakes/w
hat-causes-earthquakes Credit: © Agata Nowicka/Marlena Agency for Caltech Science
Exchange https://images.app.goo.gl/kY2cupeHhSrndmHS7

14. • Credit: © Agata Nowicka/Marlena Agency for
Caltech Science Exchange
• What other types of earthquakes exist?
• In addition to tectonic earthquakes, seismologists
have classified three more earthquake types:
• Volcanic: Earthquakes that occur in conjunction
with volcanic activity
• Collapse: Smaller-scale earthquakes that result
from the subterranean collapse of caverns or mines
• Explosion: Earthquakes caused by underground
explosions of nuclear or chemical devices

15. NASA - Why Isn't the Earth Perfect?www.nasa.gov -
330 × 204 - Search by imageThe plates float on top of the
hot layer of the Earth's mantle. Credit: NASA
Tectonic plate boundaries are:
• Divergent
• Convergent
• Transform

16. Earthquakes
• Made of 4 forts and 2000 buildings, in the
17th century Port Royal was a hotbed for pirate
activity. Famed pirates, the likes of Blackbeard
would often make Port Royal their base to raid
treasure ships. That was until 1692, when an
earthquake dragged it under the Caribbean
sea.
https://in.musafir.com/Blog/6-submerged-cities-around-the-world.aspx

17. Dwarka - India
According to folklore, Dwarka is the home
town of Lord Krishna, a placed believed to be
an old wives tale, a myth, that is until the
ruins were discovered 131 feet below the
ocean. The ruins were found beneath the
surface of modern-day Dwarka. The
complexities and the beauty of this city, has
baffled even experts.
https://in.musafir.com/Blog/6-submerged-cities-around-the-world.aspx

18. Tsunami is a Japanese word
for “harbor wave”.
• Tsunami can be caused by landslides,
underwater earthquakes, and water
displacement under the ocean.
• A tsunami is a series of waves in a water
body caused by the displacement of a large
volume of water, generally in an ocean or a
large lake. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions
and other underwater explosions above or
below water all have the potential to
generate a tsunami.
• https://www.surfertoday.com/surfing/what-is-a-tsunami

19. https://www.jkgeography.com/causes-of-tsunami.html

20. Harvesting trees
Clear cutting Selective cutting
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Bugaboo_Creek_Clearcut.jpg https://farm2.staticflickr.com/1328/899737427_8772227c28_z.jpg?zz=1

21. Deforestation
causes loss of
habitat
• https://internationaljournalofresearch.files.wordpress.com/2020/07/images-2-12.jpeg?w=600
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Whitetail-Fawn-Deer_-_West_Virginia_-_ForestWander.jpg • https://internationaljournalofresearch.files.wordpress.com/2020/07/images-2-
12.jpeg?w=600

22. Energy sources
From the ground From wind and sun
https://www.e-education.psu.edu/egee102/sites/www.e-
education.psu.edu.egee102/files/images/Lesson_04/fossil_fuels.png
https://res-3.cloudinary.com/the-university-of-melbourne/image/fetch/s--
No1Oq3xD--/c_fill,f_jpg,q_70,w_435/https://res-3.cloudinary.com/the-university-of-
melbourne/image/upload/s---0L9mgwv--
/c_fill%2Cf_auto%2Ch_630%2Cq_75%2Cw_1200/v1/pursuit-
uploads/2b6/42e/e7c/2b642ee7c6700f63553d19daae31952eced08c282ad410f5f3b8
0ad1e8b9.jpg

23. Oil and coal are
the two most
dangerous fossil
fuels to extract
from the ground.

24. Oil is one of two of the
most dangerous fossil
fuels. Oil spills and fires
destroy lives of humans
and wildlife.
https://62e528761d0685343e1c-
f3d1b99a743ffa4142d9d7f1978d9686.ssl.cf2.rackcdn.com/files/129
8/width1356x668/oil_rig_fire_AAP.jpg
https://live.staticflickr.com/4086/5181458317_9c3388d01d_b.jpg
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_UXXtCpkeKiA/TA3pt1g93YI/AAAAAAAAOB8/pn77DK2U8gA/s1600/oil_spill_bird.jpg https://africanarguments.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/mauritius-oil-1024x576.jpg

25. Extracting coal can lead to water
pollution. It is also very dangerous to
the health of miners. Coal is one of
two of the most dangerous fossil
fuels.
https://62e528761d0685343e1c-f3d1b99a743ffa4142d9d7f1978d9686.ssl.cf2.rackcdn.com/files/59846/width1356x668/xzxn5rt9-1411527726.jpg https://1lbxcx1bcuig1rfxaq3rd6w9-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/coal-ash-mayo-header_2280_888_75_s_c1_c_c-880x500.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Pretoria
_miners_memorial_tweaked.jpg/1200px-
Pretoria_miners_memorial_tweaked.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikip
edia/commons/b/b8/Iron_hydroxi
de_precipitate_in_stream.jpg

26. The two most dangerous energy sources to mine
Coal Petroleum
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Black_Diamon
d%2C_WA_-_museum_-_simulated_mine_entrance.jpg/1280px-
Black_Diamond%2C_WA_-_museum_-_simulated_mine_entrance.jpg
https://62e528761d0685343e1c-
f3d1b99a743ffa4142d9d7f1978d9686.ssl.cf2.rackcdn.com/files/1298/width1356x668/oil_rig_fire_AAP.jpg

27. Dangerous energy sources
Natural Gas Petroleum (Oil)
https://www.truthinsideofyou.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/fracking-infographic.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/A_Gulf_Oil_Rig.jpg/1280px-
A_Gulf_Oil_Rig.jpg

28. Limitations of fuel sources
Nuclear
Both Uranium and Plutonium are natural
resources and in limited supply. Eventually we
will run out of both fuels. Both fuels leave
dangerous radioactive waste that is difficult to
store safely.
Geothermal
• Only available where volcanic
activity exists below the ground
surface
https://www.eoi.es/blogs/imsd/files/2015/03/Sc
reen-Shot-2015-03-02-at-6.54.28-PM.png
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/t
humb/6/6f/Wairakei_Geothermal_Power_Station-
5834.jpg/220px-
Wairakei_Geothermal_Power_Station-5834.jpg
https://journalistsresource.org/wp-
content/uploads/2017/11/nuclear-power-
plant-2485746_1280_pixabay.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/c
ommons/c/c3/PWR_nuclear_power_plant
_diagram.svg

29. Safer energy
sources
• Wind power combined with
solar power produces a steady
source of power with no
pollution.
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/New_wind-lens_turbine_(2012_version).JPG SA https://www.eoi.es/blogs/imsd/files/2015/03/US-offshore-wind-projects.jpg
https://www.publicdomainpictures.net/pictures/180000/velka/wind-power-plant.jpg

30. Safer energy sources: solar
http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-efPJnHVKKFc/UNyYcaL4aDI/AAAAAAAASbk/r55oDR9VVdI/s1600/How+Solar+Panels+Work.jpg http://cronkitenews.asu.edu/assets/images/11/10/28-solarpanels-full.jpg

31. Water has three stages
Water has a cycle.
Water can be solid ice.
Ice melts and the water becomes liquid.
The liquid water can evaporate when heat is
applied. Liquid water becomes a gas or
vapor.
Then, water vapor can condense into a liquid.
The liquid water can freeze. The frozen
water (ice) can melt, and the cycle continues.
https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Oa7aWvekaik/TmWSwym16II/AAAAAAAAAtU/-kXuBSVfpdg/s1600/Screen+shot+2011-09-
06+at+3.25.07+PM.png

32. Humans use
a lot of
water
Agriculture accounts for
the highest percentage of
fresh water usage.
https://c1.staticflickr.com/7/6232/6283083426_bb7e7d9c95_b.jpg

33. Don’t waste fresh water
supplies
• Nonpoint source pollution is the most frequent cause
of reduced availability of fresh water in the United
States
http://www.mrgscience.com/uploads/2/0/7/9/20796234/1404005120.jpg
https://buddhajeans.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Nonpoint-source-pollution-1600-1200.png

34. Community water
purification
management systems
• A better water
purification and
management system could
increase the freshwater
supply.
https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-OcrBXYY9_6E/WLap0QRe2uI/AAAAAAAABgw/BfC4jPUXdngkpnW7lngtX8iRkC3IkjTowCLcB/s1600/water%2Bplant.gif
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/SchemConstructedWetlandSewage.jpg

35. The temperature of a body of
water affects the amount of
dissolved oxygen in the water.
• The higher the temperature,
the lower the dissolved
oxygen. As temperature
increases, the amount of
dissolved oxygen decreases.
• Colder water has more
dissolved oxygen in it.
• Image:
http://www.mrgscience.com/uploads/2/0/7/9/20796234/544
1371_orig.jpeg

36. This is the end.
This is the end of part one of the review.
Please be sure to view part two.
Image: https://images.pexels.com/photos/3299902/pexels-photo-
3299902.jpeg?auto=compress&cs=tinysrgb&fit=crop&h=627&w=1200