Review 1
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1. The document covers several topics in introductory biology including the steps of a scientific experiment, characteristics of living things, cells, basic chemistry, the digestive system, and carbohydrates. 2. It also discusses the circulatory system, energy, lipids, proteins, oxygen carriers, enzymes, ecology, heredity, mad cow disease, and spongiform encephalopathies. 3. The document provides an overview of key concepts and terms for several core areas in introductory biology.
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The document discusses the importance of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as the energy currency of cells. ATP stores and transports energy within cells and is involved in many physiological processes. It is produced through cellular respiration in the mitochondria, which are often called the "powerhouses of the cell." ATP provides energy for activities in the body through various energy-releasing reactions and is essential for functions like muscle movement, talking, and other daily activities and sports.
Concepts in BiochemistryChapter 2Wendy Herndon, BIS, RDH, CD
Concepts in Biochemistry
Chapter 2
Wendy Herndon, BIS, RDH, CDA
Introduction
Dental professionals need to have a basic understanding of biochemistry
It is the foundation for understanding and applying the concepts of nutrition
What is Biochemistry?
It is the study of life at the molecular level
A molecule is:
The smallest particle of a substance that retains all the properties of the substance
A biomolecule is
Any molecule that is produced by a living cell or organism
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YO244P1e9QM
Metabolism involves
Production and use of energy which can come from dietary carbs, proteins, and lipids
Bioinformation involves
The transfer of biological information from DNA to RNA to protein which carries out all of the processes of life
DNA is deoxyribonucleic acid
RNA is Ribonucleic acid
3
Fundamentals
Atoms are:
Made of three tiny particles called:
Protons
Neutrons
Electrons
An atom itself is made up of three tiny kinds of particles called subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. The protons and the neutrons make up the center of the atom called the nucleus and the electrons fly around above the nucleus in a small cloud. All matter is made up of atoms.
4
Fundamentals
Molecules are:
A group of atoms bonded together
An example is when two atoms of hydrogen bond with one atom of oxygen, it forms a water molecule
A molecule is a group of atoms bonded together
5
Fundamentals
The mass of the human body is made of atoms which form molecules (groups of atoms)
Molecules form cells (made up of billions of molecules)
Cells form tissues
Tissues form organs
Organs work together to form systems
Systems form organisms such as a human
Atomic Bonds
Ionic
Ionic bonds form between a positively charged metal and a negatively charged non-metal
An example of an ionic bond is the hydroxyapatite in enamel which is composed of ionic bonds between calcium and phosphate
Atomic Bonds
Covalent
-A covalent bond occurs when two non-metal atoms equally share electrons
-An example of this would be when nitrogen and oxygen bond together to form nitrous oxide
-Laughing gas
Carbon
Element
Carbon is the fourth most abundant element in the universe and is the building block of life on earth
Cells are made of many complex molecules called macromolecules
These include proteins, nucleic acids (RNA and DNA), carbohydrates, and lipids
The carbon atom has unique properties that allow it to form covalent bonds to as many as four different atoms, making this versatile element ideal to serve as the basic structural component, or “backbone,” of the macromolecules (many complex molecules)
Main Biomolecules in Nutrition
(any molecule formed by a living cell or organism)
The four major biomolecules are:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
These biomolecules are characterized by the type of polymer or monomer they contain and by their function
A polymer is a large molecule containing repeating units kn ...
Lipids
Lipids include fats, oils, and other compounds that do not dissolve in water. Fats and oils are made of triglycerides, which are composed of glycerol bonded to three fatty acid molecules. Fatty acids can be saturated, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated. Lipids serve important functions in the body, including energy storage, insulation, hormone production, and as structural components of cell membranes.
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The document discusses lipids and fatty acids. It describes the three main forms of lipids - fatty acids, triglycerides, and phospholipids. It then covers the digestion and absorption of lipids in the small intestine, where bile emulsifies lipids and lipase breaks down triglycerides. Absorbed fatty acids are packaged into chylomicrons and enter the lymphatic system.
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This document summarizes the key chemical constituents of cells. It describes that chemicals in cells can be divided into organic and inorganic substances. The four major inorganic substances are water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and salts. The four main organic macromolecules that make up living things are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Each macromolecule has specific structures and functions, such as carbohydrates providing energy and lipids storing energy.
Chemical constituents of_cells
This document summarizes the key chemical constituents of cells. It describes that chemicals in cells can be divided into organic and inorganic substances. The four major inorganic substances are water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and salts. The four main organic macromolecules that make up living things are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Each of these molecules has distinct structures and performs important functions for cellular metabolism and heredity.
Chemical constituents of_cells
This document summarizes the key chemical constituents of cells. It describes that chemicals in cells can be divided into organic and inorganic substances. The four major inorganic substances are water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and salts. The four main organic macromolecules that make up living things are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Each of these molecules has distinct structures and performs important functions for cellular metabolism and heredity.
Ls1 afet semester test 1 memo 2012
This document provides instructions and questions for a semester test in Life Science 1A FET at the APK Campus. It includes 8 multiple choice questions worth 1 mark each, 10 short answer questions worth 2 marks each defining biological terms, 8 short answer questions worth 1 mark each providing definitions or short descriptions, 18 marks worth of questions distinguishing between glucose and glycogen, identifying and describing properties of saturated fat, naming components of nucleotides and describing DNA, 8 marks describing properties of water important for life, and 22 marks involving identifying and labeling structures in animal and plant cells, describing cellular processes, and explaining mitosis and cancer.
nutrition.pptx
everything you need to know about human nutrition. inclues all information need to know for leaving cert biology. includes protein, carbohydrates, vitmains, minerals and fats and oils. classification of them and sources of each of them
Unit 9
The document discusses the key molecules of life and their functions. It describes how cells synthesize complex organic molecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids from simpler monomers. The four main types of carbohydrates and their roles are outlined. Cellular respiration is summarized as a three step process- glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain- that generates energy in the form of ATP. Glycolysis is explained in more detail through its 10 step pathway that converts glucose to pyruvate.
biomolecules-15.pdf
The document discusses the key biomolecules - carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids - that make up living organisms. It provides examples of each type of biomolecule and explains their structure and functions. Carbohydrates include sugars and starches, lipids include fats and phospholipids, proteins are made of amino acids in complex structures related to their function, and nucleic acids like DNA and RNA carry genetic information and aid in protein synthesis. These biomolecules are the basic building blocks and materials that make up living cells and perform essential functions.
Chemistry Notes
The document discusses the basic building blocks of life including atoms, molecules, chemical bonds and organic compounds. It explains that atoms combine through chemical bonds to form molecules. The four main types of organic molecules that make up living things are nucleic acids, lipids, carbohydrates and proteins, each composed of different building blocks and serving essential functions.
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The document discusses various topics related to lipids and their metabolism, including the properties and breakdown of triglycerides, cholesterol metabolism and its role in atherosclerosis, ketone body formation during fasting as an energy source, and diabetic ketoacidosis resulting from high levels of ketone bodies in the blood. It also provides information on examville.com, an online resource for practice tests, classes, tutoring and other educational materials.
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