What is Viscosity?
A quantity expressing the magnitude of internal friction in a fluid, as measured by the force per unit area resisting uniform flow.
or
Viscosity is a property of the fluid which opposes the relative motion between the two surfaces of the fluid that are moving at different velocities.
What is Surface Tension?
“Surface tension is a contractive tendency of the surface of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force. Surface tension is an important property that markedly influences the ecosystem.”
or
“Surface tension is measured as the energy required to increase the surface area of a liquid by a unit of area.”
or
“surface tension is often expressed as an amount of force exerted in the surface perpendicular to a line of unit length.”
presented to : Dr | Hamdy El-Kady
Physical Chemistry Course 2016-2017
prepared By : Muhammad Mamdouh Abdulsalam
Faculty Of Petroleum Engineering, Suez University
What is Viscosity?
A quantity expressing the magnitude of internal friction in a fluid, as measured by the force per unit area resisting uniform flow.
or
Viscosity is a property of the fluid which opposes the relative motion between the two surfaces of the fluid that are moving at different velocities.
What is Surface Tension?
“Surface tension is a contractive tendency of the surface of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force. Surface tension is an important property that markedly influences the ecosystem.”
or
“Surface tension is measured as the energy required to increase the surface area of a liquid by a unit of area.”
or
“surface tension is often expressed as an amount of force exerted in the surface perpendicular to a line of unit length.”
presented to : Dr | Hamdy El-Kady
Physical Chemistry Course 2016-2017
prepared By : Muhammad Mamdouh Abdulsalam
Faculty Of Petroleum Engineering, Suez University
What is surface tension ?
Surface tension
Factors effecting surface tension
Phenomena observed due to surface tension
Methods of measurement of surface tension
Practical applications of surface tension
Project for engineering and school students.
In this project, you can find everything related to the concept of viscosity :- Definition, Derivation, Units, Kinematic viscosity. Newton's law of viscosity, variation of viscosity with temperature, types of fluids are also included. If you find it helpful to you, give some feedback.
Thank You very much :)
Surface Tension is defined as the tension of the surface film of a liquid caused by the attraction of the particles in the surface layer by the bulk of the liquid, which tends to minimize surface area.
It is due to the phenomena of surface tension that the drops of water tend to assume a spherical shape to attain minimum surface area. the presentation gives a brief description of the methods to measue this important property of the interface of two fluid.
During a period of erosion and sedimentation, grains of sediment are continuously building up on top of each other, generally in a water filled environment. As the thickness of the layer of sediment increases, the grains of the sediment are packed closer together, and some of the water is expelled from the pore spaces. However, if the pore throats through the sediment are interconnecting all the way to surface the pressure of the fluid at any depth in the sediment will be same as that which would be found in a simple colom of fluid. The pressure in the fluid in the pores of the sediment will only be dependent on the density of the fluid in the pore space and the depth of the pressure measurement (equal to the height of the colom of liquid). it will be independent of the pore size or pore throat geometry.
In this presentation:
Surface Tension
Interfacial Tension
Definition of inerfacial tension in different ways
Measurement of interfacial and surface tesion
What is surface tension ?
Surface tension
Factors effecting surface tension
Phenomena observed due to surface tension
Methods of measurement of surface tension
Practical applications of surface tension
Project for engineering and school students.
In this project, you can find everything related to the concept of viscosity :- Definition, Derivation, Units, Kinematic viscosity. Newton's law of viscosity, variation of viscosity with temperature, types of fluids are also included. If you find it helpful to you, give some feedback.
Thank You very much :)
Surface Tension is defined as the tension of the surface film of a liquid caused by the attraction of the particles in the surface layer by the bulk of the liquid, which tends to minimize surface area.
It is due to the phenomena of surface tension that the drops of water tend to assume a spherical shape to attain minimum surface area. the presentation gives a brief description of the methods to measue this important property of the interface of two fluid.
During a period of erosion and sedimentation, grains of sediment are continuously building up on top of each other, generally in a water filled environment. As the thickness of the layer of sediment increases, the grains of the sediment are packed closer together, and some of the water is expelled from the pore spaces. However, if the pore throats through the sediment are interconnecting all the way to surface the pressure of the fluid at any depth in the sediment will be same as that which would be found in a simple colom of fluid. The pressure in the fluid in the pores of the sediment will only be dependent on the density of the fluid in the pore space and the depth of the pressure measurement (equal to the height of the colom of liquid). it will be independent of the pore size or pore throat geometry.
In this presentation:
Surface Tension
Interfacial Tension
Definition of inerfacial tension in different ways
Measurement of interfacial and surface tesion
ANURAG TYAGI CLASSES (ATC) is an organisation destined to orient students into correct path to achieve
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This presentation gives details on Heat Generation in Metal Cutting tool. There are three zones of heat generation where heat generation equation is also derived by analytical method.
Hydraulic consists of the application of fluid mechanics to water flowing in an isolated environment (pipe, pump) or in an open channel (river, lake, ocean). Civil engineers are primarily concerned with open channel flow, which is governed by the interdependent interaction between the water and the channel. Applications include the design of hydraulic structures, such as sewage conduits, dams and breakwaters, the management of waterways, such as erosion protection and flood protection, and environmental management, such as prediction of the mixing and transport of pollutants in surface water.
Chapter 2 - Mechanical Properties of Fluids.pptxPooja M
MARASHTRA STATE BOARD
CLASS XII
PHYSICS
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
CONTENT
Density and pressure.
Buoyant force and Archimedes' principle.
Fluid dynamics.
Viscosity.
Surface tension.
Report on Types of fluid flow
fluid dynamics
Introduction
In physics, fluid flow has all kinds of aspects: steady or unsteady, compressible or incompressible, viscous or non-viscous, and rotational or irrotational to name a few. Some of these characteristics reflect properties of the liquid itself, and others focus on how the fluid is moving. Note that fluid flow can get very complex when it becomes turbulent. Physicists haven’t developed any elegant equations to describe turbulence because how turbulence works depends on the individual system whether you have water cascading through a pipe or air streaming out of a jet engine. Usually, you have to resort to computers to handle problems that involve fluid turbulence. Types of fluid flow:
Aerodynamic force
Cavitation
Compressible flow
Couette flow
Free molecular flow
Incompressible flow
FLUID IN MOTION
HYDRODYNAMICS
Hydrodynamics is the branch of physics which deals with the study of properties of fluids in motion.
Viscosity of the fluid
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
RAT: Retrieval Augmented Thoughts Elicit Context-Aware Reasoning in Long-Hori...
Rev sheet
1. Revision Sheet (1) Mob. 0100 4444 149 Page (1)
Revision Sheet (1)
Define incompressible flow and incompressible fluid
A fluid flow during which the density of the fluid remains nearly constant is called
incompressible flow.
A flow in which density varies significantly is called compressible flow. A fluid whose density
is practically independent of pressure (such as a liquid) is commonly referred to as an
“incompressible fluid,”
What is the no-slip condition? What causes it?
A fluid in direct contact with a solid surface sticks to the surface and there is no slip. This is
known as the no-slip condition, and it is due to the viscosity of the fluid.
What is forced flow? How does it differ from natural flow? Is flow caused by winds forced or natural
flow?
In forced flow, the fluid is forced to flow over a surface or in a tube by external means such as a
pump or a fan. In natural flow, any fluid motion is caused by natural means such as the buoyancy
effect that manifests itself as the rise of the warmer fluid and the fall of the cooler fluid. The flow
caused by winds is natural flow for the earth, but it is forced flow for bodies subjected to the
winds since for the body it makes no difference whether the air motion is caused by a fan or by
the winds.
What is a boundary layer? What causes a boundary layer to develop?
When a fluid stream encounters a solid surface that is at rest, the fluid velocity assumes a value
of zero at that surface. The velocity then varies from zero at the surface to the free stream value
sufficiently far from the surface. The region of flow in which the velocity gradients are
significant and frictional effects are important is called the boundary layer. The development of a
boundary layer is caused by the no-slip condition.
What is a steady-flow process?
A process is said to be steady if it involves no changes with time anywhere within the system or
at the system boundaries.
What are system, surroundings, and boundary?
A system is defined as a quantity of matter or a region in space chosen for study. The mass or
region outside the system is called the surroundings. The real or imaginary surface that separates
the system from its surroundings is called the boundary.
When is a system a closed system, and when is it a control volume?
2. Revision Sheet (1) Mob. 0100 4444 149 Page (2)
Systems may be considered to be closed or open, depending on whether a fixed mass or a
volume in space is chosen for study. A closed system (also known as a control mass or simply a
system) consists of a fixed amount of mass, and no mass can cross its boundary. An open system,
or a control volume, is a properly selected region in space.
What is the difference between the classical and the statistical approaches?
The classical approach is a macroscopic approach, based on experiments or analysis of the
gross behavior of a fluid, without knowledge of individual molecules, whereas the statistical
approach is a microscopic approach based on the average behavior of large groups of individual
molecules.
What is specific gravity? How is it related to density?
The specific gravity, or relative density, is defined as the ratio of the density of a substance to
the density of some standard substance at a specified temperature (the standard is water at
4°C, for which ρH2O = 1000 kg/m3).
When specific gravity is known, density is determined from ρ = SG×ρH2O .
What does the coefficient of compressibility of a fluid represent? How does it differ from isothermal
compressibility?
The coefficient of compressibility represents the variation of pressure of a fluid with volume
or density at constant temperature. Isothermal compressibility is the inverse of the coefficient
of compressibility, and it represents the fractional change in volume or density corresponding
to a change in pressure.
What does the coefficient of volume expansion of a fluid represent? How does it differ from the
coefficient of compressibility?
The coefficient of volume expansion represents the variation of the density of a fluid with
temperature at constant pressure. It differs from the coefficient of compressibility in that the
latter represents the variation of pressure of a fluid with density at constant temperature.
Can the coefficient of compressibility of a fluid be negative? How about the coefficient of volume
expansion? fluid represent?
The coefficient of compressibility of a fluid cannot be negative, but the coefficient of volume
expansion can be negative (e.g., liquid water below 4°C). This is the reason that ice floats on water
What is viscosity? What is the cause of it in liquids and in gases? Do liquids or gases have higher
dynamic viscosities?
3. Revision Sheet (1) Mob. 0100 4444 149 Page (3)
Viscosity is a measure of the “stickiness” or “resistance to deformation” of a fluid. It is due
to the internal frictional force that develops between different layers of fluids as they are forced
to move relative to each other.
Viscosity is caused by the cohesive forces between the molecules in liquids, and by the
molecular collisions in gases. In general, liquids have higher dynamic viscosities than gases.
What is a Newtonian fluid? Is water a Newtonian fluid?
Fluids whose shear stress is linearly proportional to the velocity gradient (shear strain) are
called Newtonian fluids. Most common fluids such as water, air, gasoline, and oils are
Newtonian fluids.
Consider two identical small glass balls dropped into two identical containers, one filled with water and
the other with oil. Which ball will reach the bottom of the container first? Why?
the ball dropped in water will reach the bottom of the container first because of the much
lower viscosity of water relative to oil.
How does the dynamic viscosity of (a) liquids and (b) gases vary with temperature?
The dynamic viscosity of liquids decreases with temperature. (b) The dynamic viscosity of
gases increases with temperature.
How does the kinematic viscosity of (a) liquids and (b) gases vary with temperature?
For liquids, the kinematic viscosity decreases with temperature. (b) For gases, the
kinematic viscosity increases with temperature.
What is surface tension? What is it caused by? Why is the surface tension also called surface energy?
The magnitude of the pulling force at the surface of a liquid per unit length is called surface
tension σs. It is caused by the attractive forces between the molecules. The surface tension is also
surface energy (per unit area) since it represents the stretching work that needs to be done to
increase the surface area of the liquid by a unit amount.
Consider a soap bubble. Is the pressure inside the bubble higher or lower than the pressure outside?
The pressure inside a soap bubble is greater than the pressure outside, as evidenced by the
stretch of the soap film.
What is the capillary effect? What is it caused by? How is it affected by the contact angle?
The capillary effect is the rise or fall of a liquid in a small-diameter tube inserted into the
liquid. It is caused by the net effect of the cohesive forces (the forces between like molecules,
4. Revision Sheet (1) Mob. 0100 4444 149 Page (4)
like water) and adhesive forces (the forces between unlike molecules, like water and glass). The
capillary effect is proportional to the cosine of the contact angle, which is the angle that the
tangent to the liquid surface makes with the solid surface at the point of contact.
A small-diameter tube is inserted into a liquid whose contact angle is 110°. Will the level of liquid in the
tube rise or drop? Explain.
The liquid level in the tube will drop since the contact angle is greater than 90°, where
cos(110°) < 0.
Is the capillary rise greater in small- or large-diameter tubes?
The capillary rise is inversely proportional to the diameter of the tube, and thus capillary rise is
greater in the smaller-diameter tube.
What is the difference between gage pressure and absolute pressure?
The pressure relative to the atmospheric pressure is called the gage pressure, and the
pressure relative to an absolute vacuum is called absolute pressure.
Explain why some people experience nose bleeding and some others experience shortness of breath at
high elevations.
Atmospheric air pressure which is the external pressure exerted on the skin decreases with
increasing elevation. Therefore, the pressure is lower at higher elevations. As a result, the
difference between the blood pressure in the veins and the air pressure outside increases.
This pressure imbalance may cause some thin-walled veins such as the ones in the nose to
burst, causing bleeding. The shortness of breath is caused by the lower air density at higher
elevations, and thus lower amount of oxygen per unit volume.
Someone claims that the absolute pressure in a liquid of constant density doubles when the depth is
doubled. Do you agree? Explain.
No, the absolute pressure in a liquid of constant density does not double when the depth is
doubled. It is the gage pressure that doubles when the depth is doubled.
You may have noticed that dams are much thicker at the bottom. Explain why dams are built that way.
Dams are built much thicker at the bottom because the pressure force increases with depth,
and the bottom part of dams are subjected to largest forces.
Under what conditions can a moving body of fluid be treated as a rigid body?
5. Revision Sheet (1) Mob. 0100 4444 149 Page (5)
A moving body of fluid can be treated as a rigid body when there are no shear stresses (i.e., no
motion between fluid layers relative to each other) in the fluid body.