A picornavirus is a virus belonging to the family Picornaviridae, a family of viruses in the order Picornavirales. Vertebrates, including humans, serve as natural hosts. Picornaviruses are nonenveloped viruses that represent a large family of small, cytoplasmic, plus-strand RNA viruses with a 30-nm icosahedral capsid.
Largest viruses that infect vertebrates
Can be seen under light microscope
Poxvirus diseases are characterized by skin lesions – localized or generalized
Important diseases caused by poxviruses are-
Smallpox
Monkeypox
Cowpox
Tanapox
Molluscum contagiosum
A picornavirus is a virus belonging to the family Picornaviridae, a family of viruses in the order Picornavirales. Vertebrates, including humans, serve as natural hosts. Picornaviruses are nonenveloped viruses that represent a large family of small, cytoplasmic, plus-strand RNA viruses with a 30-nm icosahedral capsid.
Largest viruses that infect vertebrates
Can be seen under light microscope
Poxvirus diseases are characterized by skin lesions – localized or generalized
Important diseases caused by poxviruses are-
Smallpox
Monkeypox
Cowpox
Tanapox
Molluscum contagiosum
Adenoviridae is a group of medium sized, non-enveloped, double stranded DNA viruses that replicate and produce disease in the eye and in the respiratory, gastrointestinal and urinary tracts;
Poxviruses are brick or oval-shaped viruses with large double-stranded DNA genomes. Poxviruses exist throughout the world and cause disease in humans and many other types of animals. Poxvirus infections typically result in the formation of lesions, skin nodules, or disseminated rash.
General Characters and Classification of Viruses. Includes ICTV classification and Baltimore classification of viruses. A brief explanation of the Viral structure and Lifecycle.
Replication of virus is very complicated process.
Virus never reproduce by division.
They are replicated by a process in which all components of virus are produced separately and are assembled into intact virion.
For replication of virus host is necessary.
Virus are host specific.
Host may be bacteria, plant ,animal.
Viral classification and Types of Replication in virus Rakshith K, DVM
Precise presentation on Viral classification and Types of replication in Virus.
Entry of virus
Spread of virus
General steps in a virus replication cycle
Attachment, Penetration, Uncoating, Multiplication
Multiplication of Single-Stranded RNA (ss RNA) Viruses
Multiplication of Double-Stranded RNA (ds RNA) Viruses
Multiplication of Single-Stranded DNA (ss DNA) Viruses
Multiplication of Double-Stranded DNA (ds DNA) Viruses
Release of new virions
Common viral diseases of Bovines
Adenoviridae is a group of medium sized, non-enveloped, double stranded DNA viruses that replicate and produce disease in the eye and in the respiratory, gastrointestinal and urinary tracts;
Poxviruses are brick or oval-shaped viruses with large double-stranded DNA genomes. Poxviruses exist throughout the world and cause disease in humans and many other types of animals. Poxvirus infections typically result in the formation of lesions, skin nodules, or disseminated rash.
General Characters and Classification of Viruses. Includes ICTV classification and Baltimore classification of viruses. A brief explanation of the Viral structure and Lifecycle.
Replication of virus is very complicated process.
Virus never reproduce by division.
They are replicated by a process in which all components of virus are produced separately and are assembled into intact virion.
For replication of virus host is necessary.
Virus are host specific.
Host may be bacteria, plant ,animal.
Viral classification and Types of Replication in virus Rakshith K, DVM
Precise presentation on Viral classification and Types of replication in Virus.
Entry of virus
Spread of virus
General steps in a virus replication cycle
Attachment, Penetration, Uncoating, Multiplication
Multiplication of Single-Stranded RNA (ss RNA) Viruses
Multiplication of Double-Stranded RNA (ds RNA) Viruses
Multiplication of Single-Stranded DNA (ss DNA) Viruses
Multiplication of Double-Stranded DNA (ds DNA) Viruses
Release of new virions
Common viral diseases of Bovines
The following presentation is an introduction to the Algebraic Methods – part one for level 4 Mathematics. This resources is a part of the 2009/2010 Engineering (foundation degree, BEng and HN) courses from University of Wales Newport (course codes H101, H691, H620, HH37 and 001H). This resource is a part of the core modules for the full time 1st year undergraduate programme.
The BEng & Foundation Degrees and HNC/D in Engineering are designed to meet the needs of employers by placing the emphasis on the theoretical, practical and vocational aspects of engineering within the workplace and beyond. Engineering is becoming more high profile, and therefore more in demand as a skill set, in today’s high-tech world. This course has been designed to provide you with knowledge, skills and practical experience encountered in everyday engineering environments.
An Integrated Approach to Ensure Viral Vector and Gene Therapy Commercial Rea...Merck Life Sciences
Come learn more about our integrated approach to ensure viral vector and gene therapy commercial readiness. We will discuss topics relating to process development for viral vector manufacturing, biosafety testing and commercial readiness.
Significant progress has been made for the use of viral vectors for gene therapy. Promising clinical trial results as well as recent FDA approval for CAR-T cell therapy to treat certain children and young adults with B-cell lymphoblastic leukemia have signaled advancements in the field. This marks a historic action, providing opportunities for new viral vector technologies to transform medicine and the way patients are treated and even cured. The need for process development for viral vector manufacturing to improve yield to meet patient demand, biosafety testing for product characterization, potency and safety and commercial readiness to accelerate therapy to-market are critically important. Here, we emphasis an integrated approach that allows our customers solutions to ensure viral vector and gene therapy commercial readiness to meet the growing market need.
In this webinar, you will learn:
● Process development advances for production scale-up of viral vectors for gene therapy
● Methods specific for viral gene therapy product characterization, purity, potency, safety and release testing
● Commercial readiness through our US and UK Centers of Excellence for viral product manufacturing
Viruses are small obligate intracellular parasites, which by definition contain either a RNA or DNA genome surrounded by a protective, virus-coded protein coat. Viruses range from the
structurally simple and small parvoviruses and picornaviruses to the large and complex
poxviruses and herpesviruses. Viruses are classified on the basis of morphology, chemical
composition, and mode of replication. The viruses that infect humans are currently grouped into 21 families, reflecting only a small part of the spectrum of the multitude of different viruses whose host ranges extend from vertebrates to protozoa and from plants and fungi to bacteria.
Viruses are small obligate intracellular parasites, which by definition contain either an RNA or DNA genome surrounded by a protective, virus-coded protein coat. Viruses range from the structurally simple and small parvoviruses and picornaviruses to the large and complex poxviruses and herpesviruses. Viruses are classified on the basis of morphology, chemical composition, and mode of replication. The viruses that infect humans are currently grouped into 21 families, reflecting only a small part of the spectrum of the multitude of different viruses whose host ranges extend from vertebrates to protozoa and from plants and fungi to bacteria.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2. Taxonomy of viruses – 2475 sp.
Reported so far
Baltimore system of International Committee for
classification Taxonomy of Viruses
By International union of microbiological societies
Based on genetic material and its replication strategies
5. Retroviruses (Family Retroviridae)
family of single-stranded RNA
viruses having a helical envelope
and containing an enzyme (RT)
that allows for a reversal of
genetic transcription, from RNA
to DNA rather than the usual DNA
to RNA.
the newly transcribed viral DNA is
incorporated into the host cell's
DNA strand for the production of Schematic cross section through a
new RNA retroviruses (Integrase) retroviral particle. Transmembrane (TM)
and the surface (SU) components linked
together by disulfide bonds, matrix (MA)
protein, capsid (CA) protein, and
nucleocapsid (NC) protein. Major products
of the pol-coding region are reverse
transcriptase (RT) and integrase (IN). The
protease (PR) is derived from the pro gene
between gag and pol.
6. Retroviridae
Taxonomy:
Synonym(s): RNA tumor virus group (and related agents).
Retroviruses are currently classified into 7 genera.
Host:
Virus infects vertebrates.
Morphology:
Virions enveloped; slightly pleomorphic; spherical; 80-100 nm
in diameter. Surface projections of envelope small (surface
appears rough), or distinct (8 nm long glycoprotein); spikes;
dispersed evenly over all the surface. Capsids isometric (to
spherical), or rod-shaped (or a truncated cone eg HIV).
Nucleoid of spherical nucleocapsid symmetric, or
asymmetric.
7. Retrovirus genome
RNA. Single stranded. Linear; genomic nucleic acid
positive sense. Genome dimeric. Total genome of one
monomer 7000-11000 nucleotides long.
Genome of retroviruses is flanked at
each end by repeated sequences ("R")
the gag gene is translated into molecules of the capsid protein
the pol gene is transcribed into molecules of reverse
transcriptase
the env gene is translated into molecules of the envelope
protein
8. Family Retroviridae - Taxonomy
Genus Gammaretroviruses - Mouse mammary tumor virus
Genus Episilonretroviruses - Reticuloendotheliosis virus
Subgenus: Reptilian type C oncovirus virus group - Viper retrovirus
Reticuloendotheliosis virus group - Reticuloendotheliosis virus
Genus Alpharetroviruses - Avian leukosis virus
Genus Betaretrovirus group - Mason-Pfizer monkey virus
Genus Deltaretroviruses - human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV)
Genus Lentivirus
Subgenus: bovine lentivirus group - bovine immunodeficiency virus
Subgenus: Equine lentivirus group - Equine infectious anemia virus
Subgenus: Feline lentivirus group - feline immunodeficiency virus
Subgenus: Ovine/caprine lentivirus group - caprine arthritis encephalitis virus
Subgenus: Primate lentivirus group - HIV
• Genus Spumavirus Chimpanzee foamy virus
9. Life cycle - Retroviruses
When a retrovirus
infects a cell
its molecules of reverse
transcriptase are carried into
the cell attached to the viral
RNA molecules.
The reverse transcriptase
synthesizes DNA copies of the
RNA.
These enter the nucleus and
are
inserted into the DNA of the
host.
These inserts are transcribed
by the host's enzymes into
fresh RNA molecules which
re-enter the cytosol where
some are translated by host
ribosomes
10. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
ICTV Group: +ssRNA RT
Baltimore Group( Earlier Classification): Group VI
(ssRNA-RT viruses (+)sense RNA with DNA
intermediate in life-cycle)
Family: Retroviridae
Genus: Lentivirus
Species: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
12. HIV
An HIV particle is around 100-150 billionths of a metre in diameter. That's
about the same as: 0.1 microns
one seventieth of the diameter of Host Cell- human CD4+ white blood cell.
Unlike most bacteria, HIV particles are much too small to be seen through an
ordinary microscope. However they can be seen clearly with an electron
microscope.
HIV particles surround themselves with a coat of fatty material known as
the viral envelope (or membrane). Projecting from this are around 72 little
spikes, which are formed from the proteins gp120 and gp41 that act as
receptors.. Just below the viral envelope is a layer called the matrix, which is
made from the protein p17.
The viral core (or capsid) is usually bullet-shaped and is made from the protein
p24. Inside the core are three enzymes required for HIV replication called
reverse transcriptase, integrase and protease. Also held within the core is HIV's
genetic material, which consists of two identical single strands of RNA.
13. Different types of HIV
There are two types of HIV: HIV-1 and HIV-2. Both types
are transmitted by sexual contact, through blood, and from
mother to child, and they appear to cause clinically
indistinguishable AIDS. However, it seems that HIV-2 is
less easily transmitted, and the period between initial
infection and illness is longer in the case of HIV-2.
Worldwide, the predominant virus is HIV-1, and generally
when people refer to HIV without specifying the type of
virus they will be referring to HIV-1. The relatively
uncommon HIV-2 type is concentrated in West Africa and
is rarely found elsewhere.
14. Life Cycle - HIV
Virus entry into lymphocytes is receptor mediated
After entry it releases the 2 RNA genome and 3 proteins viz.,
protease, reverse transcriptase and integrase into cytosol.
Viral RNA undergoes transcription to cDNA with help of RT
Viral RNA removed with viral enzymes and sscDNA undergoes
duplication to form dsDNA
dsDNA moves to the nucleus and integrates (with the help of
integrase ) with the host cell DNA which undergoes
transcription to viral RNA and translation to viral proteins – core
proteins (further processed by protease)
2 viral RNA mol, integrase, RT and protease come together forms
the core of the virus and acquires the envelope / lipid coat and
penetrates out of the cell as infective virions.