Channel and Floodplain Alterations for River Restoration by Melinda Daniels, Ph.D., Associate Research Scientist, Stroud Water Research Center
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Channel and Floodplain Alterations for River Restoration by Melinda Daniels, Ph.D., Associate Research Scientist, Stroud Water Research Center
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Resilience of a dammed tropical river.
1) The document discusses how dams disrupt the natural seasonality and dynamics of temperature, chemistry, morphology, and ecology of river systems downstream.
2) It uses the Zambezi River in Africa, which is highly dammed, as a case study to quantify the longitudinal distances rivers need to partially restore physical, chemical, and biological integrity after being dammed.
3) Preliminary results from the Zambezi River show that water temperature resilience is recovered around 40 km downstream of the dam, but seasonal variability in discharge is not recovered at the same location, demonstrating different resilience scales for different factors.
Junk&wantzen 1989 update_new flood pulse
This document summarizes the flood pulse concept (FPC), an ecological model for river-floodplain systems. The FPC proposes that flooding periodically connects rivers to their floodplains, driving nutrient exchange and high primary production. Since the FPC was introduced in 1989, knowledge of floodplain ecology has increased, requiring updates and extensions to the original concept. The document reviews advances in understanding hydrology, biogeochemistry, biodiversity and other areas that have both supported predictions of the FPC and inspired new approaches to studying river-floodplain systems.
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The document summarizes research on glacial recession and its impacts on human vulnerability in the Cordillera Blanca mountain range in Peru. Key findings include:
1) Approximately 25% of glacial area in the Cordillera Blanca has receded since 1970, which will impact sustainable water availability.
2) Glacial melt contributes significantly to dry season water flows, especially in the Rio Santa river which many coastal desert cities rely on.
3) Increased rates of chemical weathering are occurring from glacial melt, elevating metal concentrations in streams and potentially threatening downstream water quality.
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3) Preliminary results from the Zambezi River show that water temperature resilience is recovered around 40 km downstream of the dam, but seasonal variability in discharge is not recovered at the same location, demonstrating different resilience scales for different factors.
Junk&wantzen 1989 update_new flood pulse
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The study examined the effects of stream channelization ("cleaning") on nitrogen retention in three streams in central Pennsylvania. Preliminary results showed that channelized reaches allowed nitrogen atoms to travel much further (3.7 times) compared to unaltered reference reaches. The uptake velocity, which represents overall nitrogen demand, was on average 4.7 times higher in reference reaches. These differences were likely due to a lack of stored organic matter in channelized reaches, as indicated by lower ecosystem respiration rates. The results suggest that widespread stream cleaning could reduce nitrogen uptake and potentially increase nitrogen flux into Chesapeake Bay.
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The document summarizes research on glacial recession and its impacts on human vulnerability in the Cordillera Blanca mountain range in Peru. Key findings include:
1) Approximately 25% of glacial area in the Cordillera Blanca has receded since 1970, which will impact sustainable water availability.
2) Glacial melt contributes significantly to dry season water flows, especially in the Rio Santa river which many coastal desert cities rely on.
3) Increased rates of chemical weathering are occurring from glacial melt, elevating metal concentrations in streams and potentially threatening downstream water quality.
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The document discusses the costs and benefits of removing dams. It notes that while dam removal can help restore river ecology by allowing fish passage and sediment movement, it may also negatively impact reservoir habitats and release toxins from sediments. Case studies show dam removal improved fish diversity but also initially increased turbidity. An analysis should weigh ecological and economic factors to determine if removal criteria are met for a particular dam.
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This document discusses the impacts and responses to dam removals in rivers in the United States and internationally based on published studies of over 100 removals. Some key points:
- Rivers respond quickly physically to dam removals, often stabilizing within months as sediment erodes from former reservoirs and moves downstream, with channels trending back to pre-dam states.
- Fish populations have also responded rapidly, with some species recolonizing habitat upstream within days or weeks. Responses have been more mixed for less mobile bottom-dwelling species.
- Larger dam removals and those with more sediment have had greater downstream impacts than smaller removals, but removals overall have improved ecosystem function without catastrophic consequences.
Steve Apfelbaum, "Emulating Nature"
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The carbon regeneration in the water column of
the Cariaco Basin (Venezuela) was investigated
using a regression model of total alkalinity (TA)
and the concentration of total inorganic carbon
(TCO2
). Primary productivity (PP) was determined
from the inorganic carbon fraction assimilated
by phytoplankton and the variation of the 22 and
23°C isotherm was used as an indicator of coastal
upwelling. The results indicate that CO2
levels were
lowest (1962 µmol/kg) at the surface and increased
to 2451 µmol/kg below the oxic-anoxic redox
interface. The vertical regeneration distribution of
carbon was dominated (82%) by organic carbon
originating from the soft tissue of photosynthetic
organisms, whereas 18% originated from the
dissolution of biogenic calcite. The regeneration
of organic carbon was highest in the surface layer
in agreement with the primary productivity values.
However, at the oxic-anoxic interface a second more
intense maximum was detected (70-80%), generated
by chemotrophic respiration of organic material
by microorganisms. The percentages in the anoxic
layers were lower than in the oxic zone because
aerobic decomposition occurs more rapidly than
anaerobic respiration of organic material because
more labile fractions of organic carbon have already
been mineralized in the upper layers.Planetary Boundaries
1) The document discusses the concept of "planetary boundaries" which aims to define a "safe operating space for humanity" by establishing quantitative boundaries for nine critical Earth system processes.
2) It proposes specific boundary levels for seven of these processes: climate change, ocean acidification, ozone depletion, biogeochemical flows of nitrogen and phosphorus, land use change, freshwater use, and biodiversity loss.
3) The boundaries are meant to avoid crossing critical global thresholds beyond which Earth system processes could be irreversibly altered at the planetary scale, significantly reducing the resilience of the biosphere.
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This document proposes a new framework called "planetary boundaries" to define a safe operating space for humanity to avoid dangerous global environmental change. It identifies nine key Earth system processes and attempts to quantify boundary levels for seven of them, beyond which risks crossing thresholds into uncontrollable change. The boundaries are climate change, ocean acidification, stratospheric ozone depletion, interference with biogeochemical nitrogen and phosphorus cycles, global freshwater use, land system change, and rate of biodiversity loss. The paper argues humanity has already exceeded boundaries for climate change, biodiversity loss and nitrogen cycle. Crossing boundaries increases risks and impacts, and boundaries are interconnected, so exceeding one could impact others.
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The document discusses the costs and benefits of removing dams. It notes that while dam removal can help restore river ecology by allowing fish passage and sediment movement, it may also negatively impact reservoir habitats and release toxins from sediments. Case studies show dam removal improved fish diversity but also initially increased turbidity. An analysis should weigh ecological and economic factors to determine if removal criteria are met for a particular dam.
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- Rivers respond quickly physically to dam removals, often stabilizing within months as sediment erodes from former reservoirs and moves downstream, with channels trending back to pre-dam states.
- Fish populations have also responded rapidly, with some species recolonizing habitat upstream within days or weeks. Responses have been more mixed for less mobile bottom-dwelling species.
- Larger dam removals and those with more sediment have had greater downstream impacts than smaller removals, but removals overall have improved ecosystem function without catastrophic consequences.
Steve Apfelbaum, "Emulating Nature"
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The carbon regeneration in the water column of
the Cariaco Basin (Venezuela) was investigated
using a regression model of total alkalinity (TA)
and the concentration of total inorganic carbon
(TCO2
). Primary productivity (PP) was determined
from the inorganic carbon fraction assimilated
by phytoplankton and the variation of the 22 and
23°C isotherm was used as an indicator of coastal
upwelling. The results indicate that CO2
levels were
lowest (1962 µmol/kg) at the surface and increased
to 2451 µmol/kg below the oxic-anoxic redox
interface. The vertical regeneration distribution of
carbon was dominated (82%) by organic carbon
originating from the soft tissue of photosynthetic
organisms, whereas 18% originated from the
dissolution of biogenic calcite. The regeneration
of organic carbon was highest in the surface layer
in agreement with the primary productivity values.
However, at the oxic-anoxic interface a second more
intense maximum was detected (70-80%), generated
by chemotrophic respiration of organic material
by microorganisms. The percentages in the anoxic
layers were lower than in the oxic zone because
aerobic decomposition occurs more rapidly than
anaerobic respiration of organic material because
more labile fractions of organic carbon have already
been mineralized in the upper layers.Planetary Boundaries
1) The document discusses the concept of "planetary boundaries" which aims to define a "safe operating space for humanity" by establishing quantitative boundaries for nine critical Earth system processes.
2) It proposes specific boundary levels for seven of these processes: climate change, ocean acidification, ozone depletion, biogeochemical flows of nitrogen and phosphorus, land use change, freshwater use, and biodiversity loss.
3) The boundaries are meant to avoid crossing critical global thresholds beyond which Earth system processes could be irreversibly altered at the planetary scale, significantly reducing the resilience of the biosphere.
Pandey Et Al Current Science 2003
This document summarizes research on rainwater harvesting as an adaptation to climate change. It reviews evidence that the Holocene period experienced significant climate variability, including periods of aridity and drought. It hypothesizes that during periods of climate fluctuations, rather than migrating, people may have adapted by modifying their dwelling environments through rainwater harvesting to optimize water availability. The document examines archaeological, historical and paleoclimate records to test this hypothesis and find a correlation between heightened efforts to construct rainwater harvesting structures during abrupt climate fluctuations in response to aridity and drought.
Samec - Regression analysis of relations among main Quaternary environmental ...
This document analyzes relationships between environmental change indicators during the Quaternary period using regression analysis. It uses proxy data from loess/paleosol sequences in China, deep sea sediments in the east Pacific, and ice cores from East Antarctica to represent glacial/interglacial cycles. Exploratory analysis, interpolation, and multiple regression methods were used to analyze relationships between the proxy records over the middle to late Pleistocene. Results found weaker correlations between soil properties and climate cycles compared to other proxies. Logistic regression also suggested temporal variability in relationships between climate change factors and sediment properties.
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This document summarizes issues related to managing riparian zones, streams, and floodplains. It discusses that while naturalness is generally the goal, defining natural is difficult. A diversity of management effects have been recognized, including direct disturbance, changes in woody debris and flows, and cumulative effects over space and time. The document also discusses challenges in defining streams, protecting ephemeral sections, and quantifying the complex variability of stream channels.
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This document proposes a new framework called "planetary boundaries" to define a safe operating space for humanity to avoid dangerous global environmental change. It identifies nine key Earth system processes and attempts to quantify boundary levels for seven of them, beyond which risks crossing thresholds into uncontrollable change. The boundaries are climate change, ocean acidification, stratospheric ozone depletion, interference with biogeochemical nitrogen and phosphorus cycles, global freshwater use, land system change, and rate of biodiversity loss. The paper argues humanity has already exceeded boundaries for climate change, biodiversity loss and nitrogen cycle. Crossing boundaries increases risks and impacts, and boundaries are interconnected, so exceeding one could impact others.
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Similar to Channel and Floodplain Alterations for River Restoration by Melinda Daniels, Ph.D., Associate Research Scientist, Stroud Water Research Center
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This document provides an overview of stream morphology assessment and restoration. It discusses why stream restoration is important, common causes of stream impairment, and key components of restoration projects. The document also describes stream ecosystems and processes, including watersheds, hydrology, fluvial geomorphology, sediment transport, channel patterns, dimensions, and classification. The goal is to understand stream form and function in order to properly assess conditions and plan successful restoration efforts.
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This document provides an overview of stream assessment and watershed functions. It defines a stream as a body of water with a current confined within banks. It discusses key components of watersheds like hydrologic cycles, stream networks, and how watersheds transport water, sediment, and dissolved materials. The document also covers stream impairments, restoration principles, and functions like transporting water and sediment and providing habitat.
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Dams are structures built across waterways to impound water for purposes like flood control, irrigation, and hydroelectric power generation. However, dams can have negative environmental impacts by altering natural habitats and blocking fish migration. The document discusses classifications of dams and examines cases of dam removal in Michigan to restore river ecosystems and address public safety issues caused by aging infrastructure.
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Large scale river restoration programs require bringing science into both planning and implementation. Two successful projects, the Kissimmee River Restoration and Healthy Waterways Initiative in Australia, established rigorous monitoring programs to evaluate outcomes. The California Delta faces challenges of balancing water exports and habitat restoration, requiring an adaptive approach incorporating the best available science. Institutional challenges to large river restoration include uncertainty, the transition from planning to action, effective communication, and integrating synthesized data.
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Biohabitats, Inc.
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UROP Finals Poster_Junior_Mazariegos
This study analyzed isotopic signatures of dissolved inorganic carbon and water to trace natural and anthropogenic sources of groundwater recharge in Orange County, California. Preliminary findings showed that production wells HB-1 and CM-3 had elevated levels of carbon-14, suggesting recharge from Colorado River water, recent precipitation, and possibly recycled water. The goals were to determine if treated water used for replenishment carries a unique isotopic signature that could be used to monitor its movement within the aquifer system. Ongoing analysis is assessing the contribution of different recharge sources over time.
River Restoration in Asia and Connection Between IWRM and River Restoration
The document discusses river restoration efforts in Asia and the connection between integrated water resources management (IWRM) and river restoration. It provides examples of river restoration projects from various Asian countries that improved water quality, habitat, and the relationship between rivers and communities. The document argues that river restoration is important for sustainable development and that establishing restoration methods tailored to Asia's monsoon regions is needed. It also stresses the importance of international cooperation on river restoration projects and guidelines.
Healthy Coastal Ecosystems
Robert Twilley, vice chancellor of research, University of Louisiana at Lafayette. Sea Grant Week 2010
Making the case for valley scale restoration
The fluvial landscape of most watersheds within North America fundamentally changed during European settlement. Through impacts related to natural resource extraction, navigation, transportation, and flood control, all as part of “Manifest Destiny”, the conditions and processes that defined fluvial ecosystems were altered. Rivers are still adjusting to historical impacts that may have occurred more than 100 years ago. Specific impacts in many watersheds include timber harvest, splash damming, placer mining, removal of large wood and logjams, draining of wetlands, channel confinement by highways, railroads, and levees, channel straightening, channel training, damming, urbanization, water quality pollution, flood control, and many more.
Due to the pervasiveness and scale of these impacts, restoration must consider efforts across the entire valley width and be of significant magnitude to address the impacts if we are to succeed with the recovery of the system. Restoration at the valley scale is a daunting effort to many organizations, local, state, and federal governments, tribes and co-managers requiring coordination and collaboration across physical and political boundaries. Confounding restoration efforts, resource managers and practitioners often need to educate communities and regulators due to misperceptions that present day conditions represent good reference conditions for fluvial systems. Common barriers to valley scale restoration include;
• Historical misconceptions of what a river is
• Landowner and community willingness
• Mitigating encroachment into the valley by development relocation or adaptation of existing infrastructure
• Regulatory and land use policies obstructing restoration
• Assessment and implementation costs
Examples of watershed scale impacts on the Nooksack, Skagit, Elwha, and Greys Rivers and their accompanying effects will be described in this session’s presentations. These examples of valley scale restoration illustrate some common barriers and most importantly, solutions for establishing and managing fluvial corridors that can achieve meaningful recovery, reverse impacts from previous generations and guide us down a more sustainable path into the future.
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John Harris - 2016 Independent Study Presentation Poster
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Baranowski adapting conservation systems
This document discusses building considerations for climate change into wetland restoration projects along Lake Erie. It provides regional climate change predictions including increased temperatures and precipitation. It also discusses historic and current land cover changes, as well as lake dynamics involving daily, seasonal and long-term water level fluctuations. The need for resilient restoration strategies is highlighted given habitat loss and unpredictable water supply due to climate change. Case studies are presented involving infrastructure improvements, reforestation, reconnection and restoration projects that aim to provide benefits like water filtration, flood control and diverse plant species while increasing resiliency.
Coyote Creek Historical Ecological Study
This report analyzes the historical landscape and ecology of Coyote Creek watershed before intensive human modification to understand how the area has changed and to identify opportunities for restoration. The report finds that historically the watershed contained a diverse mosaic of habitats including native grasslands, oak savanna, wet meadows, and freshwater wetlands. However, drainage intensification, agriculture, and development have significantly altered the watershed's hydrology and habitats. Understanding these historical conditions provides a basis for more appropriate restoration goals that consider recovering locally-adapted habitat types and restoring natural watershed functions.
Forum david hetherington
The document provides an overview of a presentation on fluvial geomorphology given by Dr. David Hetherington. It includes details about his background and research interests in fluvial geomorphology. It also summarizes Ove Arup and Partners, the international engineering firm Dr. Hetherington works for, and discusses key concepts in fluvial geomorphology like catchment processes and small scale river features.
Tim randle dam removal in the united states
The document discusses revitalization of rivers in the United States through dam removal. It provides background on the benefits and impacts of dams, and the history of dam construction and removal in the US. Over 750 dams have been removed, mostly small dams, to help restore rivers and ecosystems. Case studies are presented on dam removals on the Chiloquin River in Oregon, Rogue River in Oregon, and Elwha River in Washington to restore fish passage and ecosystems while managing sediment impacts.
Tim randle dam removal in the united states
The document discusses revitalization of rivers in the United States through dam removal. It provides background on the impacts of dams, history of dam construction and removal in the US. Specifically, it examines case studies of dam removals on the Chiloquin River in Oregon, Rogue River in Oregon, and Elwha River in Washington. For the Elwha River dams, the reservoirs contained major sediment problems that required concurrent dam removal and management of reservoir sediments to minimize downstream impacts.
Coastal Resource Management
This document provides an overview of coastal resource management. It begins by defining key coastal geography terms and describing various coastal landforms and features formed by sediment. It then discusses coastal processes and resources. Coastal resource management is defined as ensuring functions and activities are organized to achieve desired results through policies and projects. Factors affecting coastal resource management and its benefits are listed. Examples of coastal resource management processes and engineering approaches are provided, including coastal habitat management. The document concludes with a list of references.
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The document summarizes the Dust Bowl of the 1930s, which was caused by years of severe drought that destroyed crops and exposed dry topsoil to powerful winds. Millions of tons of topsoil blew eastward, depositing sediment as far away as the Atlantic Ocean. In response, the Soil Conservation Service (now the Natural Resources Conservation Service) was established in 1935 to address soil erosion and conservation. The document then provides examples of dust storms in 1934 South Dakota and 2011 Arizona to illustrate that dust storms remain an issue. It outlines the NRCS approach of Avoiding, Controlling, and Trapping pollutants using various conservation practices and highlights New Jersey's 2014 Soil Health Initiative promoting the use of cover crops.
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Investing in Natural Infrastructure Provides Multiple Benefits to Communities
Ecological restoration projects provide multiple economic benefits to communities. For example, a natural infrastructure project completed in 2007 at Cape May Point, New Jersey that restored lower Cape May Meadows reduced flood damage costs by an estimated $9.6 million over 50 years. The project was also found to provide $200 million in economic impact for Cape May County and support the region's $5.5 billion tourism industry. Lessons from the case study highlight the importance of clearly defining objectives, collecting economic baseline data, and leveraging the multiple benefits of natural infrastructure projects.
Lehigh Valley Return on Environment Study
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2) Trees remove $48 million worth of air pollutants annually and sequester $3.6 million in carbon.
3) Outdoor recreation supported by natural areas contributes $236-556 million annually in economic output and supports over 4,000 jobs.
4) Proximity to open space increases nearby property values by up to 14%, representing $1.87 billion
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Protecting Water Resources in Lower Saucon Township
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Channel and Floodplain Alterations for River Restoration by Melinda Daniels, Ph.D., Associate Research Scientist, Stroud Water Research Center
- 1. Channel and Floodplain Alterations for River Restoration Melinda D. Daniels, PhD Fluvial Geomorphologist
- 2. River Restoration Should aim to re-establish normal rates and magnitudes of physical, chemical, and biological processes that create and sustain river and floodplain ecosystems Rivers are: Dynamic Self-sustaining Responsive to their watershed inputs Habitats are by nature dynamic in both space time and are controlled by physical stream processes
- 3. Fundamental River Proceses Natural River Driving Processes Fluvial Geomorphology Sediment Transport Bank Erosion Channel Meandering Wood Loading Flow Regime Altered River Restored River Restoration Solutions
- 8. Nielson et al., 1994 Saldi-Caromile et al., 2004
- 12. Important to evaluate from landscape to local scales Beechie et al. 2010
- 17. Legacy Sediments
- 21. Marmot Dam Removal Major et al. Eos, Vol. 89, No. 27, 1 July 2008
- 26. Cautionary Tales, or… “The road to hell is paved with good intentions” Plan for channel reconstruction, Uvas Creek, prepared by Rosgen (Source: Uvas Creek project files, City of Gilroy, California). Kondolf, G. M. 2006. River restoration and meanders. Ecology and Society 11(2): 42. [online] URL: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol11/iss2/art42/
- 27. Design for Cuneo Creek reconstruction project (from Rosgen 1991). (photography courtesy of the California Department of Parks and Recreation). Kondolf, G. M. 2006. River restoration and meanders. Ecology and Society 11(2): 42. [online] URL: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol11/iss2/art42/
- 33. Restoration Strategies Restored River Target root causes of habitat and ecosystem change Restore Riparian Forests Focus on connecting existing high quality patches Decrease storm water and sediment runoff from urban and agricultural lands Add large wood Remove Dams and Stabilize Legacy Sediments
- 34. The Ten Commandments of River Restoration 1.Do No Harm 2.Direct channel manipulation should be a LAST resort 3.Hire someone who can properly assess the system 4.Look beyond the channel reach (upstream) to assess drivers of degradation 5.Manage inputs to the system (stormwater, sediment) 6.Allow the channel to self-adjust 7.Emulate natural systems 8.Use appropriate materials 9.DO NOT lock the channel in place 10.Expect and accept change
Editor's Notes
- Really emphasize lack of deep pools