The American Independence.
The French Revolution.
The Crisis of the Old Regimen in Spain.
The Napoleonic Era.
The Bourbon Restoration.
The Liberal Revolutions and Nationalism.
Francisco de Goya.
The American Independence.
The French Revolution.
The Crisis of the Old Regimen in Spain.
The Napoleonic Era.
The Bourbon Restoration.
The Liberal Revolutions and Nationalism.
Francisco de Goya.
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The 18th century was a time of transition between the absolute monarchy and liberal regimes, the Modern age and the Contemporay age. The political organisation of the world as we know today, started to become a reality in the 18th century.
EL SIGLO XVIII EN ESPAÑA. PRIMERO BORBONESTeresa Pérez
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The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
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Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
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• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
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Presentation UNIT 3 - The European Restoration.pdf
1. UNIT 3
THE EUROPEAN RESTORATION, THE LIBERAL
REVOLUTIONS AND THE EMERGENCE OF
NATIONALISM (1814-1871)
2. 1.The European Restoration
2.The Liberal Revolutions: 1820, 1830 and 1848
3.Nationalism Movements: Italian and German Unifications
4.Europe in the Second Half of the 19th Century
5.The United States
6.Art: 19th Century
3. After Napoleon: Reorganisation of Europe
CONGRESS OF VIENNA
(181415)
Great Britain, Prussia, Russia and
Austria.
1. The Congress of Vienna
1. THE EUROPEAN RESTORATION
4. Restoration of absolutist monarchies:
legitimacy of monarchs
denial of national sovereignty
limitation of Constitutions, etc.
Re-drawing of the map of Europe No
regard of nationalist aspirations + Balance
of power.
Holy Allegiance Military help in case of
liberal revolutions.
5. Despite the Congress of Vienna and
the comeback of absolutism
growth of liberalism and nationalism
in Europe è Uprisings from 1820
onwards è Eventual collapse of
absolutism.
2. PostNapoleonic Liberalism, Nationalism and Democracy
6. LIBERALISM
- Freedom of the individual
- Separation of powers
- Constitutional monarchies with representative and
parliamentary assemblies.
- National sovereignty
- Limited male suffrage
- Governmental guarantees of individual rights and civil
liberties (association, expression, movement, press and
religion)
- Right to property and free trade
Directed by the bourgeoisie + popular support.
Led to the collapse of absolutism è Liberal state
7. NATIONALISM
• Response to:
• Napoleonic conquests
• Territorial impositions of Vienna
• Began as intellectual ideology: right of people
to establish its own boundaries based on a
common history, language and/or culture
(Volkgeist)
• Final product Nationstate with national
sovereignty and the form of government that
each nation voted.
12. 1. The Revolutions of 1820
Liberal revolutions.
Suppressed by the Holy Allegiance (ie.
Trienio Liberal).
Greece
War of Independence – 1821-9.
Foreign support.
Independence in 1829.
13. 2. The Revolutions of 1830 - Moderate liberalism
- Constitutional monarchies
- Census suffrage.
France (Paris) è Middle and popular classes Vs
Charles X è Constitutional monarchy (Louis
Philippe de Bourbon).
1830 Belgium è Independence from the Netherlands.
14. 3. The Revolutions of 1848
End of the absolutist restoration in Europe
More radical revolutionary wave.
LIBERALISM
NATIONALISM
WORKERS’
MOVEMENTS
Socialists
Anarchists
SEVERE CRISIS
15. From France to central Europe (Germany, Austria, Hungary) and Italy.
• Crisis Fall of the Bourbon dynasty è Second Republic (1848-1852)
LOUIS NAPOLEON BONAPARTE (Conservative) 1852: Coup è
Second Empire (1852-1870)
Austria, Germany, Italy
Nationalist movements.
Eventual failure
16. 4. Consequences of the revolutions
Limited direct impact, but several advances:
Progressive adoption of liberalism, division
of power and constitutional systems.
Male limited suffrage generally recognised.
Abolition of absolutist remains (serfdom,
for instance).
Bourgeoisie power.
o Industrial proletariat and commoners
è Class consciousness Against
bourgeois ideas.
18. Italy: Divided into seven states (some under Austrian
sovereignty)
Risorgimento
Movement led by KING VITTORIO EMMANUELE DI SABOIA
(Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia) and his PM, the COUNT
OF CAVOUR.
Support of intellectuals, liberals and nationalists.
GIUSEPPE GARIBALDI (south) Revolutionary soldier
against foreign powers (Two Sicilies, Austria, France)
1. Italian unification
19. 1843 1870
1. Lombardy and Two Sicilies (1859-61)
War between Piedmont and Austria
annexed Lombardy.
Expedition of the Thousand (Garibaldi)
Conquered the south.
KINGDOM OF ITALY (1861)
Vittorio Emmanuele king.
20. 2. Venetia (1866)
Conquered during the Austro-Prussian War.
3. Papal States (1870)
Integrated during the French-Prussian War.
Difficult integration until 1929.
Liberal and constitutional monarchy Limited suffrage
Separation of powers Rome as capital
21. 2. German unification
Early 19th century
German confederation 36 states.
Prussia and Austria the strongest.
22. 1834 Zollverein (custom union)
Majority of German-speaking states
1848 Revolutions. First offer of
unification è Rejected by the Prussian king.
23. Wilhelm I King of Prussia
Otto von Bismark Chancellor
Movements towards unification (excluding Austria)
1864 War Vs Denmark (Schleswig [PR] and Holstein
[AUS])
1866 Austro-Prussian War è No Austrian influence.
North German Confederation After the war
1870 Franco-Prussian War (Vs Second French Empire)
24. 1871 è WILHEM I EMPEROR
OF THE SECOND REICH
Constitutional and conservative state
Kaiser William I
Berlin as capital
Progressive concessions: universal male
suffrage
25. 1. Liberal and parliamentary regimes
4. EUROPE IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY
Constitutional monarchies with representative assemblies, limited suffrage, etc
PORTUGAL
SPAIN
FRANCE
BELGIUM
NETHERLANDS
ITALY
GREAT BRITAIN
GREECE
GERMAN REICH
DENMARK
SWEDEN
FINLAND
NORWAY
26. Strongest commercial, colonial and financial power in the world.
Industrial Revolution.
Great colonial empire.
Huge demographic growth.
Bipartisanship, turning power: Conservative party and Liberal
party. Stability. Reforms (universal male suffrage in the early 20th
c; women in 1918).
Queen Victoria
(18371901)
27. Revolution 1848 Louis Napoleon Bonaparte elected. Coup in 1852.
Second French Empire (18521870). Napoleon III. Conservative and
authoritarian regime.
FrancoPrussian War (1870) Defeated by Prussia.
Paris Commune: radical uprising.
Third Republic (1870-1940). Instability. Conservative and authoritarian
governments.
28. 2. Autocratic regimes
TSAR
Absolute political powers, controlled the army, the bureaucracy,
the political policy and it was also the highest religious charge of
the Orthodox Church.
Elimination of manorial system 1861.
29. Autocratic monarchy
Conservative parliament. Restrictive male
limited suffrage.
Several internal problems Nationalist
movements.
Hungarian region Demanded complete
autonomy è Creation of the
AUSTROHUNGARIAN EMPIRE
Dual monarchy
Two independent parliaments and
administrations
Common Emperor.
Late 19t h , early 20t h Nationalist
movements in the Balkans.
Emperor Franz Joseph I
(1848-1916)
Nearly unlimited authority
30. Since 18th century: internal religious,
political and nationalist critics è Led to
independences and coups d’état.
1829 Greek independence.
Balkans Increasing protests è military
conflicts with Russian support.
Late 19th century:
• independence of Romania and Serbia
• recognition of Bulgaria as autonomous
state
• Bosnia-Herzegovina recognised as part
of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
31. 1. The development of the United States
5. THE UNITED STATES
Huge growth of population: from 4 million to
100 million people. Importance of Asian and
European migrants.
Expansion of territories: new states in the union.
● Interconnection of both coasts by train.
Conquest of the West
32. Centre of the second stage of the Industrial Revolution.
Discovery and exploitation of natural resources
(oil, coal, iron, gold)
33. 2. The American Civil War (186165)
Political, economic and ethnic differences between the
north and the south
Confederate States of America
Southern states
Pro-slavery and its extension to
the west.
Union
Northern states
Abolitionists
Loyal to the government of
Abraham Lincoln.
• War: intense combat for four years. It ended with the collapse of
the Confederate states.
• Slavery abolished in the US.
• Aftermath: Reconstruction Era. Lincoln and A. Johnson. Restoring
unity, strengthening the Federal government, guaranteeing civil
rights.
34. 1. Romanticism
6. ART: THE 19TH CENTURY
• 1st half 19th century.
• Reaction against Neoclassicism
(academic, rigid and
inexpressive)
• Characteristics: individualism,
creativity, fantasy, expression of
feelings, exaltation of
nationalism, etc.
47. • Central years of the century.
• Everyday reality and the common
people actions and jobs as sources of
inspirations,
• Critical point of view: political,
economic and social differences.
• Recognition of the value of the
lower classes: peasants,
proletariat...
• Connection with left-wing ideas.
2. Realism