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The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system, including key structures like the pleura, mediastinum, and lungs. It also lists many common abbreviations used in respiratory medicine. Additionally, it covers respiratory symptoms, pathological lung conditions, clinical tests, drugs, and emergency procedures like CPR. CPR consists of assessing airway, breathing, circulation, and performing the Heimlich maneuver if needed.
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Dyspnea is defined as an uncomfortable need to breathe and is a common complaint in cardiopulmonary diseases. Causes of acute dyspnea include pulmonary issues like pneumonia, pulmonary edema, pulmonary embolism, asthma, and COPD, as well as cardiac causes like pulmonary edema. Diagnosis involves history, clinical exam, and potential investigations. Management depends on the underlying cause but may include positioning, relaxation techniques, humidified air, opioids for relief, oxygen therapy, and specific treatments targeted at the condition causing dyspnea.
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This document discusses respiratory failure (RF), including its definition, classification, causes, diagnosis, and management. RF is defined as failure of oxygenation or carbon dioxide elimination, and is classified as type 1 (hypoxemic) or type 2 (hypercapnic). Causes of acute RF include hypoventilation, V/Q mismatching, intrapulmonary shunting, and diffusion abnormalities. Diagnosis involves clinical presentation, arterial blood gases, imaging, and investigating underlying causes. Management focuses on airway support, oxygenation, ventilation, treating the underlying condition, and weaning from support as clinical status improves.
Pulmonary embolism
1) Pulmonary embolism refers to obstruction of a pulmonary artery, most commonly by a thrombus originating from the legs or pelvis.
2) Risk factors include conditions contributing to Virchow's triad of venous stasis, hypercoagulability, and endothelial injury.
3) Presentation includes dyspnea, chest pain, cough, hemoptysis, and leg swelling or pain. Investigations include D-dimer, chest imaging, ventilation-perfusion scan, and pulmonary angiogram. Management focuses on oxygenation, fluid resuscitation, and anticoagulation.
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Presentation on Respiratory Failure | Jindal Chest Clinic
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Pulmonary vascular disease / Pulmoary hypertension
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The document discusses the historical and spiritual perspectives of forests in ancient times. Forests were considered the abode of ancient sages and seers, and were seen as places of spiritual enlightenment. The document then defines eco-spirituality as having both an experiential and practical component - experiencing the numinous qualities of nature, and letting that experience flow into everyday actions. It emphasizes learning from and living in harmony with forests as a means to realize one's true nature and find lasting happiness.
Musculoskeletal
The musculoskeletal system consists of bones, joints, and muscles. There are several types of joints including immovable, slightly movable, and freely movable joints. Common joint types include hinge, pivot, ball-and-socket, and plane joints. Pathological joint conditions include arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, gout, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis. Muscles have origins, insertions, and bellies, and facilitate movements like flexion, extension, and circumduction. Common muscle diseases are muscular dystrophy, polymyositis, and rhabdomyosarcoma. Bones can be long, short, flat, or irregular. Bone formation involves ossification by osteoblasts and resorption
Cardiovascular System
The document summarizes the structure and function of the cardiovascular system, including the heart and blood vessels. It describes the cardiac cycle of the heart, blood pressure, common heart conditions like arrhythmias and defects, and clinical tests and procedures used to evaluate cardiovascular health like echocardiograms, angiograms, and treatments like angioplasty and bypass surgery.
Nervous System(CNS)
The document discusses the nervous system. It describes the nervous system as having two main parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system. The CNS is made up of the brain and spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system consists of nerves that connect the CNS to other parts of the body and organs. The document also discusses the different types of nervous tissue, specific parts of the brain and spinal cord, and various nervous system disorders.
Endocrine system
The endocrine system is composed of glands that secrete hormones which act on target tissues to maintain homeostasis. The major glands include the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, ovaries, testes, and pancreas. Hormones regulate growth and development, metabolism, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, and mood. Diseases can result if the glands produce too much or too little of certain hormones.
Haematology
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Pharmaology
The document provides an overview of the history and branches of pharmacology. It discusses the nature and sources of drugs, how they enter the body, drug classification, and drugs associated with specific body systems like the gastrointestinal tract and respiratory system. Key developments in pharmacology throughout history are noted, from ancient Chinese and Egyptian medical texts to modern advances in biotechnology and drug delivery systems.
Female Reproductive System
The female reproductive system consists of both external and internal organs. The external organs include the vulva and clitoris, while the internal organs include the uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes, and vagina. These organs work together to produce eggs, support embryo growth and development, and facilitate childbirth. Key hormones involved are estrogen, progesterone, and relaxin which regulate the menstrual cycle and development of secondary sex characteristics.
Male Reproductive System
The male reproductive system consists of both external and internal structures. Externally, it includes the penis and scrotum. Internally, it contains the testes, which produce sperm and male hormones, as well as ducts like the vas deferens and ejaculatory duct that transport sperm. Supporting structures include the epididymis and prostate gland. The document also provides abbreviations commonly used when discussing the male reproductive system and lists combining forms used in medical terminology related to male anatomy and functions.
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Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
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1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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