This document provides an overview of respiratory failure, including its definition, types, causes, patient presentation, investigations, management, and complications. There are four types of respiratory failure: type I involves hypoxemic failure due to issues with oxygenation; type II involves hypercapneic failure due to ventilation issues; type III occurs perioperatively due to lung collapse; and type IV is due to respiratory muscle hypoperfusion in shock. The management of respiratory failure involves treating the underlying cause, providing oxygen support, and potentially mechanical ventilation. Outcomes depend on the severity of acidosis and underlying illnesses.
Respiratory failure occurs when the lungs fail to effectively oxygenate the blood or remove carbon dioxide. It is classified as type 1 (hypoxic but normal CO2 levels) or type 2 (hypoxic and elevated CO2 levels). Type 1 is more common and caused by conditions like pneumonia that affect only part of the lungs. Type 2 involves more generalized lung damage. Acute respiratory failure develops rapidly while chronic failure progresses over days or longer. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include supplemental oxygen, mechanical ventilation, treating infection, or lung transplantation in severe cases.
1) Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening lung condition caused by direct or indirect injury to the lungs whereby the alveolar capillary membrane becomes damaged and permeable, resulting in pulmonary edema.
2) ARDS is characterized by hypoxemia, reduced lung compliance, and diffuse pulmonary infiltrates seen on chest imaging.
3) Treatment involves supportive care in an intensive care unit including mechanical ventilation, supplemental oxygen, and positioning therapies like prone positioning to improve oxygenation.
This document discusses the management of patients with acute respiratory failure. It begins by defining respiratory failure and describing its types and causes. It then discusses the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and management of acute respiratory failure. Nursing diagnoses and interventions are also presented. The management involves treating the underlying cause, ensuring adequate oxygenation and ventilation, and mechanical ventilation if needed. One research study described the long-term physical, mental and social impacts experienced by survivors of acute respiratory failure.
ARDS is a life-threatening form of respiratory failure characterized by diffuse lung inflammation and damage leading to hypoxemia. It has multiple causes but is commonly due to sepsis, pneumonia, or trauma. The pathology involves damage to the lung epithelium and endothelium, resulting in fluid accumulation in the alveoli. Treatment focuses on lung-protective ventilation with low tidal volumes, moderate levels of PEEP, and consideration of prone positioning. Other strategies include corticosteroids, neuromuscular blockade, and restrictive fluid management. More severe cases may require advanced support such as ECMO.
8. Respiratory failure in human body.pptShinilLenin
This document discusses respiratory failure (RF), including its definition, classification, causes, diagnosis, and management. RF is defined as failure of oxygenation or carbon dioxide elimination, and is classified as type 1 (hypoxemic) or type 2 (hypercapnic). Causes of acute RF include hypoventilation, V/Q mismatching, intrapulmonary shunting, and diffusion abnormalities. Diagnosis involves clinical presentation, arterial blood gases, imaging, and investigating underlying causes. Management focuses on airway support, oxygenation, ventilation, treating the underlying condition, and weaning from support as clinical status improves.
This document provides an overview of respiratory failure, including its causes, types, symptoms, diagnosis, and management. It begins by defining respiratory failure as the failure of the respiratory system in gas exchange functions of oxygenation and carbon dioxide elimination. Respiratory failure is then classified based on PaO2 and PaCO2 levels into hypoxemic (Type I) and hypercapnic (Type II) types. Common causes, clinical features, investigations, and general management principles are discussed for respiratory failure. Key aspects of managing hypoxemia and hypercapnia are also summarized.
ACUTE RESPIRATORY FAILURE MAGDI SASI 2015cardilogy
1. Acute respiratory failure is defined as a severe form of respiratory insufficiency resulting in a PaO2 of less than 60 mmHg or a PaCO2 of more than 50 mmHg.
2. There are two main types - type 1 with low PaO2 and normal or low PaCO2, and type 2 with low PaO2 and high PaCO2.
3. Major causes include diffuse airway obstruction, central airway obstruction, restrictive lung disease, pulmonary vascular disease, pleural and chest wall diseases, and neuromuscular diseases.
This document provides an overview of respiratory failure, including its definition, types, causes, patient presentation, investigations, management, and complications. There are four types of respiratory failure: type I involves hypoxemic failure due to issues with oxygenation; type II involves hypercapneic failure due to ventilation issues; type III occurs perioperatively due to lung collapse; and type IV is due to respiratory muscle hypoperfusion in shock. The management of respiratory failure involves treating the underlying cause, providing oxygen support, and potentially mechanical ventilation. Outcomes depend on the severity of acidosis and underlying illnesses.
Respiratory failure occurs when the lungs fail to effectively oxygenate the blood or remove carbon dioxide. It is classified as type 1 (hypoxic but normal CO2 levels) or type 2 (hypoxic and elevated CO2 levels). Type 1 is more common and caused by conditions like pneumonia that affect only part of the lungs. Type 2 involves more generalized lung damage. Acute respiratory failure develops rapidly while chronic failure progresses over days or longer. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include supplemental oxygen, mechanical ventilation, treating infection, or lung transplantation in severe cases.
1) Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening lung condition caused by direct or indirect injury to the lungs whereby the alveolar capillary membrane becomes damaged and permeable, resulting in pulmonary edema.
2) ARDS is characterized by hypoxemia, reduced lung compliance, and diffuse pulmonary infiltrates seen on chest imaging.
3) Treatment involves supportive care in an intensive care unit including mechanical ventilation, supplemental oxygen, and positioning therapies like prone positioning to improve oxygenation.
This document discusses the management of patients with acute respiratory failure. It begins by defining respiratory failure and describing its types and causes. It then discusses the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and management of acute respiratory failure. Nursing diagnoses and interventions are also presented. The management involves treating the underlying cause, ensuring adequate oxygenation and ventilation, and mechanical ventilation if needed. One research study described the long-term physical, mental and social impacts experienced by survivors of acute respiratory failure.
ARDS is a life-threatening form of respiratory failure characterized by diffuse lung inflammation and damage leading to hypoxemia. It has multiple causes but is commonly due to sepsis, pneumonia, or trauma. The pathology involves damage to the lung epithelium and endothelium, resulting in fluid accumulation in the alveoli. Treatment focuses on lung-protective ventilation with low tidal volumes, moderate levels of PEEP, and consideration of prone positioning. Other strategies include corticosteroids, neuromuscular blockade, and restrictive fluid management. More severe cases may require advanced support such as ECMO.
8. Respiratory failure in human body.pptShinilLenin
This document discusses respiratory failure (RF), including its definition, classification, causes, diagnosis, and management. RF is defined as failure of oxygenation or carbon dioxide elimination, and is classified as type 1 (hypoxemic) or type 2 (hypercapnic). Causes of acute RF include hypoventilation, V/Q mismatching, intrapulmonary shunting, and diffusion abnormalities. Diagnosis involves clinical presentation, arterial blood gases, imaging, and investigating underlying causes. Management focuses on airway support, oxygenation, ventilation, treating the underlying condition, and weaning from support as clinical status improves.
This document provides an overview of respiratory failure, including its causes, types, symptoms, diagnosis, and management. It begins by defining respiratory failure as the failure of the respiratory system in gas exchange functions of oxygenation and carbon dioxide elimination. Respiratory failure is then classified based on PaO2 and PaCO2 levels into hypoxemic (Type I) and hypercapnic (Type II) types. Common causes, clinical features, investigations, and general management principles are discussed for respiratory failure. Key aspects of managing hypoxemia and hypercapnia are also summarized.
ACUTE RESPIRATORY FAILURE MAGDI SASI 2015cardilogy
1. Acute respiratory failure is defined as a severe form of respiratory insufficiency resulting in a PaO2 of less than 60 mmHg or a PaCO2 of more than 50 mmHg.
2. There are two main types - type 1 with low PaO2 and normal or low PaCO2, and type 2 with low PaO2 and high PaCO2.
3. Major causes include diffuse airway obstruction, central airway obstruction, restrictive lung disease, pulmonary vascular disease, pleural and chest wall diseases, and neuromuscular diseases.
Type 1 respiratory failure is defined as hypoxemia without hypercapnia, caused by conditions that impair oxygenation like pneumonia. Type 2 involves both hypoxemia and hypercapnia due to inadequate ventilation from issues like COPD.
Pulmonary embolism occurs when a blood clot lodges in the lungs, impairing gas exchange. Risk factors include leg injuries and surgeries. Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage results from widespread damage to small lung vessels, leading to blood in the alveoli. Causes include autoimmune disorders and infections. Pneumonia has multiple causes and presentations depending on patient factors. Proper diagnosis and treatment of underlying conditions are important for managing respiratory failure.
The document presents information about a seminar on Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). The seminar aims to provide in-depth knowledge of ARDS including defining it, describing the pathophysiology and management. ARDS is a life-threatening condition that prevents enough oxygen from entering the blood. It occurs when the lungs become severely inflamed and fluid builds up in the tiny air sacs of the lungs. The seminar will discuss etiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnostic evaluation, complications, and the nurse's role in management.
This document discusses chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and considerations for anesthesia. It defines COPD and describes related conditions like chronic bronchitis and emphysema. It covers risk factors, pathogenesis, pathophysiology including airway obstruction, hyperinflation, and gas exchange impairment. Clinical features, investigations, disease classification, and treatment approaches including smoking cessation and bronchodilators are summarized. Key points for anesthetists regarding airway challenges, ventilation/perfusion abnormalities, and development of auto-PEEP are highlighted.
Respiratory failure occurs when the lungs cannot effectively exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide, resulting in hypoxemia (low blood oxygen) and hypercapnia (high blood carbon dioxide). Acute respiratory failure develops suddenly in patients without preexisting lung disease, while chronic respiratory failure is caused by conditions like COPD. Treatment involves oxygen therapy, ventilation if needed, treating the underlying cause, and monitoring vital signs.
Respiratory failure occurs when the lungs fail to effectively oxygenate the blood or remove carbon dioxide. It can be caused by conditions that decrease lung function or increase oxygen needs. Symptoms include shortness of breath, confusion, and bluish skin. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms, risk factors, and tests like blood gases, imaging, and pulmonary function tests. Management focuses on treating the underlying cause, correcting gas exchange abnormalities through oxygen supplementation or ventilation, and preventing complications. Nursing care monitors the patient's condition and provides interventions to address issues like impaired gas exchange, low cardiac output, poor nutrition, and anxiety.
Respiratory failure occurs when the lungs fail to oxygenate the blood or eliminate carbon dioxide. It can be classified as type I (hypoxemic) or type II (hypercapnic). Common causes include pneumonia, COPD, pulmonary embolism, and cardiac failure. Diagnosis involves blood gas analysis, imaging, and identifying the underlying cause. Management focuses on treating the cause, supporting oxygenation and ventilation, and mechanical ventilation if needed. Type II respiratory failure requires careful oxygen therapy to prevent worsening acidosis.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic lung disease characterized by airflow limitation caused by damage to the lungs, usually from smoking. It involves emphysema and small airway fibrosis leading to trapped air in the lungs. Symptoms include shortness of breath and cough. Diagnosis involves assessing risk factors, symptoms, and lung function tests showing airflow limitation that is often only partially reversible with bronchodilators. Treatment focuses on stopping smoking and using bronchodilators and inhaled corticosteroids to relieve symptoms and reduce exacerbations.
This document provides an overview of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). It begins with an introduction defining ARDS as a life-threatening lung condition preventing enough oxygen from entering the blood. The document then covers the etiology, epidemiology, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, complications, risk factors, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and management of ARDS. It provides details on the causes, incidence rates, processes in the body, tests used for diagnosis, potential issues that can arise, and treatment approaches including medications, positioning techniques, and potential surgeries.
COPD is a progressive lung disease defined by abnormal airflow that worsens over time. It encompasses chronic bronchitis and emphysema and is usually caused by smoking or air pollution. Symptoms include a chronic cough, shortness of breath, wheezing and chest tightness. Diagnosis involves lung function tests showing reduced airflow. Treatment focuses on stopping smoking and medications to relieve symptoms.
Hypoxia refers to inadequate oxygen supply at the tissue level. It can be caused by problems with oxygen delivery, transport, or cellular uptake. Effects of hypoxia range from impaired mental function to cell death. There are several types of hypoxia depending on the underlying cause, such as atmospheric, anemic, or circulatory hypoxia. Oxygen therapy aims to correct hypoxemia by raising oxygen levels, reducing symptoms, and minimizing cardiovascular strain. Care must be taken to avoid oxygen toxicity from prolonged high concentrations.
This document discusses respiratory failure, which occurs when the respiratory system fails in gas exchange. It defines two main types - hypoxemic respiratory failure, defined as low blood oxygen, and hypercapnic respiratory failure, defined as high blood carbon dioxide. The document then covers the anatomy and physiology of respiration, diagnostic evaluation of respiratory failure, treatment including mechanical ventilation, and specific causes of respiratory failure like infection, airway obstruction, and cardiac issues.
Respiratory failure occurs when the respiratory system fails to adequately oxygenate the blood or remove carbon dioxide due to diseases of the lungs, heart, chest wall or neuromuscular system. It is classified as hypoxemic, with low blood oxygen, or hypercapnic, with high blood carbon dioxide. Common causes include pneumonia, pulmonary edema, lung injury and reduced respiratory drive from drug overdose or brain injury. Treatment focuses on oxygen therapy, secretion clearance, ventilation support, treating underlying conditions and preventing further organ damage.
Acute respiratory failure occurs when the respiratory system fails to maintain adequate gas exchange. There are two main types: hypoxemic respiratory failure, characterized by low oxygen levels, and acute ventilatory failure, characterized by high carbon dioxide levels. Hypoxemic failure is most common and can result from conditions that impair gas exchange like pneumonia or pulmonary edema. Ventilatory failure involves impaired breathing and can be caused by conditions that increase breathing workload like COPD. Diagnosis involves blood gas analysis and imaging. Treatment focuses on supporting oxygenation and ventilation through oxygen supplementation, ventilation support, and treating underlying causes.
Acute respiratory failure occurs when the respiratory system fails to maintain adequate gas exchange. There are two main types: hypoxemic respiratory failure, characterized by low oxygen levels (PaO2) with normal or low carbon dioxide (PaCO2) levels; and ventilatory (hypercapnic) respiratory failure, characterized by high PaCO2 levels. Hypoxemic failure is most common and can result from conditions that impair gas exchange like pneumonia or pulmonary edema. Ventilatory failure involves impaired ventilation and can be caused by conditions that obstruct airflow like COPD. Diagnosis involves blood gas analysis and imaging. Treatment focuses on supporting oxygenation and ventilation through oxygen supplementation, ventilation support, and treating the underlying cause.
Respiratory failure occurs when the respiratory system fails to maintain adequate gas exchange, resulting in low blood oxygen levels and/or high carbon dioxide levels. It can be classified as hypoxemic or hypercapnic. Hypoxemic respiratory failure is characterized by low blood oxygen and normal or low carbon dioxide levels, while hypercapnic respiratory failure shows high carbon dioxide. The causes, clinical features, diagnostic tests, and management are described. Oxygen therapy aims to reverse hypoxemia but must be carefully monitored to avoid oxygen toxicity from prolonged high concentrations.
The document discusses various pulmonary conditions including:
1. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by airway narrowing, edema, and inflammation in response to various stimuli.
2. COPD is a progressive lung disease associated with airflow limitation caused by exposure to noxious particles or gases like cigarette smoke.
3. Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or other pathogens. Community-acquired pneumonia has identifiable risk factors and treatment involves antibiotics.
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is an acute hypoxemic respiratory failure following a lung or systemic insult without heart failure. It involves diffuse bilateral lung infiltrates, normal heart functioning, and profound hypoxemia. Common causes include pneumonia, aspiration, and sepsis. Patients experience rapid onset of labored breathing and hypoxemia. Chest imaging shows bilateral infiltrates. Treatment focuses on supportive care, mechanical ventilation with low tidal volumes, and treating the underlying condition. While the mortality rate is high, especially with sepsis, outcomes have improved in recent decades.
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is an acute hypoxemic respiratory failure following a lung or systemic insult without heart failure. It involves diffuse bilateral lung infiltrates, normal heart functioning, and profound hypoxemia. Common causes include pneumonia, aspiration, and sepsis. Patients experience rapid onset of labored breathing and hypoxemia. Chest imaging shows bilateral infiltrates. Treatment focuses on supportive care, mechanical ventilation with low tidal volumes, and treating the underlying condition. While the mortality rate is high, especially with sepsis, outcomes have improved in recent decades.
COPD is characterized by airflow limitation caused by airway disease and lung destruction. It includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Symptoms include dyspnea, cough, and sputum production. Diagnosis is confirmed by spirometry showing reduced FEV1/FVC ratio. Treatment focuses on smoking cessation, vaccinations, pulmonary rehabilitation, bronchodilators, and corticosteroids to improve symptoms and quality of life. Acute exacerbations are managed with bronchodilators, steroids, and antibiotics. Differential diagnoses include asthma, bronchiectasis, pulmonary embolism, and cystic fibrosis.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a chronic lung disorder characterized by airflow obstruction that does not change markedly over time. The obstruction is caused by emphysema, chronic bronchitis, or both. Emphysema involves destruction of lung tissue, while chronic bronchitis involves inflammation of the airways accompanied by mucus hypersecretion. Symptoms include cough, sputum production, wheezing and shortness of breath. Diagnosis is based on patient history, symptoms, and lung function tests showing airflow obstruction. Management involves reducing risk factors, treating stable disease and exacerbations, and rehabilitation.
Therapeutic Plasma Exchange (TPE) is a procedure where a patient's blood is filtered through an apheresis machine, with red blood cells reinfused and replacement fluid like plasma or albumin added to the patient. This presentation gives an overview on "Therapeutic Plasma E xchange". For more information please contact us: 9779030507.
Type 1 respiratory failure is defined as hypoxemia without hypercapnia, caused by conditions that impair oxygenation like pneumonia. Type 2 involves both hypoxemia and hypercapnia due to inadequate ventilation from issues like COPD.
Pulmonary embolism occurs when a blood clot lodges in the lungs, impairing gas exchange. Risk factors include leg injuries and surgeries. Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage results from widespread damage to small lung vessels, leading to blood in the alveoli. Causes include autoimmune disorders and infections. Pneumonia has multiple causes and presentations depending on patient factors. Proper diagnosis and treatment of underlying conditions are important for managing respiratory failure.
The document presents information about a seminar on Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). The seminar aims to provide in-depth knowledge of ARDS including defining it, describing the pathophysiology and management. ARDS is a life-threatening condition that prevents enough oxygen from entering the blood. It occurs when the lungs become severely inflamed and fluid builds up in the tiny air sacs of the lungs. The seminar will discuss etiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnostic evaluation, complications, and the nurse's role in management.
This document discusses chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and considerations for anesthesia. It defines COPD and describes related conditions like chronic bronchitis and emphysema. It covers risk factors, pathogenesis, pathophysiology including airway obstruction, hyperinflation, and gas exchange impairment. Clinical features, investigations, disease classification, and treatment approaches including smoking cessation and bronchodilators are summarized. Key points for anesthetists regarding airway challenges, ventilation/perfusion abnormalities, and development of auto-PEEP are highlighted.
Respiratory failure occurs when the lungs cannot effectively exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide, resulting in hypoxemia (low blood oxygen) and hypercapnia (high blood carbon dioxide). Acute respiratory failure develops suddenly in patients without preexisting lung disease, while chronic respiratory failure is caused by conditions like COPD. Treatment involves oxygen therapy, ventilation if needed, treating the underlying cause, and monitoring vital signs.
Respiratory failure occurs when the lungs fail to effectively oxygenate the blood or remove carbon dioxide. It can be caused by conditions that decrease lung function or increase oxygen needs. Symptoms include shortness of breath, confusion, and bluish skin. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms, risk factors, and tests like blood gases, imaging, and pulmonary function tests. Management focuses on treating the underlying cause, correcting gas exchange abnormalities through oxygen supplementation or ventilation, and preventing complications. Nursing care monitors the patient's condition and provides interventions to address issues like impaired gas exchange, low cardiac output, poor nutrition, and anxiety.
Respiratory failure occurs when the lungs fail to oxygenate the blood or eliminate carbon dioxide. It can be classified as type I (hypoxemic) or type II (hypercapnic). Common causes include pneumonia, COPD, pulmonary embolism, and cardiac failure. Diagnosis involves blood gas analysis, imaging, and identifying the underlying cause. Management focuses on treating the cause, supporting oxygenation and ventilation, and mechanical ventilation if needed. Type II respiratory failure requires careful oxygen therapy to prevent worsening acidosis.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic lung disease characterized by airflow limitation caused by damage to the lungs, usually from smoking. It involves emphysema and small airway fibrosis leading to trapped air in the lungs. Symptoms include shortness of breath and cough. Diagnosis involves assessing risk factors, symptoms, and lung function tests showing airflow limitation that is often only partially reversible with bronchodilators. Treatment focuses on stopping smoking and using bronchodilators and inhaled corticosteroids to relieve symptoms and reduce exacerbations.
This document provides an overview of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). It begins with an introduction defining ARDS as a life-threatening lung condition preventing enough oxygen from entering the blood. The document then covers the etiology, epidemiology, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, complications, risk factors, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and management of ARDS. It provides details on the causes, incidence rates, processes in the body, tests used for diagnosis, potential issues that can arise, and treatment approaches including medications, positioning techniques, and potential surgeries.
COPD is a progressive lung disease defined by abnormal airflow that worsens over time. It encompasses chronic bronchitis and emphysema and is usually caused by smoking or air pollution. Symptoms include a chronic cough, shortness of breath, wheezing and chest tightness. Diagnosis involves lung function tests showing reduced airflow. Treatment focuses on stopping smoking and medications to relieve symptoms.
Hypoxia refers to inadequate oxygen supply at the tissue level. It can be caused by problems with oxygen delivery, transport, or cellular uptake. Effects of hypoxia range from impaired mental function to cell death. There are several types of hypoxia depending on the underlying cause, such as atmospheric, anemic, or circulatory hypoxia. Oxygen therapy aims to correct hypoxemia by raising oxygen levels, reducing symptoms, and minimizing cardiovascular strain. Care must be taken to avoid oxygen toxicity from prolonged high concentrations.
This document discusses respiratory failure, which occurs when the respiratory system fails in gas exchange. It defines two main types - hypoxemic respiratory failure, defined as low blood oxygen, and hypercapnic respiratory failure, defined as high blood carbon dioxide. The document then covers the anatomy and physiology of respiration, diagnostic evaluation of respiratory failure, treatment including mechanical ventilation, and specific causes of respiratory failure like infection, airway obstruction, and cardiac issues.
Respiratory failure occurs when the respiratory system fails to adequately oxygenate the blood or remove carbon dioxide due to diseases of the lungs, heart, chest wall or neuromuscular system. It is classified as hypoxemic, with low blood oxygen, or hypercapnic, with high blood carbon dioxide. Common causes include pneumonia, pulmonary edema, lung injury and reduced respiratory drive from drug overdose or brain injury. Treatment focuses on oxygen therapy, secretion clearance, ventilation support, treating underlying conditions and preventing further organ damage.
Acute respiratory failure occurs when the respiratory system fails to maintain adequate gas exchange. There are two main types: hypoxemic respiratory failure, characterized by low oxygen levels, and acute ventilatory failure, characterized by high carbon dioxide levels. Hypoxemic failure is most common and can result from conditions that impair gas exchange like pneumonia or pulmonary edema. Ventilatory failure involves impaired breathing and can be caused by conditions that increase breathing workload like COPD. Diagnosis involves blood gas analysis and imaging. Treatment focuses on supporting oxygenation and ventilation through oxygen supplementation, ventilation support, and treating underlying causes.
Acute respiratory failure occurs when the respiratory system fails to maintain adequate gas exchange. There are two main types: hypoxemic respiratory failure, characterized by low oxygen levels (PaO2) with normal or low carbon dioxide (PaCO2) levels; and ventilatory (hypercapnic) respiratory failure, characterized by high PaCO2 levels. Hypoxemic failure is most common and can result from conditions that impair gas exchange like pneumonia or pulmonary edema. Ventilatory failure involves impaired ventilation and can be caused by conditions that obstruct airflow like COPD. Diagnosis involves blood gas analysis and imaging. Treatment focuses on supporting oxygenation and ventilation through oxygen supplementation, ventilation support, and treating the underlying cause.
Respiratory failure occurs when the respiratory system fails to maintain adequate gas exchange, resulting in low blood oxygen levels and/or high carbon dioxide levels. It can be classified as hypoxemic or hypercapnic. Hypoxemic respiratory failure is characterized by low blood oxygen and normal or low carbon dioxide levels, while hypercapnic respiratory failure shows high carbon dioxide. The causes, clinical features, diagnostic tests, and management are described. Oxygen therapy aims to reverse hypoxemia but must be carefully monitored to avoid oxygen toxicity from prolonged high concentrations.
The document discusses various pulmonary conditions including:
1. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by airway narrowing, edema, and inflammation in response to various stimuli.
2. COPD is a progressive lung disease associated with airflow limitation caused by exposure to noxious particles or gases like cigarette smoke.
3. Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or other pathogens. Community-acquired pneumonia has identifiable risk factors and treatment involves antibiotics.
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is an acute hypoxemic respiratory failure following a lung or systemic insult without heart failure. It involves diffuse bilateral lung infiltrates, normal heart functioning, and profound hypoxemia. Common causes include pneumonia, aspiration, and sepsis. Patients experience rapid onset of labored breathing and hypoxemia. Chest imaging shows bilateral infiltrates. Treatment focuses on supportive care, mechanical ventilation with low tidal volumes, and treating the underlying condition. While the mortality rate is high, especially with sepsis, outcomes have improved in recent decades.
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is an acute hypoxemic respiratory failure following a lung or systemic insult without heart failure. It involves diffuse bilateral lung infiltrates, normal heart functioning, and profound hypoxemia. Common causes include pneumonia, aspiration, and sepsis. Patients experience rapid onset of labored breathing and hypoxemia. Chest imaging shows bilateral infiltrates. Treatment focuses on supportive care, mechanical ventilation with low tidal volumes, and treating the underlying condition. While the mortality rate is high, especially with sepsis, outcomes have improved in recent decades.
COPD is characterized by airflow limitation caused by airway disease and lung destruction. It includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Symptoms include dyspnea, cough, and sputum production. Diagnosis is confirmed by spirometry showing reduced FEV1/FVC ratio. Treatment focuses on smoking cessation, vaccinations, pulmonary rehabilitation, bronchodilators, and corticosteroids to improve symptoms and quality of life. Acute exacerbations are managed with bronchodilators, steroids, and antibiotics. Differential diagnoses include asthma, bronchiectasis, pulmonary embolism, and cystic fibrosis.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a chronic lung disorder characterized by airflow obstruction that does not change markedly over time. The obstruction is caused by emphysema, chronic bronchitis, or both. Emphysema involves destruction of lung tissue, while chronic bronchitis involves inflammation of the airways accompanied by mucus hypersecretion. Symptoms include cough, sputum production, wheezing and shortness of breath. Diagnosis is based on patient history, symptoms, and lung function tests showing airflow obstruction. Management involves reducing risk factors, treating stable disease and exacerbations, and rehabilitation.
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Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
2. RESPIRATORY FAILURE
Inability of the respiratory system to maintain normal arterial
gas exchange i.e.
Failure to maintain normal arterial oxygen and carbon-di-
oxide tensions
Type I Hypoxemia (Low PaO2,
Normal or low PaCO2)
Type II Hypoxia and Hypercapnia
(Low PaO2 and raised Pa CO2)
3. CAUSES & PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Impairment of lung ventilation and/or perfusion due to
diseases of lung, chest wall, pulmonary circulation or
ventilation control.
Results in low oxygen uptake or impaired CO2 removal
from arterial blood
Both type I and type II respir failure can be acute or chronic
10. HOW TO DETECT HYPOXIA & HYPERCAPNIA?
1. Clinical features
2. Blood gas estimation
Invasive: PO2, PCO2, pH
Noninvasive: SaO2
PtcO2, CO2
End tidal CO2
11. MANAGEMENT
Management of disease causing respiratory failure
Management of complications
Correction of blood gas abnormalities
Oxygen administration
Correction of acid-base anomalies
Assisted respiratory supports
12. OXYGEN THERAPY INDICATIONS
A. Acute: Short term
Hypoxemia: (PaO2 < 60mmHg)
Normoxemic hypoxia
(Low QT, Ac. M.I., Anaemia
Hypermetabolism, CO poisoning)
B. Chronic: Long term
Ch. Respiratory disease
Hypoxemia – at rest / nocturnal / exertional
13. OXYGEN THERAPY FOR ACUTE HYPOXIA
1. Correct hypoxia as early as possible
2. Higher concentrations required
3. Maintain (near) normal PaO2
4. May require assisted ventilation
5. Gradually scale down O2 concentrations/ weaning
14. COPD: BLOOD GAS ABNORMALITIES
1. Hypoxia: Ventilation: perfusion mismatch
2. Hypercapnia and Acidosis:
Airway obstruction
Alveolar hypoventilation
Respiratory muscle fatigue
Central hypoventilation
Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction –
Worsening of pulmonary hypertension
15. OXYGEN THERAPY FOR COPD
Acute exacerbation/ Acute (on chronic) respiratory failure
(Hypercapnic hypoxia): Supplemental oxygen
Chronic respiratory failure- Long term oxygen therapy
(Domicilliary)
16. OXYGEN FOR AE-COPD
Worsening of hypoxemia & Hypercapnia
Small increase in FiO2 - good response
However, this can worsen hypercapnia
CO2 Narcosis
Release of hypoxic vasoconstriction Increased dead-space
Loss of hypoxic respiratory drive
Haldane effect ↓ CO2 binding capacity
•Venturi mask preferred to a simple mask
•Avoid oxygen-driven nebulization of drugs
17. MANAGEMENT OF CO2 NARCOSIS
Titrate FiO2 by the PaO2 to PAO2 ratio
Appropriate delivery systems
Management of hypercapnia
Non-invasive respiratory support
Intubation and mechanical ventilation
Respiratory stimulants
Clearing secretions/ antibiotic treatment
18. OXYGEN TOXICITY
SETTINGS
1. ICUs and “Acute” indications
Mechanical ventilation
High FiO2 vs. duration
2. Hyperbaric oxygen
3. Domiciliary use
19. OXYGEN RISKS
Physical – Fire
Functional – Increased hypoventilation,
Narcosis - High PaCO2
Cytotoxic damage – proliferative and fibrotic changes in
lungs - ARDS
20. ADULT (OR ACUTE) RESPIRATORY
DISTRESS SYNDROME
Acute respiratory failure, following an acute insult /
catastrophe (systemic or respiratory), in a previously healthy
individual, attributable to diffuse damage to alveolo-capillary
membrane resulting in interstitial and alveolar oedema.
23. WHEN TO SUSPECT?
Acute onset of breathlessness
- Respiratory distress
Presence of a catastrophe
No known cardiac or pulmonary illness (?)
No significant relief with therapy for CHF
24. DIAGNOSIS
Clinical
Radiological: CXR May be normal in first 24 hrs; Later
fluffy opacities, prominent interstitial lines, consolidations,
pulm edema
Biochemical for systemic organ function
Investigations for cause of ARDS
ECG, ECHO or cardiac cath to rule out the presence of
cardiac edema/ LHF
30. MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES
1. Resuscitation and management of underlying
condition
2. Oxygenation: Respiratory support
3. Fluid & electrolytes
4. Nutrition support
5. Specific organ failure management
6. General care
7. Monitoring
32. VENTILATORY MANAGEMENT
Avoid alveolar over distension
Maintain FiO2 < 0.6
Use sufficient PEEP to prevent significant tidal recruitment –
derecruitment
Mode of ventilation is less important
Tolerate hypercapnia, if necessary
Weaning: Spontaneous breathing trials - T-piece, CPAP or PSV.
NIV can be used as a weaning method