The document describes the human respiratory system, detailing the anatomy and functions of various respiratory structures such as the nose, trachea, bronchi, and lungs, emphasizing the importance of gas exchange. It outlines the processes of inhalation and exhalation, the roles of different lung volumes and capacities, and how gases are transported in the blood. Additionally, the document highlights respiratory disorders, their causes, and the detrimental effects of smoking on lung health.

1. System of
RESPIRATORY

2. Respiration is
Theprocess
Of
gaining Energy.

3. A Respiratory surface is
Characteristicsof
Respiratorysurfaces
• A specialized surfaces
where the gas
exchange is
happening.
It should be moist and permeable
Should be a thin surface
Must have a large surface area
Must have a good blood supply

4. surface – volume
RATIO
As the surface / volume ratio
decreases, the surface area
must be sufficient for air

5. Respiratory structures of
Animals
• Body surface (Cnidarians, Flatworms, E
• External Gills (Marine annelids)
• Internal Gills (Fish, shrimps, prawn
• Tracheal systems (Insect)
• Book lungs (Spiders, Scorpions)
• Lungs (Mammals, Reptiles, Birds)

7. Nose/NoseCavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
TwoBronchi
Bronchioles
Alveolar duct
& A l v e o l i
Lungs(02)

8. Nose
 Openings that pull
air from outside
your body into your
Respiratory system.
 The space inside the
nose
Nose Cavity
The nasal cavity extends
from the external opening,
the nostrils, to the
pharynx.
location

10. Pharynx
Pharynx (throat)
 Tube that
delivers air
from your
mouth and
nose to the
trachea
(windpipe).
Throat is a passageway that
extends from the base of
the skull to the level of
sixth cervical vertebra.
location

12. Larynx
 The
passageway
for air
between the
pharynx
above and the
trachea
Larynx is located within
the anterior aspect of the
neck.
location

14. Trachea
 The
passageway
for air
between the
pharynx
above and the
trachea
The trachea begins just
under the larynx and runs
down behind the
breastbone.
location

16. Two Bronchi
 Passage
connecting
your throat
and lungs.
Bronchi are the large tubes
that connect to trachea.
They are in the chest.
location

18. Bronchioles
 A tiny tube in the air
conduit system
within the lungs that
is a continuation of
the bronchi and
connects to the
alveoli where
oxygen exchange
Bronchioles are air passages
inside the lungs that branch
off like tree limbs from the
bronchi-two main air
passages into which air
flows from the trachea
location

20. Alveolar duct
Alveoli
 Tiny ducts that connect
the respiratory
bronchioles to alveolar
sacs
 Tiny air sacs at the end of the
bronchioles
 Exchange oxygen and carbon
dioxide in the bloodstream
Endpoint of the respiratory
system
location

22. The lungs are located in
the Thoracic cavity. At the
front they extend from just
above the collarbone
(clavicle) at the top of the
chest to about the sixth rib
Lungs
 Two organs that
remove oxygen
from the air and
pass it into your
blood.
location

23.  There are 2 types of Pleura
The pleura
 Membranes which cover the lungs.
 Separate lungs from the chest wall.
 V i s c e r a l p l e u r a
 P a r i e t a l P l e u r a

24. Lobes
 Each lung is composed of smaller units called
lobes
The Right lung consists
of
Three lobes (03)
The Left lung consists of
Two lobes (02)
 The right middle
lobe
(RML)
 The right lower
lobe
(RLL).
 The right upper
lobe
(RUL)
 The left lower
lobe
(LLL)
 The left upper
lobe
(LUL)

25. An agent that
decreases the
surface tension of
alveoli.
Surfactant

27. Ventilation of
the lungs is
necessary to maintain
High oxygen & low carbon
dioxide concentrations in
the alveoli or the gas
exchange surface

28. Ventilation is
accomplished by
breathing,
which is the
alternating
movement of air,
Into the lungs (Inhalation)
Out of the lungs (Exhalation)
Humans employ what is referred to as
negative pressure breathing where air is

29. There are three types of
muscles that are
important
for normal breathing and
normal exhalation
External intercostal
muscles
D i a p h ra g m
R i b m u s c l e s

30. M o d e l o f a
D i a p h ra g m

31. INHALATION
Movement of air (Oxygen) into the lungs.
Inhalation is an active process
This creates a between the atmosphere and the
As a result,
Contraction of rib muscles or intercostal muscles and the
diaphragm leads to the expansion of the thoracic cavity.
Thus, air flows from a high-pressure gradient in the
atmosphere to a lower pressure
As the volume of the thoracic cavity increases, the lung volume i

32. EXHALATION
Exhalation is a passive process
As a result,
The rib muscles and the diaphragm relax.
This cause the volume of the thoracic cavity to reduce.
This pressure forces air to move out of the lungs through the resp
the atmosphere.
Moment of air (carbon dioxide) out of the lungs.

35. https://youtu.be/MPovpAXcmIU

36. RESPIRATOR
Y
CYCLE
inhalation
exhalation
interval

38. The amount of air that flows in and out
of the lungs depends on the conditions
of inspiration and expiration. There are
four types of respiratory volumes.
Lung volumes

39. Tidal Volume
This is the volume of air
inhaled
and exhaled with each
breath
During normal
breathing.
On average it is
about
500 ml or 7ml/kg
of body mass in a
resting adult human.
VT

40. Inspiratory Reserve Volume
This is the volume of air
that can be forcibly
inhaled beyond the Tidal
Volume.
On average it is
about
1550 ml
IRV

41. Expiratory Reserve Volume
The extra volume of
air which can be
expelled from the
lungs after a tidal
expiration.
On average it is
about
1500 ml
ERV

42. Residual Volume
The volume of air that
remains in the lungs
even after forceful
expiration.
On average it is
about
1200 ml
RV

43. Volume of dead air space
The total volume of the
conducting airways from the
nose or mouth down to the
level of the terminal
bronchioles.
On average it is
about
150 ml
DAS

44. Specific combinations of respiratory
volumes are called respiratory
capacities. They always consist of two
or more lung volumes.
Lung capacities

45. Inspiratory Capacity
The total volume of
air that can be
inspired after tidal
expiration.
On average it is
about
2050 ml
IC
V + IRV = IC
T

46. Functional residual capacity
The volume of air
remaining in the lung
at the end of a tidal
expiration.
On average it is
about
2700 ml
FRC
RV + ERV = FRC

47. Vital Capacity
The maximum volume
of air which can be
inhaled and exhaled.
It is normally around
3100 ml in women and
4800 ml in men
V + IRV + ERV = VC
T
VC

48. Total lung capacity
The maximum volume
of air the lungs can
hold or sum of all
lung volumes.
This is normally
around
6000 ml
TLC

49. SUMMERY
Volume
(ml)
time
TV = 500ml
IRV = 1550ml
ERV = 1500ml
RV = 1200ml
FRC = 2700ml
VC = 4500ml
TLC = 6000ml
IC = 2050ml

50. Exchange
&
Transportation
of
Respiratory Gases

51. Exchange of
Respiratory Gases
Between alveoli and
the blood
Between the blood
and tissues

52. Between
alveoli and the blood
The lungs serve as an
efficient respiratory surface
because:
Alveoli create a large surface area.
Alveoli and capillary walls are both
lined by
simple squamous epithelia.
The alveoli surface is moist to
dissolve
respiratory gasses for diffusion
Alveoli are highly vascularized which
enables the maintenance of a steep
diffusion gradient of respiratory
gasses.
It requires transport of O2 from
the lungs to the blood and
movement of CO2 from the
blood (external respiration) and
movement of O2 from blood to

53. The exchange of gases
between the blood and tissue
cells is internal respiration.
Finally, the cells utilize the
oxygen for their specific
activities: this is called
cellular metabolism or
cellular respiration.
Together, these activities
Between
blood and tissues

54. Transportation of
Respiratory Gases
Blood is used to
transport respiratory
gases.
Haemoglobin(Hb)
present in the blood is
very important for this.

55. Transportation of O2 in
the blood
Oxygen is
transported
by blood from
the lungs
to the tissues in
two ways :
Dissolved
in
bloodplasma
01
02
Associated
with
Hemoglobin

56. O2(aq) 4 O2 + Hb Hb
O8
Dissolves in water in the
blood
Lung
s
Dissolved in blood plasma Associated with Hemoglobin
Binds to hemoglobin and forms oxyhemoglobin
(99%)
RBC

57. Transportation of CO2 in
the blood
Carbon dioxide is
transported from
the body tissues
to
the lungs in
three
ways:
Dissolved
in
Plasma
01 Buffered with
water as
carbonic acid
02
03
Bound
to proteins,
particularly
hemoglobin

58. Dissolved in Plasma Buffered with water as carbonic acid Bound to proteins, particularly hemoglobin
CO2 (aq)
CO2 + Hb
C.A.H
b
CO2 + H2O
HCO3
-
Carbonic
Anhydrase
HCO3
-
+ H
+
H
+
Hb.O8 H.Hb + 4.O2
Dissolved in plasma, as
free gas (7%)
As the carbaminohaemoglobin that
binds to haemoglobin in red blood
As bicarbonate through red blood
cells,
Tissu
e
RBC
+

59. Breath Control

60. Normal
Breathing
There are two main parts;
▪ Normal
inhalation
▪ Normal
exhalation
Is rhythmic. An involuntary
process. Controlled by the
respiratory center. The respiratory
center is the Medulla Oblongata. It
includes the inhaled area and the
exhaled area. The respiratory

61. Diaphragmatic breathing,
or deep breathing is
breathing that is done by
contracting the diaphragm
a muscle located
horizontally between the
thoracic cavity and
abdominal cavity.
Deep
Breathing

62. Co - Ordination
Between
Inhalation
&
Exhalation

63. Centre
▪ A neural center in the
upper part of the pons
that provides inhibitory
impulses on inspiration
and thereby prevents
overdistension of the
lungs and helps to
maintain alternately
recurrent inspiration and
expiration.
▪ The pneumotaxic
center, located in the
upper pons.
Pneumotaxicstic

64. Centre
▪ The apneustic center
sends signals to the dorsal
group in the medulla to
delay the 'switch off’ the
inspiratory off switch
(IOS) signal of the
inspiratory ramp provided
by the pneumotaxic
center.
▪ The apneustic center,
which is located in the
lower pons, is thought to
excite the inspiratory
Apneustic

65. Changing
breath
Rate
and
Depth

66. Using chemistry
Cranial nerves
that contribute
to changes in
chemical factors;
▪ Biosynthetic
nerves
▪ Vagus nerves
chemical facts

67. According to the
amount
Pulmonary
stretch
receptors are
Mechanorecept
ors
Of stretching in the

68. Destruction of microbial foreign particles
Regulation of blood pH
THE OVERALL FUNCTION OF THE HUMAN
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Supplying atmospheric oxygen to the blood
Release of carbon dioxide from the
blood into
the external environment
Voice generation
Olfactory sensation

69. Disordersof
therespiratorysystem

70. RESPIRATORY
DISORDERS Silicosis
Lung Cancer
Asthma
The effect of
smoking
Asbestosis
Tuberculosis
01
03
05
02
04
06

71. ▪ Nicotine is among the compounds inhaled in
tobacco smoke which is the addictive drug in
the smoke. It temporarily increases the rate of
heartbeat and constriction of peripheral blood
vessels causing a temporary increase in blood
pressure.
▪ Cigarette smoke stimulates the secretion of
mucus by the goblet cells and inhibits the
action of cilia in the respiratory tract causing
accumulation of mucus in bronchioles and
blocking them, leading to bronchial
The effect of
SMOKING
▪ Cigarette smoke harms nearly every organ in
the body including the organs of the respiratory
system and increase the risk of illness,
disability and death

72. ▪ Tobacco smoke also contains large number of
cancer-causing substances (carcinogens). Nearly
90% of lung cancers are due to smoking. Long term
exposure to such chemicals in cigarette smoke
results in the proliferation of cells in the bronchial
epithelium, forming a mass of abnormal cells. A
cancer may develop among these cells. If these
▪ Carbon monoxide (CO) present in tobacco smoke
is absorbed into the blood and can bind to
hemoglobin better than oxygen and combines
irreversibly with hemoglobin. Thus, it decreases
the amount of oxyhemoglobin produced.
Therefore, oxygen transport through blood is
decreased.
▪ Some chemicals such as hydrogen cyanide in
cigarette smoke stops the cilia from working
properly. Due to loss of action of cilia, dust and
other particulate matter get collected in the lung,
resulting in an increase in phagocytic cells in the
lung tissue. Due to release of large amounts of
lytic enzymes by these cells, the alveolar tissue is
destroyed thus reducing the effective area
available for gas exchange.

73. ▪ High risk industries are;
▪ Quarrying granite, slate, sandstone,
▪ Mining hard coal, Gold, Tin, Copper,
▪ Stone masonry and sand blasting,
▪ Glass and pottery work
▪ When silica particles are inhaled, they
accumulate in the alveoli.
SILICOSIS
▪ This may be caused by long term exposure to
dust containing silica compounds.
▪ These cause progressive destruction of lung
tissue and pulmonary hypertension.

74. ASBESTOSIS
▪ Those who are involved in making
or using product containing asbestos
are at risk. This occurs when
asbestos fiber are inhaled with dust.
These cause progressive destruction
of lungs tissue and pulmonary
hypertension.

75. LUNG CANCER
▪ Nearly 90% of lung cancer is due to
smoking. When one smokes, the
nasal hairs, mucus and cilia in the
respiratory tract protect the lung
from chemical and biological
irritants, are overwhelmed and
eventually stop functioning. As a
result, irritants, free radicals.
▪ carcinogens and pathogens
accumulate in the lungs. Eventually
these cause lung cancer.

76. TUBERCULOSIS
▪ Tuberculosis is an infectious disease
caused by the bacteria called
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
▪ The bacterium spreads when an
infected person coughs and the
bacterium enters the body of an
uninfected person through inhaled air.
▪ The most common form is Pulmonary
TB which affects the lungs. Other
organs may also be affected.
▪ Transmission of pulmonary TB is by
inhaling the bacterium into the lungs.
This bacterium can survive in the air

77. symptoms
▪ Loss of appetite
▪ Loss of weight
▪ Excessive sweating
▪ Fever
▪ A racking cough
▪ Spitting up blood

78. ASTHMA
▪ Asthma is characterized by wheezing and
chest tightness causing breathing difficulty
▪ This is caused by the sudden contractions
of smooth muscles in the walls of the
bronchioles which causes the bronchioles
to narrow or even close.
▪ During this time breathing causes
whistling or wheezing sound. The cause of
asthma an over reaction of an immune
response to stimuli like pollen, dust,
mites, spores, particular food, cold air,
exercise, smoking gases.
▪ Anti - inflammatory drugs help control.