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Respiratory System.pptx
- 3. A Respiratory surface is Characteristicsof Respiratorysurfaces • A specialized surfaces where the gas exchange is happening. It should be moist and permeable Should be a thin surface Must have a large surface area Must have a good blood supply
- 4. surface – volume RATIO As the surface / volume ratio decreases, the surface area must be sufficient for air
- 5. Respiratory structures of Animals • Body surface (Cnidarians, Flatworms, E • External Gills (Marine annelids) • Internal Gills (Fish, shrimps, prawn • Tracheal systems (Insect) • Book lungs (Spiders, Scorpions) • Lungs (Mammals, Reptiles, Birds)
- 7. Nose/NoseCavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea TwoBronchi Bronchioles Alveolar duct & A l v e o l i Lungs(02)
- 8. Nose Openings that pull air from outside your body into your Respiratory system. The space inside the nose Nose Cavity The nasal cavity extends from the external opening, the nostrils, to the pharynx. location
- 10. Pharynx Pharynx (throat) Tube that delivers air from your mouth and nose to the trachea (windpipe). Throat is a passageway that extends from the base of the skull to the level of sixth cervical vertebra. location
- 12. Larynx The passageway for air between the pharynx above and the trachea Larynx is located within the anterior aspect of the neck. location
- 14. Trachea The passageway for air between the pharynx above and the trachea The trachea begins just under the larynx and runs down behind the breastbone. location
- 16. Two Bronchi Passage connecting your throat and lungs. Bronchi are the large tubes that connect to trachea. They are in the chest. location
- 18. Bronchioles A tiny tube in the air conduit system within the lungs that is a continuation of the bronchi and connects to the alveoli where oxygen exchange Bronchioles are air passages inside the lungs that branch off like tree limbs from the bronchi-two main air passages into which air flows from the trachea location
- 20. Alveolar duct Alveoli Tiny ducts that connect the respiratory bronchioles to alveolar sacs Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles Exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide in the bloodstream Endpoint of the respiratory system location
- 22. The lungs are located in the Thoracic cavity. At the front they extend from just above the collarbone (clavicle) at the top of the chest to about the sixth rib Lungs Two organs that remove oxygen from the air and pass it into your blood. location
- 23. There are 2 types of Pleura The pleura Membranes which cover the lungs. Separate lungs from the chest wall. V i s c e r a l p l e u r a P a r i e t a l P l e u r a
- 24. Lobes Each lung is composed of smaller units called lobes The Right lung consists of Three lobes (03) The Left lung consists of Two lobes (02) The right middle lobe (RML) The right lower lobe (RLL). The right upper lobe (RUL) The left lower lobe (LLL) The left upper lobe (LUL)
- 25. An agent that decreases the surface tension of alveoli. Surfactant
- 27. Ventilation of the lungs is necessary to maintain High oxygen & low carbon dioxide concentrations in the alveoli or the gas exchange surface
- 28. Ventilation is accomplished by breathing, which is the alternating movement of air, Into the lungs (Inhalation) Out of the lungs (Exhalation) Humans employ what is referred to as negative pressure breathing where air is
- 29. There are three types of muscles that are important for normal breathing and normal exhalation External intercostal muscles D i a p h ra g m R i b m u s c l e s
- 30. M o d e l o f a D i a p h ra g m
- 31. INHALATION Movement of air (Oxygen) into the lungs. Inhalation is an active process This creates a between the atmosphere and the As a result, Contraction of rib muscles or intercostal muscles and the diaphragm leads to the expansion of the thoracic cavity. Thus, air flows from a high-pressure gradient in the atmosphere to a lower pressure As the volume of the thoracic cavity increases, the lung volume i
- 32. EXHALATION Exhalation is a passive process As a result, The rib muscles and the diaphragm relax. This cause the volume of the thoracic cavity to reduce. This pressure forces air to move out of the lungs through the resp the atmosphere. Moment of air (carbon dioxide) out of the lungs.
- 38. The amount of air that flows in and out of the lungs depends on the conditions of inspiration and expiration. There are four types of respiratory volumes. Lung volumes
- 39. Tidal Volume This is the volume of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath During normal breathing. On average it is about 500 ml or 7ml/kg of body mass in a resting adult human. VT
- 40. Inspiratory Reserve Volume This is the volume of air that can be forcibly inhaled beyond the Tidal Volume. On average it is about 1550 ml IRV
- 41. Expiratory Reserve Volume The extra volume of air which can be expelled from the lungs after a tidal expiration. On average it is about 1500 ml ERV
- 42. Residual Volume The volume of air that remains in the lungs even after forceful expiration. On average it is about 1200 ml RV
- 43. Volume of dead air space The total volume of the conducting airways from the nose or mouth down to the level of the terminal bronchioles. On average it is about 150 ml DAS
- 44. Specific combinations of respiratory volumes are called respiratory capacities. They always consist of two or more lung volumes. Lung capacities
- 45. Inspiratory Capacity The total volume of air that can be inspired after tidal expiration. On average it is about 2050 ml IC V + IRV = IC T
- 46. Functional residual capacity The volume of air remaining in the lung at the end of a tidal expiration. On average it is about 2700 ml FRC RV + ERV = FRC
- 47. Vital Capacity The maximum volume of air which can be inhaled and exhaled. It is normally around 3100 ml in women and 4800 ml in men V + IRV + ERV = VC T VC
- 48. Total lung capacity The maximum volume of air the lungs can hold or sum of all lung volumes. This is normally around 6000 ml TLC
- 49. SUMMERY Volume (ml) time TV = 500ml IRV = 1550ml ERV = 1500ml RV = 1200ml FRC = 2700ml VC = 4500ml TLC = 6000ml IC = 2050ml
- 51. Exchange of Respiratory Gases Between alveoli and the blood Between the blood and tissues
- 52. Between alveoli and the blood The lungs serve as an efficient respiratory surface because: Alveoli create a large surface area. Alveoli and capillary walls are both lined by simple squamous epithelia. The alveoli surface is moist to dissolve respiratory gasses for diffusion Alveoli are highly vascularized which enables the maintenance of a steep diffusion gradient of respiratory gasses. It requires transport of O2 from the lungs to the blood and movement of CO2 from the blood (external respiration) and movement of O2 from blood to
- 53. The exchange of gases between the blood and tissue cells is internal respiration. Finally, the cells utilize the oxygen for their specific activities: this is called cellular metabolism or cellular respiration. Together, these activities Between blood and tissues
- 54. Transportation of Respiratory Gases Blood is used to transport respiratory gases. Haemoglobin(Hb) present in the blood is very important for this.
- 55. Transportation of O2 in the blood Oxygen is transported by blood from the lungs to the tissues in two ways : Dissolved in bloodplasma 01 02 Associated with Hemoglobin
- 56. O2(aq) 4 O2 + Hb Hb O8 Dissolves in water in the blood Lung s Dissolved in blood plasma Associated with Hemoglobin Binds to hemoglobin and forms oxyhemoglobin (99%) RBC
- 57. Transportation of CO2 in the blood Carbon dioxide is transported from the body tissues to the lungs in three ways: Dissolved in Plasma 01 Buffered with water as carbonic acid 02 03 Bound to proteins, particularly hemoglobin
- 58. Dissolved in Plasma Buffered with water as carbonic acid Bound to proteins, particularly hemoglobin CO2 (aq) CO2 + Hb C.A.H b CO2 + H2O HCO3 - Carbonic Anhydrase HCO3 - + H + H + Hb.O8 H.Hb + 4.O2 Dissolved in plasma, as free gas (7%) As the carbaminohaemoglobin that binds to haemoglobin in red blood As bicarbonate through red blood cells, Tissu e RBC +
- 59. Breath Control
- 60. Normal Breathing There are two main parts; ▪ Normal inhalation ▪ Normal exhalation Is rhythmic. An involuntary process. Controlled by the respiratory center. The respiratory center is the Medulla Oblongata. It includes the inhaled area and the exhaled area. The respiratory
- 61. Diaphragmatic breathing, or deep breathing is breathing that is done by contracting the diaphragm a muscle located horizontally between the thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity. Deep Breathing
- 63. Centre ▪ A neural center in the upper part of the pons that provides inhibitory impulses on inspiration and thereby prevents overdistension of the lungs and helps to maintain alternately recurrent inspiration and expiration. ▪ The pneumotaxic center, located in the upper pons. Pneumotaxicstic
- 64. Centre ▪ The apneustic center sends signals to the dorsal group in the medulla to delay the 'switch off’ the inspiratory off switch (IOS) signal of the inspiratory ramp provided by the pneumotaxic center. ▪ The apneustic center, which is located in the lower pons, is thought to excite the inspiratory Apneustic
- 66. Using chemistry Cranial nerves that contribute to changes in chemical factors; ▪ Biosynthetic nerves ▪ Vagus nerves chemical facts
- 67. According to the amount Pulmonary stretch receptors are Mechanorecept ors Of stretching in the
- 68. Destruction of microbial foreign particles Regulation of blood pH THE OVERALL FUNCTION OF THE HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Supplying atmospheric oxygen to the blood Release of carbon dioxide from the blood into the external environment Voice generation Olfactory sensation
- 70. RESPIRATORY DISORDERS Silicosis Lung Cancer Asthma The effect of smoking Asbestosis Tuberculosis 01 03 05 02 04 06
- 71. ▪ Nicotine is among the compounds inhaled in tobacco smoke which is the addictive drug in the smoke. It temporarily increases the rate of heartbeat and constriction of peripheral blood vessels causing a temporary increase in blood pressure. ▪ Cigarette smoke stimulates the secretion of mucus by the goblet cells and inhibits the action of cilia in the respiratory tract causing accumulation of mucus in bronchioles and blocking them, leading to bronchial The effect of SMOKING ▪ Cigarette smoke harms nearly every organ in the body including the organs of the respiratory system and increase the risk of illness, disability and death
- 72. ▪ Tobacco smoke also contains large number of cancer-causing substances (carcinogens). Nearly 90% of lung cancers are due to smoking. Long term exposure to such chemicals in cigarette smoke results in the proliferation of cells in the bronchial epithelium, forming a mass of abnormal cells. A cancer may develop among these cells. If these ▪ Carbon monoxide (CO) present in tobacco smoke is absorbed into the blood and can bind to hemoglobin better than oxygen and combines irreversibly with hemoglobin. Thus, it decreases the amount of oxyhemoglobin produced. Therefore, oxygen transport through blood is decreased. ▪ Some chemicals such as hydrogen cyanide in cigarette smoke stops the cilia from working properly. Due to loss of action of cilia, dust and other particulate matter get collected in the lung, resulting in an increase in phagocytic cells in the lung tissue. Due to release of large amounts of lytic enzymes by these cells, the alveolar tissue is destroyed thus reducing the effective area available for gas exchange.
- 73. ▪ High risk industries are; ▪ Quarrying granite, slate, sandstone, ▪ Mining hard coal, Gold, Tin, Copper, ▪ Stone masonry and sand blasting, ▪ Glass and pottery work ▪ When silica particles are inhaled, they accumulate in the alveoli. SILICOSIS ▪ This may be caused by long term exposure to dust containing silica compounds. ▪ These cause progressive destruction of lung tissue and pulmonary hypertension.
- 74. ASBESTOSIS ▪ Those who are involved in making or using product containing asbestos are at risk. This occurs when asbestos fiber are inhaled with dust. These cause progressive destruction of lungs tissue and pulmonary hypertension.
- 75. LUNG CANCER ▪ Nearly 90% of lung cancer is due to smoking. When one smokes, the nasal hairs, mucus and cilia in the respiratory tract protect the lung from chemical and biological irritants, are overwhelmed and eventually stop functioning. As a result, irritants, free radicals. ▪ carcinogens and pathogens accumulate in the lungs. Eventually these cause lung cancer.
- 76. TUBERCULOSIS ▪ Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacteria called Mycobacterium tuberculosis ▪ The bacterium spreads when an infected person coughs and the bacterium enters the body of an uninfected person through inhaled air. ▪ The most common form is Pulmonary TB which affects the lungs. Other organs may also be affected. ▪ Transmission of pulmonary TB is by inhaling the bacterium into the lungs. This bacterium can survive in the air
- 77. symptoms ▪ Loss of appetite ▪ Loss of weight ▪ Excessive sweating ▪ Fever ▪ A racking cough ▪ Spitting up blood
- 78. ASTHMA ▪ Asthma is characterized by wheezing and chest tightness causing breathing difficulty ▪ This is caused by the sudden contractions of smooth muscles in the walls of the bronchioles which causes the bronchioles to narrow or even close. ▪ During this time breathing causes whistling or wheezing sound. The cause of asthma an over reaction of an immune response to stimuli like pollen, dust, mites, spores, particular food, cold air, exercise, smoking gases. ▪ Anti - inflammatory drugs help control.