Resource Management with Systemd and cgroups
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Resource Management with Systemd and cgroups. My presentation at CSCC, NCTU. About setting memory limits on our workstations and servers.
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The document provides an overview of the cgroup subsystem and namespace subsystem in Linux, which form the basis of Linux containers. It discusses how cgroups and namespaces enable lightweight virtualization of processes through isolation of resources and namespaces. It then covers specific aspects of cgroups like the memory, CPU, devices, and PIDs controllers. It also summarizes the key differences and improvements in the cgroup v2 implementation, such as having a single unified hierarchy and consistent controller interfaces.
Cgroup resource mgmt_v1
Control groups (cgroups) allow administrators to allocate CPU, memory, storage, and other system resources to groups of processes running on the system. The document describes testing done using cgroups on a Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 system with four Oracle database instances running an OLTP workload. It demonstrates how cgroups can be used for application consolidation, performance optimization, dynamic resource management, and application isolation.
Cgroup resource mgmt_v1
Control groups (cgroups) allow administrators to allocate CPU, memory, storage, and other system resources to groups of processes running on the system. The document describes testing done using cgroups on a Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 system with four Oracle database instances running an OLTP workload. It demonstrates how cgroups can be used for application consolidation, performance optimization, dynamic resource management, and application isolation.
Summit demystifying systemd1
This document provides an overview of systemd and how it differs from traditional init systems. It discusses systemd units and how to manage services using systemctl. It covers customizing units using drop-ins, managing resources with cgroups, converting init scripts, and using the systemd journal. The presentation aims to demystify systemd and provide administrators with practical guidance on using its main features.
Linux cgroups and namespaces
Luiz Viana e André Ferraz (Cazé) mostram uma visão geral das tecnologias nativas para isolamento de recursos em ambiente Linux.
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The document proposes implementing register files in the processor hardware to improve context switching performance in hard real-time systems. Conventionally, context switching involves saving processor registers to external memory, which takes 50-80 clock cycles. The proposed approach saves contexts to register files within the processor, requiring only 4 clock cycles. Software and a small operating system were modified to use new "save context" and "restore context" instructions. Simulation results showed contexts being saved and restored from an internal register file in 2 clock cycles each. Two test applications demonstrated the performance improvement from using internal register files versus external memory for context switching.
OpenStack Nova Scheduler
OpenStack is an open source cloud operating system that provides on-demand provisioning of compute, storage, and networking resources. It consists of several interconnected components that are managed through a dashboard interface. The key components include Horizon (dashboard), Keystone (authentication), Swift (object storage), Glance (image repository), Nova (compute), Quantum (networking), and Cinder (block storage). Nova is responsible for running virtual machine instances by retrieving images from Glance and scheduling instances on compute hosts using the Nova scheduler. The Nova scheduler uses filters and weights to determine the most suitable host for an instance based on availability, capabilities, and load.
♨️CPU limitation per Oracle database instance
Cgroups improve database performance by associating a dedicated set of CPUs and memory to a database instance, limiting each instance to only those resources. The setup_processor_group.sh script is used to create cgroups on Linux systems. To bind a database instance to a cgroup, the PROCESSOR_GROUP_NAME parameter must be set to the cgroup name and the instance restarted. Best practices include configuring cgroups out of CPU threads from minimum cores/sockets and creating cgroups with at least 2 CPU cores.
Netezza workload management
Netezza provides workload management options to efficiently service user queries. It allows restricting the maximum concurrent jobs, creating resource sharing groups to control resource allocation disproportionately, and uses multiple schedulers like gatekeeper and GRA. Gatekeeper queues jobs and schedules based on priority and resource availability. GRA allocates resources to jobs based on user's resource group. Short queries can be prioritized using short query bias which reserves system resources for such queries.
Tuning systemd for embedded
Talk from Embedded Linux Conference, http://elcabs2015.sched.org/event/551ba3cdefe2d37c478810ef47d4ca4c?iframe=no&w=i:0;&sidebar=yes&bg=no#.VRUCknSQQQs
Cat @ scale
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Deploying cache isolation in a mixed=workload environment
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Operating System / System Operasi
This document provides an overview of an operating systems course, including its aims, outline, recommended reading, and introductory content. The key points are:
1. The course aims to explain operating system structure and functions, illustrate concepts with examples, and prepare students for future courses. Students will learn about CPU scheduling, processes, memory management, I/O, protection, and case studies of Unix and Windows.
2. The course outline covers introductions to operating systems, processes and scheduling, memory management, I/O and device management, protection, filing systems, and case studies of Unix and Windows NT.
3. The recommended reading includes textbooks on concurrent systems, operating system concepts, and case studies
2. Vagin. Linux containers. June 01, 2013
Fedora Virtualization Day 2013. Moscow.
June 01, 2013.
Andrey Vagin (Андрей Вагин).
Language: russian.
Введение в технологию Linux Containers.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N7if7aJcnkg&index=3&list=PLTWTWm0uA2fLok6RlpJYy350FDQiRXYbS
Практические применения контайнеров (vzctl, Lxcl, systemd, unshare).
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ghlyp8JnR50&index=4&list=PLTWTWm0uA2fLok6RlpJYy350FDQiRXYbS
LXC on Ganeti
This document discusses improvements made to LXC container support in Ganeti through a Google Summer of Code project. Key areas worked on included fixing existing LXC integration, adding unit tests, setting up quality assurance, and adding features like migration. The project was mentored by Hrvoje Ribicic. Future work may include two-level isolation of containers within VMs and live migration of LXC instances.
Introduction to rook
Agenda:
What is Software Defined Storage?
What is Ceph?
What is Rook?
Storage for Kubernetes
Storage Classes
Storage on Kubernetes
Operator Pattern
Custom Resource Definition
Rook Operator
Rook architecture
Ceph on Kubernetes with Rook
Demo
Rook Framework for Storage solutions
How to Get Involved?
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Resource Management with Systemd and cgroups
- 1. Resource Management with Systemd and cgroups 蕭從恩 (tsn) 2016.01.28 Computer Center, Dept. of CS, NCTU
- 2. Default Hierarchies & Unit Types ● Service – A group of processes started by systemd based on unit files. (*.service) ● Scope – A group of processes that are started and stopped by arbitrary processes via the fork() function. ● Slice – A group of hierarchically organized units. Slices do not contain processes, they organize a hierarchy in which scopes and services are placed. – Root slice: “-.slice”
- 3. Resource Controllers ● blkio, cpu, cpuacct, cpuset, devices, freezer, memory, net_cls, perf_event, hugetlb
- 4. Resource Controllers We Can Use ● Cpuset - assigns individual CPUs (on a multicore system) and memory nodes to tasks in a cgroup; ● Memory - sets limits on memory use by tasks in a cgroup, and generates automatic reports on memory resources used by those tasks;
- 5. Systemd-cgls
- 6. Limit in Unit Files
- 7. Limit by Command Line ● example – systemctl set-property --runtime name property=value – systemctl set-property --runtime nginx.service CPUShares=600 MemoryLimit=500M ● with --runtime option for non-persistent configuration ● man systemd.resource-control
- 8. Units About Users ● For user id 1000: – user-1000.slice ● user@1000.service – Dbus...etc ● session-c1.scope – firefox – tmux – bash ● session-c2.scope – schedule.sh
- 9. Testing
- 10. Testing