1. The document discusses resource generation and costs in distance education, comparing traditional and unbundled faculty models. In the unbundled model, faculty roles are divided among multiple roles like instructors, graders, and instructional designers.
2. Costs in distance education are more complex, with multiple cost centers for activities like course development, instruction, and maintenance. Hidden costs also exist in areas like HR, administration, and facilities.
3. Whether distance education is truly a "cheap alternative" depends on factors like enrollment size, curriculum breadth, technology choices, and efforts to contain development costs. Cost-benefit analysis and cost-effectiveness ratios can further evaluate financial impacts.
Do Colleges Need An Outcome Based Education SoftwareAbhishek Das
This presentation answers the most pressing concern for today's Colleges and Universities. If colleges do go for an OBE Software, what features should such a solution have.
Do Colleges Need An Outcome Based Education SoftwareAbhishek Das
This presentation answers the most pressing concern for today's Colleges and Universities. If colleges do go for an OBE Software, what features should such a solution have.
Instructional Design Strategies to Enhance eLearning for Corporate TrainingSwift Elearning Services
Be it any game, you need a right game plan or a strategy to succeed. And the same applies to eLearning design for corporate training. “eLearning when designed correctly with sound instructional design strategy has the potential to bring organizational excellence with a positive eLearning ROI. ” An instructional strategy is an action plan or a method to help people learn. It defines the approach to achieve learning objectives using various learning devices, techniques, resources, and various learning theories.
UGC on 25 Mar 2021 in tune with NEP allows 40% of courses online to 1000 Universities via Govt e-learning platform SWAYAM(Study Webs of Active learning for Young Aspiring Minds)
Three categories comprising over 200 Universities to conduct entire course online
Universities who have been awarded scores of 3.01 or more by the NAAC.
Universities that have made it to the top 100 in all categories of the National Institutional Ranking Framework, at least once for two years.
It is a government-run open university
SWAYAM is India’s MOOC (Massive Open Online Course )
Seamless integration through SWAYAM based inline Courses
Credit earned through SWAYAM is non refutable
Students will have access to talented teachers across the country
But on line Engg education has not yet been approved.This simply lays down road ahead for online Engg Education in India
Hello Colleagues
Please find attached Group Bruner's presentation which looks at the changing trends in HE. It touches on the trends seen internationally. To look at the Pacific region, the group identified changing trends observed specifically at USP. Each group member than gave a brief overview of the changing trend and its implication in their respective courses.
Cheers.....
Bruner Group
Project management in language and translation services convertedCol Mukteshwar Prasad
According to the Project Management Institute: "Project management is the application of knowledge, skills, and techniques to execute projects effectively and efficiently. It's a strategic competency for organizations, enabling them to tie project results to business goals — and thus, better compete in their markets.“
Managing translation and localization
Successful management of a translation and localization project entails.
Proper logistics depending on
The number of languages being translated
Multiple vendors
Possibly a DTP contact,
An engineering contact, etc.
Multiple sets of pricing data to manage
Multiple administrative details to manage
A presentation by emeritus professor and author William Massy at the Southern New Hampshire University about how to be Mission Centered, Market Smart, and Margin Conscious.
Providing A Collaborative Learning Environment For Student Teams And Corporat...tphillip
This file provides information concerning how to establish a collaborative learning environment that allows online learners to work in teams on projects for corporate clients. It was used as part of his presentation at the 2009 Instructional Technology Conference.
Dr. Timothy L. Phillips
Department of Instructional Technology
Bloomsburg University
tphillip@bloomu.edu
Presentation in Incheon, South Korea, 3rd November 2010 by Prof John Ure, Director Telecommunications Research Project, University of Hong Kong
Director, TRPC Pte Ltd Singapore www.trpc.biz
Developing Large Scale Blended Learning: Research 2013Chapman Alliance
This study measures time spent in 30 development tasks when creating large-scale, blended learning projects (courses than can span days, weeks, or even months) using multiple modalities of delivery. Great information for planning similar development projects.
Justifying eLearning: ROI and Key MetricsEduson.tv
eLearning specialists constantly face a lot of “why” questions. Why is eLearning indispensable for the company? Why does it need special (and annually increasing) budget? Why can’t online courses be replaced with conventional mentoring or training? It isn’t always easy to prove the worth of eLearning.
Another common pitfall we see is the treatment of blended learning as a standalone education program instead of integrated into the costs associated with day-to-day instruction.
Assessing cost trade offs within the ongoing instructional budget will allow blended learning to be both scalable and sustainable.
Instructional Design Strategies to Enhance eLearning for Corporate TrainingSwift Elearning Services
Be it any game, you need a right game plan or a strategy to succeed. And the same applies to eLearning design for corporate training. “eLearning when designed correctly with sound instructional design strategy has the potential to bring organizational excellence with a positive eLearning ROI. ” An instructional strategy is an action plan or a method to help people learn. It defines the approach to achieve learning objectives using various learning devices, techniques, resources, and various learning theories.
UGC on 25 Mar 2021 in tune with NEP allows 40% of courses online to 1000 Universities via Govt e-learning platform SWAYAM(Study Webs of Active learning for Young Aspiring Minds)
Three categories comprising over 200 Universities to conduct entire course online
Universities who have been awarded scores of 3.01 or more by the NAAC.
Universities that have made it to the top 100 in all categories of the National Institutional Ranking Framework, at least once for two years.
It is a government-run open university
SWAYAM is India’s MOOC (Massive Open Online Course )
Seamless integration through SWAYAM based inline Courses
Credit earned through SWAYAM is non refutable
Students will have access to talented teachers across the country
But on line Engg education has not yet been approved.This simply lays down road ahead for online Engg Education in India
Hello Colleagues
Please find attached Group Bruner's presentation which looks at the changing trends in HE. It touches on the trends seen internationally. To look at the Pacific region, the group identified changing trends observed specifically at USP. Each group member than gave a brief overview of the changing trend and its implication in their respective courses.
Cheers.....
Bruner Group
Project management in language and translation services convertedCol Mukteshwar Prasad
According to the Project Management Institute: "Project management is the application of knowledge, skills, and techniques to execute projects effectively and efficiently. It's a strategic competency for organizations, enabling them to tie project results to business goals — and thus, better compete in their markets.“
Managing translation and localization
Successful management of a translation and localization project entails.
Proper logistics depending on
The number of languages being translated
Multiple vendors
Possibly a DTP contact,
An engineering contact, etc.
Multiple sets of pricing data to manage
Multiple administrative details to manage
A presentation by emeritus professor and author William Massy at the Southern New Hampshire University about how to be Mission Centered, Market Smart, and Margin Conscious.
Providing A Collaborative Learning Environment For Student Teams And Corporat...tphillip
This file provides information concerning how to establish a collaborative learning environment that allows online learners to work in teams on projects for corporate clients. It was used as part of his presentation at the 2009 Instructional Technology Conference.
Dr. Timothy L. Phillips
Department of Instructional Technology
Bloomsburg University
tphillip@bloomu.edu
Presentation in Incheon, South Korea, 3rd November 2010 by Prof John Ure, Director Telecommunications Research Project, University of Hong Kong
Director, TRPC Pte Ltd Singapore www.trpc.biz
Developing Large Scale Blended Learning: Research 2013Chapman Alliance
This study measures time spent in 30 development tasks when creating large-scale, blended learning projects (courses than can span days, weeks, or even months) using multiple modalities of delivery. Great information for planning similar development projects.
Justifying eLearning: ROI and Key MetricsEduson.tv
eLearning specialists constantly face a lot of “why” questions. Why is eLearning indispensable for the company? Why does it need special (and annually increasing) budget? Why can’t online courses be replaced with conventional mentoring or training? It isn’t always easy to prove the worth of eLearning.
Another common pitfall we see is the treatment of blended learning as a standalone education program instead of integrated into the costs associated with day-to-day instruction.
Assessing cost trade offs within the ongoing instructional budget will allow blended learning to be both scalable and sustainable.
Training may be defined as a planned program designed to improve performance and to bring about measurable changes in knowledge, skills, attitude and social behavior of employees for doing a particular job.
Training provides employees with specific, identifiable knowledge and skills for use on their present jobs.
Training is a short-term process utilizing a systematic and organized procedure by which workers acquire technical knowledge and skills for a definite purpose
Improving ROI through Increased Attention to the Product LifecycleGregory Sales
Designing, developing, implementing, and supporting e-learning costs money—and no organization wants to waste money. Therefore, every e-learning product must yield the maximum return on the investment. To achieve this, organizations need to understand the stages of the e-learning product lifecycle. With this knowledge, they can maximize the impact of their efforts at various stages, thereby extending the lifespan and effective use of an e-learning product. This, in turn, will directly increase the return the organization realizes on its investment in e-learning.
Al-Ahliyya Amman University جامعة عمان األهلية.docxgalerussel59292
Al-Ahliyya Amman University
جامعة عمان األهلية
Project
Second Semester 2019/2020
Advance Digital System
Student Name : Student ID:
EP-04-01-F151-Eng, Rev. c
Ref.: 31/19 / 2014 - 2015
Date: 09/08/2015
1-1
VENDMACH is a vending machine that accepts nickels, dimes, and quarters, and dispenses gum, apple,
or yogurt. A gum pack costs 15¢, an apple is 20¢, and yogurt is 25¢.
The ma chine has the following 1 - bit input s:
NICKEL: a signal that becomes 1 when a nickel is deposited in the coin slot.
DIME: a signal that becomes 1 when a dime is deposited in the coin slot.
QUARTER: a signal that becomes 1 when a quarter is deposited in the coin slot.
COINRETURN: a signal that becomes 1 when the coin return button is pressed.
GUM: a signal that becomes 1 when the gum selection button is pressed.
APPLE: a signal that becomes 1 when the apple selection button is pressed.
YOGURT: a signal that becomes 1 when the yogurt selection button is pressed.
Al-Ahliyya Amman University
جامعة عمان األهلية
Project
Second Semester 2019/2020
Advance Digital System
Student Name : Student ID:
EP-04-01-F151-Eng, Rev. c
Ref.: 31/19 / 2014 - 2015
Date: 09/08/2015
2-1
In addition to these “ user ” inputs, the ma chine has two control inputs:
CLOCK: a timing signal that sequences the state transitions of the machine.
INIT: an initialization signal that resets the machine to a suitable starting state.
The ma chine has thre e outputs:
CREDIT: the amount of money deposited so far and available to make a purchase;
CREDIT, in cents, should be displayed on the LEFT and RIGHT LED digits.
DISPENSED ITEM: the item that was just purchased should be displayed on the
XS40 LED: g for gum, A for apple, and y for yogurt, as indicated in Figure.
Instructions:
Use proteus software to implement the design of system and test it.
BLOOM’S TAXONOMY 2
APA Style:
All parts are not related to each other. Please answer individually APA STYLE:
Part1 – ¾ page (less than 1 page) no cover or reference page needed
https://www.ted.com/talks/michelle_thompson_education_reimagined_through_constructivism
View the TED Talk with Michelle Thompson and respond to the following after viewing this talk.
What is the benefit or benefits of constructivism? How do you believe it can help enhance the educational experience? What was one of the key "takeaways" of Michelle's experience?
Part2: 1 and 1/4 pages: cover and reference page needed
Integrating Educational Technology into Teaching
Pick one of the learning Theorists (i.e. B.F. Skinner, Robert Gagne', John Dewey, Albert Bandura, Jean Piaget, Howard Gardn.
As various organizations of different sizes have started absorbing more of training – classroom, online or a blend of both, the employee’s path of progression gets clearer and clearer and when he/she see the interest the organization has vested in their growth, there comes a sense of motivation, a sense of involvement, a sense of participation and the willingness to stay and perform and grow. At the end of the day, when the organization invests in building a workforce for the future, every bit they invest into their employee will pay off both in the financial sense as well as in employee engagement.
The European Maturity Model for Blended Education is a framework which can help educators and institutions to take the next step in blended education.
The framework consists of 3 levels (course, programme, and institution) and for each level dimensions and indicators have been developed. This can be used to self assess the maturity of a blended course, programme or institution..
The EMBED implementation guidelines offer support for educators, course teams, instructional designers and management to mature in blended education. For each of the 21 dimensions guidelines have been written to reach the next maturity level. The guidelines include educational models, articles, research, and tools. Use them and take the next step toward mature blended education.
For more information, take a look at https://embed.eadtu.eu.
How to gather the right evidence to demonstrate the business value of learningDr. Regis P. Chasse, MBA
For many years, we could proudly report the cost of learning (cost per learning hour, the ratio of L&D professionals per 1000-employee, or how many people our high-priority programs reached); however, it was very difficult to demonstrate the actual value of learning to the business.
After years of focused efforts, we now use a pragmatic and cost-effective approach to measure the business impact of learning. This document covers:
• The pillars of our effectiveness evaluation framework
• Moving the conversation with stakeholders from cost to value
• Developing a pragmatic measurement approach for a learning program: challenges to expect and goals to set
Presented on behalf of the Australian Government, Department of Education, Skills and Employment and for the Ministry of Education for the Government of India. On the 20 November 2020
Abstract: Over the last 20 years distance, and now online learning, has evolved in unexpected and unprecedented ways due to the emergence of a variety of factors. These include but are certainly not limited to the advent of social media, the strengthening of wireless internet, particularly to internet optimised mobile devices, a new wave of learning management systems and the emergence of online productivity tools. There is now a strong emphasis on the role of standards within the online offering of courses, that has led to institutions being able to mediate the quality of their offerings, providing new levels of consistency and equivalence, which has risen in importance in the wake of the outbreak of COVID-19 globally. These contemporary ways of looking at online and distance learning means that there is an opportunity to consider new models of teaching that allow for more active, collaborative and authentic forms of student engagement that shift the emphasis away from teaching to learning and preparing student for the future of work. The Australian Council on Open Distance and e-Learning’s (ACODE) role, among other things, is to provide institutions with guidance and expertise on these new approaches in the distance and e-learning fields, while advocating and promoting best practise amongst its members.
To be proficient at sea we need to have a combination of underpinning knowledge, relevant technical skills and the necessary soft skills, which make us good shipboard
team players capable of managing tasks in a safe manner. During maritime training, it is important to assess these three areas to establish the proficiency gaps relating
to the learning objectives/ goals. These identified deficiencies could subsequently guide and encourage us in more effective ways to tweak our learning artifacts to
fill in these gaps. This paper presents some of the tools, which have been successfully used in classrooms and in simulator-based training both in formative and in summative situations at the EMAS Academy.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
AT THE END OF THE DISCUSSION LEARNERS WILL BE BETTER ABLE TO:
Identify the difference between the traditional and DE faculty models
Recognize the cost items for DE implementation
Realize the different business metrics to evaluate the impact of DE to the
profit or loss) of the educational institutions
3. KEY PLAYER: FROM ONE TO MANY
• A change in pedagogical tool (technology) demands a change in pedagogical method, an
unchartered domain for most instructors.
• The design for convenience to learn, regardless of space and time. presents additional
workload to instructors who are already burdened with multiple tasks to deliver as a single
player.
• Distance learners expect an on time and expanded student support through internet
connectivity (emails, voice mails and messages).
• Fierce competition in the educational market to deliver engaging and up to date
curriculums.
The concept of unbundling the traditional role of the instructor/faculty from a
single player to many players is brought about by the following conditions in
a DE landscape:
4. Faculty Member:
1. Delivers instruction
2. Develops and maintains courses
and curriculums
3. Assesses learning outcomes
4. Aligns course materials to delivery
methods
5. Advises students
6. Provides university service
7. Conducts research
Instructor/Facilitator
Instructor/Grader
Writer/SMEsAdvisor
Instructional Designer
TRADITIONAL FACULTY
MODEL
UNBUNDLED
FACULTY MODEL
Neely &
Tucker.2010
5. SINGLE COST CENTER:
IN A TRADITIONAL UNIVERSITY
STRUCTURE, THE COLLEGE OR
DEPARTMENT IS THE CENTRAL
COST CENTER WHERE
BUDGETS ARE ALLOCATED
AND EXPENSES ARE
DISBURSED AND RECORDED.
TANGIBLE COSTS PER
COURSE BASIS IS MORE
DEFINED.
Department/College
Faculty/Staff
salaries
Costs of Instructional
Materials
Rumble,2001
Brinkman,2001
6. MULTIPLE COST
CENTERS
IN AN ONLINE DE
PROGRAM,
UNBUNDLING OF
COSTS CAN BE
DETERMINED USING
THE ACTIVITY BASED
COSTING APPROACH -
A SET UP OF COST
CENTERS WITH
IDENTIFIED INDIVIDUAL
ACTIVITIES AND COST
ASSIGNMENTS.
COURSE
DEVELOPMENT
DEPARTMENT
CURRICULUM
WRITER
FACULTY CO-
WRITER
INSTRUCTIONAL
DESIGNER
SUPERVISOR/
DEPARTMENT
CHAIR
COURSE
INSTRUCTION
DEPARTMENT
INSTRUCTOR/
FACILITATOR
GRADERS
SUPERVISOR/
DEPARTMENT
CHAIR
COURSE
MAINTENANCE
DEPARTMENT
INSTRUCTIONAL
TECHNOLOGIST
COURSE
LEAD/SUPERVISOR
HORNGREN &
HARRISON,2009
7. THREE MAJOR MODELS FOR COURSE DEVELOPMENT
Separate department with SMEs and outside expert developers in full time positions
Faculty on stipend or outside expert developers in part time positions
Blended method of faculty and outside expert developers
Knowles &
Kalata,2007
8. HIDDEN COSTS REVEALED
The introduction of new job positions in DE has expanded the organizational
structure and introduced pressure points to support departments such as HR,
Administration and Construction/Facility Management.
Some costs are not tracked down consistently and are therefore not included in
business metrics analysis. But nevertheless they have considerable impact on the
profitability (or loss) of the business.
Some examples of hidden costs would be the following: ongoing course and
equipment maintenance, supervisory and leadership, training, administrative
functions, facility upkeep.
9. ADDITIONAL COSTS TO
CONSIDER FOR NEW
JOB ROLES IN DE
HR
Continuous hiring and
training of staff
New Job Descriptions
and Key Result Areas
Performance
Management and
Reviews
Admin.
New hire paperworks
Payroll set up
Email/voice mail set
up
Building/Facilit
y
Office space/desks
Computers
Desk/cell phone
10. “IS DISTANCE EDUCATION A CHEAP ALTERNATIVE?”
(PERRATON,1993)
• The unbundling of faculty roles has created job positions and expanded the
organizational structure of the institutions, with new levels of
supervisors/department heads.
• Added resources is necessary for the fulfillment of the increased workload
passed on to HR, Administration and Construction/Facility departments.
• Course development is the biggest cost factor in DE. The choice to hire either
course developers (full time/part time), pay stipend to faculty member or use of
blended method will have a significant effect in the overall DE budget allocation.
• The concept of DE as a cheap alternative will depend on the depth and breadth of
the course programs that are managed and maintained.
11. WHAT DOES NOT GET MEASURED, DOES NOT GET
DONE
Cost efficiency is foremost in the mind of stakeholders when embarking on an
initiative that would require a substantial funding. One way to measure this is by
comparing the average cost per student in DE and dividing it with the average cost
per student in traditional system. The result will be the cost efficiency ratio between
the two programs.
Less than 1.0 would mean that DE is cheaper and cost efficient.
There are ten factors that are identified in the next slide that would have significant
effect on DE cost efficiency. (Economics of Open and Distance Learning, pp. 73-78).
12. Number of
learners enrolled
The size of the
curriculum
The number of
years the courses
are unchanged
Containment of
course
development costs
Sharing cost
development costs
Technology choice The level of
student support
Working practices
Labor market
practices
Structural practices
FACTORS AFFECTING THE COST OF OPEN AND DISTANCE LEARNING
13. ADDITIONAL BUSINESS METRICS
An in depth study of new business venture would require more than a single
assessment. Here are two other metrics that can be used to present a bigger picture
to measure the effectiveness and efficiency of DE:
• Cost benefit analysis – evaluates potential costs and revenues to determine
feasibility of the project. Results are expressed in dollar values.
• Cost effective ratio – evaluates different alternatives to decide the most efficient
(but not necessarily the most effective) choice.
14. DISCUSSION
POINTS
1. Which one of the three models of course
development is applied in your own
institution/organization? Please discuss your
insight on its effectiveness ( or room for
improvement). Refer to Slide 7.
2. If you were to implement DE , which of the ten cost
factors will have the most impact in your design of
the program? Explain how you can
mitigate/enhance its effect. Refer to Slide 12.
3. As a distance learner, please identify one (or more)
cost factor that stands out from your experience
that was efficiently (or inefficiently) managed by
UPOU. Refer to Slide 12.
15. REFERENCES:
• Belawati, Tian. (date unknown). Financial Management System in Open and
Distance Learning: An Example at Universitas Terbika. File attached.
• Neely & Tucker. (June,2010). Unbundling Faculty Roles in Online Distance
Education Programs. Retrieved from:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/44098995_Unbundling_Faculty_R
oles_In _Online_Distance_Education_Programs
• Economics of Open and Distance Learning, pp. 70 -81. File attached.
16. THANK YOU FOR VIEWING
MY PRESENTATION. I
HOPE TO HEAR FROM
YOU SOON!
Editor's Notes
From one traditional role as a faculty member, five new roles are defined in DE with the following assigned tasks:
Course instructor/facilitator – Delivers instructions.
Instructor/grader – Assesses learning outcomes.
Writers/Subject Matter Experts (SMEs) – Designs and maintains academic content of courses.
Academic Advisor – Advises students and monitors students’ progress.
Tangible costs are quantifiable and measurable. Examples would be salaries/benefits paid to staff, equipment costs, learning materials costs (including subscription/purchase of software, publishing, printing).
Intangible costs would be harder to quantify and justify, unless meticulously recorded. Costs associated to training, supervising and leading the staff would be examples of intangible costs.
Almost all traditional roles of a faculty member is unbundled except for academic advising. For over thirty years, this role has been taken over by a different position outside of course instructors (Hrabowski,2004).
The model used in this slide is the blended method in course development . An outside curriculum writer is hired and paired with a faculty member.
A blended method is used in the study of an educational institution reflected on Slide 6, with the faculty member in charge of identifying the following as they pertain to course development: learning objectives, learning materials and assessment methodology. The course developer is in charge of developing the following: course assignments, discussion threads and rubrics for assignment.
Number of learners enrolled – fixed costs and course development costs are spread out across total students registered, bringing the unit cost per student down.
Curriculum size – more courses offered means more materials and resources required. Cost per student will go up.
Number of years the courses remain unchanged – the higher the frequency that materials are reuse, the lower the cost per student BUT care must be taken that the materials do not become obsolete or requires revision due to poor design.
Containment of course development costs – use of textbook materials lower the costs on materials.
Sharing course development costs – through partnership with publishers and other educational institutions.
Technology choice – varies according to the type of technology and the manpower needed to run the system. The more complex the technology tool, the bigger the allocated budget should be.
Level of student support – increases proportionally according to the number of students enrolled. Research has shown that student support in distance learning demands more time than face to face learning.
Working practices – Resources spent on course development increases according to the expected number of hours for students to study. Other factors that may increase cost in this area would be the creation of academic teams with specialized tasks to develop materials and provide student support.
Labor market practices – Short term contracts based on either the number of students, the hours worked or amount of learning materials produced all can help in lowering the DE costs.
Structural practices – partnership with other institutions, organizations and external suppliers allow for tasks to be delivered and may alleviate the fixed/tangible costs needed to employ the same number of specialized positions within the internal structure.
