Pharmacognosy 3rd year

1. RESINS
Subject = PHARMACOGNOSY
Assignment = RESINS
Submitted by : Muhammad Izhar
3rd Proff: Department of Pharmacy
...
Submitted to : Ikram Sir

2. Introduction
Resins are solid or semisolid plant exudates formed in
schizogenous or schizolysigeneous ducts or cavities.
These are amorphous products of complex chemical nature.
They are considered as end products of metabolism, and are
believed to arise by oxidation of polymerized terpenoids
metabolites forming complex mixtures. Resins are found as
exudations from the trunk of various trees
■ Some resins such as ( Benzoin and Balsam of Tolu ) are
formed when the plant is injured. These Resin are called
Pathological Resins

3. Classification of Resins
■ On the Basis of Formation:
■ PHYSIOLOGICAL RESINS : Formed as a normal
metabolism product.
■ Examples : Cannabis , Podophyllum , Ginger.
■ PATHALOGICAL RESINS : Formed as a result of
Wound, Injury or abnormal circumstances.
■ Examsples : Guggul , Benzoin, Assafoetida.

4. Classification
■ Resins are also classified on the basis of their occurrence in combination
with other compounds as :
■ RESIN ACIDS
■ These includes abietic acid, copaivic acid, oxycopaivic acid and commiphoric
acid, found in a free state or as esters
■ On combination with alkali it gives soap like solution.
■ Example : Abietic acid => COLOPHONY
■ Aleuritic acid from Shellac , commiphoric acid in Myrrh.
RESIN ALCOHOL
■ Contain Phenolic group.
■ Having High molecular weight.
■ They are sub-devided as :
■ (a) RESINOTANNOLS: These Resins give a specific tannin reaction with iron
salts (FeCl3) are termed as resinotannols.

5. Classification
these are complex nature Ressin of high molecular weight and they give a
tannin reaction with iron salts.
Examples of these alcohols include peruresinotannol from Balsam of peru
and sumaresinotannol from Benzoin
(b) RESINOL
■ These are simple alcohols such as benzoresinol and Storesinol.
■ They have high molecular weight and can occur in both free and
combined form.
■ They are colourless and do not give specific tannin Reaction with iron
salts.
■ Example are Storesinol from Storax Resin.
■ Guaiacresinol from Guaiac Redin

6. CLASSIFICATION
■ RESIN ESTERS
■ They are esters of resin alcohol or resinotannols Combined
with Resin acid.
■ This group contain Esters as a chief constituent of resins.
■ Examples are Benzyl Benzoate , Cinnamyl Benzoate
■ RESENES
■ These are complex and high molecular weight Neutral
substances. They are very stable and are not affected by
chemical Reagents, light and moisture.
■ Insoluble in acids , alkalies and do not form any salts and
esters.
■ Examples are Asaresenes and Asafoetida

7. Combination of
Resins
■ BALSAMS
■ Balsams are resinous mixtures that contain large
■ proportions of cinnamic acid, benzoic acid or
■ both or esters of these acids.
■ Tolu Balsam contains 35% to 50% of balsamic acid
chiefly benzoic acid or cinnamic acids.
■ Other example is Balsam of peru .

8. Combination of
Resins
■ OLEORESINS
■ When resins occur with volatile oils , the Mixture is
called as Oleoresins.
■ Turpentine , Capsicum , Ginger , Copaiba are
Oleoresins.
■ GUM RESINS
■ When resins are found in combination with Gums
then such resins are known as Gum RESINS
■ These resins are purified by dissolving the
associated gum in water.
■ Asafoetida , Gambage are gum-resins.

9. ■ Gums are extracted from the sap of various trees and
plants, whereas resins are extracted from the sap that
has hardened and accumulated in the cracks and wounds
of trees.
■ Gums are complex mixtures of polysaccharides and other
organic compounds, while resins are mostly made up of
terpenes

10. ■ OLEO-GUM RESINS
■ Oleo gum resins are associated with gum and volatile oil
both. The volatile oil is removed by steam distillation
while gum is removed by dissolving in water.
■ GLYCORESINS
■ Some resins are found in combination with glycosides.
■ They are also called Glucoresins .
■ Examples are podophyllum, Jalap etc.
■ On Hydrolysis they produce Sugars and resin acids as
Aglycones

11. Other Active Constituents of Resins
■ TERPENES : Most plant resins are composed of terpenes. Specific
components are alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, delta-3 carene, and
sabinene, the monocyclic terpenes limonene and terpinolene, and
smaller amounts of the tricyclic sesquiterpenes, longifolene,
caryophyllene, and delta-cadinene.
■ Carotenoids: These are pigments that are found in some
oleoresins and have antioxidant properties. Examples include
beta-carotene and lycopene.
■ Flavonoids: These are plant-derived compounds that have
antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Examples include
quercetin and kaempferol.

13. EXTRACTION OR
ISOLATION
■ The isolation of resins is a process that involves separating
the resin from other components present in a mixture.
There are several methods that can be used for the
isolation of resins, depending on the specific
characteristics of the resin and the mixture it is present
in. Some of the common methods used for the isolation of
resins include:
■ Solvent extraction: This is a common method for isolating
resins that are soluble in organic solvents. The mixture is
dissolved in the solvent, and the resin can be separated
from the other components by either filtration or
evaporation of the solvent.
■ Precipitation: This method is used for resins that are not
soluble in solvents but can be precipitated out of solution
by changes in the chemical conditions. For example,
changes in pH or the addition of a precipitant can cause
the resin to precipitate out of solution, allowing it to be
separated by filtration.

14. ■ Chromatography: Chromatography is a separation
technique that is used to isolate resins based on
differences in their physical and chemical properties.
For example, column chromatography can be used to
isolate resins by passing a mixture through a column
packed with a stationary phase. The resin will elute at
a different time than the other components in the
mixture, allowing it to be collected and separated.
■ Distillation: This method can be used for the isolation
of volatile resins. The mixture is heated, causing the
resin to vaporize, and it can be collected and
condensed back into a liquid for further purification.

15. ■ Enfleurage: This method involves spreading the plant
material containing the resin on a layer of animal fat,
which absorbs the resin. The fat is then melted, and
the resin is separated from the fat by a solvent, such as
alcohol. This method is primarily used for obtaining
floral scents, such as jasmine.

16. Physical properties of
Resins
■ These are transparent or translucent solid or semisolid.
■ The specific gravity of Resins is more than water.
Therefore, these are heavier than water.
■ They generally become soft at heating. On further
heating, Resins will be melted.
■ Resins generally occur in an amorphous state rarely
crystalline.
■ These are insoluble in water but are soluble in organic
compounds like alcohol, volatile oils, and chloral hydrate.
■ Resins are deprived of nitrogen and oxygen.
■ Resins undergo a slow oxidation process in the
atmosphere and become dark in color.
■ Resins burns with a smoky flame because of the presence
of hydrocarbons.

17. USES OF RESINS
■ Resins are a class of polymers that have a wide range of uses in
various industries due to their unique properties, such as high
strength, durability, chemical resistance, and ability to form
various shapes and structures. Some of the common uses of
resins are:
■ Adhesives: Resins are used as adhesives in various applications,
such as woodworking, packaging, and construction. Epoxy resins,
in particular, are known for their strong bonding properties and
are commonly used in the production of composite materials.
■ Coatings: Resins are used as coatings for a variety of surfaces,
including floors, walls, and furniture. They provide a durable
and attractive finish, and can also provide protection from
moisture and other environmental elements.

18. ■ Composites: Resins are used in the production of
composite materials, which are made by combining a
reinforcement material, such as glass or carbon
fibers, with a resin matrix. These composites are used
in a variety of applications, including aerospace,
sporting goods, and construction.
■ Molding and Casting: Resins are used in the process of
molding and casting to create various shapes and
structures. The liquid resin is poured into a mold and
then cured to form a solid shape.

19. ■ Printing: Resins are used in the production of 3D
printing filaments and inks, which are used to produce
objects by building up layers of material.
■ THERAPEUTICAL USES
■ Resins have a variety of therapeutic uses, including:
■ Anti-inflammatory: Resins like frankincense and myrrh
have anti-inflammatory properties that can be
beneficial in treating conditions such as arthritis, skin
irritation, and other inflammatory conditions.
■ Antiseptic: Resins like tea tree oil have antiseptic
properties that can help prevent infections in wounds
and other skin conditions.

20. ■ Analgesic: Resins like copaiba have analgesic properties that can
help reduce pain and discomfort.
■ Antioxidant: Resins like pine and spruce have high antioxidant
activity, which can help protect the body from damage caused by
free radicals and oxidative stress.
■ Relaxation: Resins like lavender and sandalwood have a calming
effect on the body and mind and can help reduce stress, anxiety,
and insomnia.
■ It’s important to note that not all resins have been extensively
studied for their therapeutic effects, and further research is needed
to fully understand their potential benefits and drawbacks.
Additionally, it’s essential to use resins in the appropriate way, as
some can be toxic if taken internally in large amounts or if they are
applied directly to the skin in their pure form

21. ■ Resins containing drugs possess Purgative (Podophyllum),
cathartic (Gambage, Ipomoea), Hydragogue (Jalap) ,
Anthelmintic (Asphidium) , Expectorant (White pine ,
Copaiba) , counter irritant (Capsicum) and Laxative (
Asafoetida) properties.
■ Externally Resins are used as mild antiseptic in the form of
ointments and plasters.
■ They are employed in the preparation of emulsions.

22. THANK YOU