This document provides an introduction to residential surge protection. It discusses the need for surge protection in homes given sources of voltage surges like lightning. It explains the difference between point-of-entry and point-of-use surge protectors, and describes how to achieve whole-house surge protection through the use of these devices. The document is intended to educate distributors on residential surge protection products so they can better assist customers.
Nuisance tripping of circuit breakers is a common problem in many commercial and industrial installations. This application note explains the need to use true RMS measurement instruments when troubleshooting and analyzing the performance of a power system.
Nuisance tripping of circuit breakers is often caused by the load current being distorted by the presence of harmonic currents drawn by non-linear loads. Harmonic currents distort the current waveform and increase the load current required to deliver energy to the load. Many measurement instruments, even quite modern ones, use an averaging measurement technique that does not measure harmonic currents correctly. The readings may be as much as 40% too low. Circuit breakers and cable sizes may be underrated as a result.
True RMS meters, which take the complete distorted waveform into account, should be used instead.
Early warning surge&lightning (electrical safety ) for valuable equipment...Mahesh Chandra Manav
Safe your Equipment’s from Electrical Hazard we Support from Design Engineering ,Supply &Installation for Sophisticated Electronics for Digital ,Analogue, Control ,Monitor , Communication&Networking
We can Support
Maintenance Free Earthing for Equipment’s Safety
Monitoring and Alarm for Earthing Health
Surge Protection Device
Early Warning for Lightning&Surge
We have offer Focus Important presentation for Industries Building Infrastructure Electrical , Elevators &Escalators ,IBMS ,HVAC, CCTV, Fire Alarm ,Access Controls, Security Surveillance ,Street Light LED, Telecom Equipment’s SMPS Power Supply with Exchange and Tower ,
Railway Signal ,Telecom , Traffic and Safety , Airport Security .Baggage and CNS Equipment’s, Defense ,Department of Space ,Machine Builders, Water Treatment Plant , Sea Port Infrastructure , Power Generation Thermal ,Hydro ,Solar PV, Wind&High Energy Battery Storage System , Power T&D . Oil and Gas Refinery , Receiving Station ,Terminals ,Tank Storing&Pipeline Infra projects ,Petrol Pumps, CNG Pumps Electrical Vehicle&Electrical Vehicle Charging Infrastructure.Process Industries Food ,Chemical ,Pharma, Steel, Paper ,Cement,Sugar ,PLC/DCS Original Equipment’s and System Integrators
Let’s work jointly to protect your premises from Surge and Lightning
"We've installed to standard installation practice!" Photovoltaic installations need different ratings.
To know more details click here: http://www.hensel.in
Passion for Power!!!
Nuisance tripping of circuit breakers is a common problem in many commercial and industrial installations. This application note explains the need to use true RMS measurement instruments when troubleshooting and analyzing the performance of a power system.
Nuisance tripping of circuit breakers is often caused by the load current being distorted by the presence of harmonic currents drawn by non-linear loads. Harmonic currents distort the current waveform and increase the load current required to deliver energy to the load. Many measurement instruments, even quite modern ones, use an averaging measurement technique that does not measure harmonic currents correctly. The readings may be as much as 40% too low. Circuit breakers and cable sizes may be underrated as a result.
True RMS meters, which take the complete distorted waveform into account, should be used instead.
Early warning surge&lightning (electrical safety ) for valuable equipment...Mahesh Chandra Manav
Safe your Equipment’s from Electrical Hazard we Support from Design Engineering ,Supply &Installation for Sophisticated Electronics for Digital ,Analogue, Control ,Monitor , Communication&Networking
We can Support
Maintenance Free Earthing for Equipment’s Safety
Monitoring and Alarm for Earthing Health
Surge Protection Device
Early Warning for Lightning&Surge
We have offer Focus Important presentation for Industries Building Infrastructure Electrical , Elevators &Escalators ,IBMS ,HVAC, CCTV, Fire Alarm ,Access Controls, Security Surveillance ,Street Light LED, Telecom Equipment’s SMPS Power Supply with Exchange and Tower ,
Railway Signal ,Telecom , Traffic and Safety , Airport Security .Baggage and CNS Equipment’s, Defense ,Department of Space ,Machine Builders, Water Treatment Plant , Sea Port Infrastructure , Power Generation Thermal ,Hydro ,Solar PV, Wind&High Energy Battery Storage System , Power T&D . Oil and Gas Refinery , Receiving Station ,Terminals ,Tank Storing&Pipeline Infra projects ,Petrol Pumps, CNG Pumps Electrical Vehicle&Electrical Vehicle Charging Infrastructure.Process Industries Food ,Chemical ,Pharma, Steel, Paper ,Cement,Sugar ,PLC/DCS Original Equipment’s and System Integrators
Let’s work jointly to protect your premises from Surge and Lightning
"We've installed to standard installation practice!" Photovoltaic installations need different ratings.
To know more details click here: http://www.hensel.in
Passion for Power!!!
IoT Based Infrared Remote Controlled AC Fan Regulatorijtsrd
This paper presents the design and implementation of an infrared remote controlled ac fan regulator. The regulator consists of IR sensor, monostable multi vibrator, decade counter, transformer, comparator, opto isolator and TRIAC. The user will be able to operate the regulator with any remote control used for TV, VCR, Air Conditioner, DVD player etc. The remote transmits a beam of light and this light is picked and decoded by the receiver unit. The receiver only activates when it receives the beam of light. Every time when the button is pressed, the speed of the fan is increased smoothly up to ten different speed levels. The fan regulator has been simulated and experimentally tested. It is found that the system works satisfactorily and the experimental results are almost same. Details of each unit are described in the paper. Abdullah Al Zubaer | Md. Ariful Islam | Md. Habibur Rahman | Md. Alamgir Hossain | Sujit Kumar Mondal "IoT Based Infrared Remote Controlled AC Fan Regulator" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/33484/iot-based-infrared-remote-controlled-ac-fan-regulator/abdullah-al-zubaer
The purpose of this IEEE 1692 Abstract is to familiarize the reader with the faults that are accountable for most of the
unexplained lightning related damage, and explain the advantages of blocking technologies that can effectively isolate
and protect communications and other equipment.
Your electrical safety specilist for all equipments Powered AC and DCMahesh Chandra Manav
We all are aware that we are applying lots of Artficial Sources to make our Life Comforts .
For This we are installing Many Electrical Equipments Power AC & DC and Electric Vehicles Inside our Building and out Side and in this process many of metal Part is entering into our Building.
To ensure better perform and Human Safety Earthing of Equipment and Conductive stucture is very important Value from 1 Ohms up to 0.25 Ohms.
Our National Building Code 2016 is alreday given Guide Line and Supporting by MBBL2019
(Manual Building By LAW).
Internal Switch and External Lightning will very Danger for our Equipments and Human Lives May Cause Assest Damage up to Sacrifice Human Live due to Fire and Electric Change.
We have to Design and protect our Building or Permises form External Lightning by Nature use NBC IS/IEC 62305.
When Lightning Fall any Condutive Like Pole ,Transmission Line and React with Ground may be Shift 100kA Fault Current into our Building use Surge Protection Device to product from any ind of Direct and Indirect Threat.
JMV LPS Ltd belive Make in India Noida Base Company Manufacturer Design ,Engineering ,Supply and Installation.
Maintenance Free Earthing ,Copper Clad Steet Sof Conductore, Exothermic Weld, External Lightning Protection and per IS/IEC62305, Surge Protection Devive as per IS/IEC 62035.
Long & Short Interruptions: Interruptions – Definition – Difference between failures,
outage, Interruptions – causes of Long Interruptions – Origin of Interruptions – Limits for the
Interruption frequency – Limits for the interruption duration – costs of Interruption –
Overview of Reliability evaluation to power quality, comparison of observations and
reliability evaluation.Short interruptions: definition, origin of short interruptions, basic principle, fuse saving,
voltage magnitude events due to re-closing, voltage during the interruption, monitoring of
short interruptions, difference between medium and low voltage systems. Multiple events,
single phase tripping – voltage and current during fault period, voltage and current at post
fault period
Busbars, busducts, and busways using copper conductors have several advantages compared to their counterparts fabricated from other materials.
The main advantages of copper arise from its high electric conductivity (low electric resistance). These characteristics make it possible to create busways with the same current carrying capacity but that are smaller and/or more energy efficient.
In addition, the use of copper results in highly durable connections that can resist strong mechanical forces.
Cost of the conductor should not be the only consideration when evaluating the cost of a busway. The cost of the mechanical support systems, the energy losses over the lifetime of the installation, and the scrap value of the material at its end-of-life must all be taken into consideration in order to gain an accurate picture. When this is done, it becomes clear that the initial price of copper has only a minor influence on the total life cycle cost of the busway.
Данная концепция носит предварительный характер, окончательная версия будет утверждена официальным решением компании «Русские имена».
Запуск домена .РУС будет включать в себя несколько этапов:
- предварительное резервирование и блокировка
- приоритетная регистрация (Sunrise)
- премиальная регистрация (Landrush)
На первом этапе будут зарезервированы доменные имена для нужд общественных и некоммерческих организаций, которые используют русский язык в качестве языка международного общения. Дополнительно планируется включить в резерв названия областных центров России, Украины, Белоруссии, Казахстана, а также стран, где действуют русскоязычные сообщества пользователей.
Второй этап предоставляет возможность правообладателям товарных знаков получить доменные имена .РУС в приоритетном порядке, в соответствии с мировой практикой.
Наконец, третий период регистрации предполагает участие нескольких категорий: правообладателей фирменных наименований, учредителей СМИ, некоммерческих организаций, наименований мест происхождения товаров. К участию в этом этапе приглашаются также владельцы доменов .РУ и «зеркальных» доменных имен .RU. Администратор домена .RU сможет поучаствовать в регистрации на этом этапе, только если имя используется по прямому назначению — для адресации на работающий сайт.
Участники третьего этапа приобретают аукционные билеты, которые являются невозвратными, и могут подавать заявки на любые свободные доменные имена. Если на одно имя поступает более одной заявки, владелец домена определяется по итогам аукциона.
IoT Based Infrared Remote Controlled AC Fan Regulatorijtsrd
This paper presents the design and implementation of an infrared remote controlled ac fan regulator. The regulator consists of IR sensor, monostable multi vibrator, decade counter, transformer, comparator, opto isolator and TRIAC. The user will be able to operate the regulator with any remote control used for TV, VCR, Air Conditioner, DVD player etc. The remote transmits a beam of light and this light is picked and decoded by the receiver unit. The receiver only activates when it receives the beam of light. Every time when the button is pressed, the speed of the fan is increased smoothly up to ten different speed levels. The fan regulator has been simulated and experimentally tested. It is found that the system works satisfactorily and the experimental results are almost same. Details of each unit are described in the paper. Abdullah Al Zubaer | Md. Ariful Islam | Md. Habibur Rahman | Md. Alamgir Hossain | Sujit Kumar Mondal "IoT Based Infrared Remote Controlled AC Fan Regulator" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/33484/iot-based-infrared-remote-controlled-ac-fan-regulator/abdullah-al-zubaer
The purpose of this IEEE 1692 Abstract is to familiarize the reader with the faults that are accountable for most of the
unexplained lightning related damage, and explain the advantages of blocking technologies that can effectively isolate
and protect communications and other equipment.
Your electrical safety specilist for all equipments Powered AC and DCMahesh Chandra Manav
We all are aware that we are applying lots of Artficial Sources to make our Life Comforts .
For This we are installing Many Electrical Equipments Power AC & DC and Electric Vehicles Inside our Building and out Side and in this process many of metal Part is entering into our Building.
To ensure better perform and Human Safety Earthing of Equipment and Conductive stucture is very important Value from 1 Ohms up to 0.25 Ohms.
Our National Building Code 2016 is alreday given Guide Line and Supporting by MBBL2019
(Manual Building By LAW).
Internal Switch and External Lightning will very Danger for our Equipments and Human Lives May Cause Assest Damage up to Sacrifice Human Live due to Fire and Electric Change.
We have to Design and protect our Building or Permises form External Lightning by Nature use NBC IS/IEC 62305.
When Lightning Fall any Condutive Like Pole ,Transmission Line and React with Ground may be Shift 100kA Fault Current into our Building use Surge Protection Device to product from any ind of Direct and Indirect Threat.
JMV LPS Ltd belive Make in India Noida Base Company Manufacturer Design ,Engineering ,Supply and Installation.
Maintenance Free Earthing ,Copper Clad Steet Sof Conductore, Exothermic Weld, External Lightning Protection and per IS/IEC62305, Surge Protection Devive as per IS/IEC 62035.
Long & Short Interruptions: Interruptions – Definition – Difference between failures,
outage, Interruptions – causes of Long Interruptions – Origin of Interruptions – Limits for the
Interruption frequency – Limits for the interruption duration – costs of Interruption –
Overview of Reliability evaluation to power quality, comparison of observations and
reliability evaluation.Short interruptions: definition, origin of short interruptions, basic principle, fuse saving,
voltage magnitude events due to re-closing, voltage during the interruption, monitoring of
short interruptions, difference between medium and low voltage systems. Multiple events,
single phase tripping – voltage and current during fault period, voltage and current at post
fault period
Busbars, busducts, and busways using copper conductors have several advantages compared to their counterparts fabricated from other materials.
The main advantages of copper arise from its high electric conductivity (low electric resistance). These characteristics make it possible to create busways with the same current carrying capacity but that are smaller and/or more energy efficient.
In addition, the use of copper results in highly durable connections that can resist strong mechanical forces.
Cost of the conductor should not be the only consideration when evaluating the cost of a busway. The cost of the mechanical support systems, the energy losses over the lifetime of the installation, and the scrap value of the material at its end-of-life must all be taken into consideration in order to gain an accurate picture. When this is done, it becomes clear that the initial price of copper has only a minor influence on the total life cycle cost of the busway.
Данная концепция носит предварительный характер, окончательная версия будет утверждена официальным решением компании «Русские имена».
Запуск домена .РУС будет включать в себя несколько этапов:
- предварительное резервирование и блокировка
- приоритетная регистрация (Sunrise)
- премиальная регистрация (Landrush)
На первом этапе будут зарезервированы доменные имена для нужд общественных и некоммерческих организаций, которые используют русский язык в качестве языка международного общения. Дополнительно планируется включить в резерв названия областных центров России, Украины, Белоруссии, Казахстана, а также стран, где действуют русскоязычные сообщества пользователей.
Второй этап предоставляет возможность правообладателям товарных знаков получить доменные имена .РУС в приоритетном порядке, в соответствии с мировой практикой.
Наконец, третий период регистрации предполагает участие нескольких категорий: правообладателей фирменных наименований, учредителей СМИ, некоммерческих организаций, наименований мест происхождения товаров. К участию в этом этапе приглашаются также владельцы доменов .РУ и «зеркальных» доменных имен .RU. Администратор домена .RU сможет поучаствовать в регистрации на этом этапе, только если имя используется по прямому назначению — для адресации на работающий сайт.
Участники третьего этапа приобретают аукционные билеты, которые являются невозвратными, и могут подавать заявки на любые свободные доменные имена. Если на одно имя поступает более одной заявки, владелец домена определяется по итогам аукциона.
2015 proved to be a very active year for the NCEast Alliance. The 2016 State of the Region highlights the activity and results that occurred throughout 2015.
هذا العرض إهداء لكل من يعمل في القنوات الفضائية الإسلامية في مجال الخدمات التفاعلية حيث يطرح العرض مفاهيم جديدة لاستخدام الخدمة والتفاعل مع المشاهدين من خلالها لتحفيزهم على زيادة التواصل عبر شاشة القناة ولكن المهم ليس الفكرة المهم التنفيذ ومن أراد الاستزادة لمشاهدة الإعلان التلفزيوني المُنفذ لتوضيح الفكرة فأهلاً ومرحباً.
The wiring is important to every industries and domestic.And how the electrical power comes from transmission line to meter board to our domestic switch board ,switches etc.Here we explain the contents of the domestic wiring and industrial electrification etc.
below shows related documents.
KSRM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ,KADAPA.
_________________________
ELECTRIACAL WIRING IN DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIES
Contents :
Introduction
1.Electrical power supply wiring.
2.Domestic electric circuits.
3.Domestic wiring .
4.Sub-circuits in domestic wiring.
5.Methods of wiring.
6.Industrial Electrification .
7.Types of installation.
8.Electrical installation for power circuits.
INTRODUCTION :
Electrical wiring is an electrical installation of cabling and associated devices such as switches, distribution boards, sockets and light fittings in a structure. Wiring is subjected to safety standards for design and installation. Allowable wire and cable types and sixes are specified according to the circuit operating voltage and electric current capability, with further restriction on environmental conditions ,such as ambient temperature range, moisture levels, and exposure to sunlight and chemicals .
Associated circuit protection, control and distribution devices within a building’s wiring system are subject to voltage, current and functional specification. It is necessary to select proper type of wiring scheme for the domestic purpose. Thus a network of wires connecting various accessories for distribution of electrical energy from the supplier meter board to the numerous electrical energy consuming devices through controlling and safety devices is known as Electrical wiring.
Electrical power supply wiring
Fig(1):Electrical power transmission from electric pole to energy meter to distribution board
Domestic electric circuits:
1.Electric power is usually generated at places which are far away from the places where it is consumed . At the generating station, the electric power is generated at 11KV volts . This voltage alternates at a frequency of 50HZ.
2.The power is transmitted over a long distance at high voltages to minimize the loss of energy in the transmission.
3.The electric power line enter our house through three wires -namely the live wire, the neutral wire and the earth wire.
4.To avoid confusion we follow a colour code for insulating these wires.
5.The ted wire is the live wire, and the black wire is neutral, the earth wire is given green plastic insulation.
Domestic wiring
1.The live wire has a high potential of 220V whereas the neutral wire has zero potential .Thus the potential difference between the live wire and the neutral wire is 220-0=220V.
2.The earth wire is much thicker in size and is made of copper. One end of it is connected to a copper plate buried deep under the earth. The earth connection is made to the electric meter and then the main switch.
TAKO SINCE 1979 STOP RM250 MILLION LOSSES WITH MS IEC 62305 LIGHTNING PROTECT...TAKO Lightning System
The large losses suffered as a result of lightning-related damage to electronic equipment highlight how crucial it is to have strong lightning protection for electronic equipment in place in order to reduce risks and protect priceless assets. Purchasing TAKO’s top-notch lightning protection for electronic equipment, including those that meet MS IEC 62305 standards, can lessen the effects that lightning strikes have on a company’s finances and operations. For more information, visit https://takolightningsystem.com/.
The Over and Under Voltage protection circuit can protect electrical appliance from in the condition of power surges.
The project theme was to design an economical and efficient power protection circuit that could be capable of safely isolating the power of machine incase of power surges in mains.
Wireless charging (also known as " Inductive charging ") uses an electromagnetic field to transfer energy between two objects.
This is usually done with a charging station.
Energy is sent through an inductive coupling to an electrical device, which can then use that energy to charge batteries or run the device.
Power saving ideas implemented practicallySakshi Vashist
SAVINGS THROUGH
VFD’s
SAVINGS THROUGH
COMPRESSORS & CHILLING PLANT
SAVINGS BY REPLACING DYNO DRIVES MOTORS
WITH
INDUCTION MOTORS & SPEED CONTROL WITH VFD’s.
SAVINGS THROUGH
ENERGY EFFICIENT MOTORS
SAVINGS THROUGH
ENERGY EFFICIENT PUMPS
SAVINGS THROUGH
TUBE WELL RUN HRS & REPLACING INEFFICIENT WATER PUMPS
SAVINGS THROUGH
OPTIMIZATION OF EQUIPMENTS
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Looking for professional printing services in Jaipur? Navpack n Print offers high-quality and affordable stationery printing for all your business needs. Stand out with custom stationery designs and fast turnaround times. Contact us today for a quote!
Putting the SPARK into Virtual Training.pptxCynthia Clay
This 60-minute webinar, sponsored by Adobe, was delivered for the Training Mag Network. It explored the five elements of SPARK: Storytelling, Purpose, Action, Relationships, and Kudos. Knowing how to tell a well-structured story is key to building long-term memory. Stating a clear purpose that doesn't take away from the discovery learning process is critical. Ensuring that people move from theory to practical application is imperative. Creating strong social learning is the key to commitment and engagement. Validating and affirming participants' comments is the way to create a positive learning environment.
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Kseniya Leshchenko: Shared development support service model as the way to ma...Lviv Startup Club
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Improving profitability for small businessBen Wann
In this comprehensive presentation, we will explore strategies and practical tips for enhancing profitability in small businesses. Tailored to meet the unique challenges faced by small enterprises, this session covers various aspects that directly impact the bottom line. Attendees will learn how to optimize operational efficiency, manage expenses, and increase revenue through innovative marketing and customer engagement techniques.
RMD24 | Retail media: hoe zet je dit in als je geen AH of Unilever bent? Heid...BBPMedia1
Grote partijen zijn al een tijdje onderweg met retail media. Ondertussen worden in dit domein ook de kansen zichtbaar voor andere spelers in de markt. Maar met die kansen ontstaan ook vragen: Zelf retail media worden of erop adverteren? In welke fase van de funnel past het en hoe integreer je het in een mediaplan? Wat is nu precies het verschil met marketplaces en Programmatic ads? In dit half uur beslechten we de dilemma's en krijg je antwoorden op wanneer het voor jou tijd is om de volgende stap te zetten.
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𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 (𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬) is a professional event agency that includes experts in the event-organizing market in Vietnam, Korea, and ASEAN countries. We provide unlimited types of events from Music concerts, Fan meetings, and Culture festivals to Corporate events, Internal company events, Golf tournaments, MICE events, and Exhibitions.
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"𝐄𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐚 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲, 𝐚 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐣𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐲. 𝐖𝐞 𝐚𝐥𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐥𝐲 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞 𝐚 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬."
3.0 Project 2_ Developing My Brand Identity Kit.pptxtanyjahb
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2. Table of Contents
Introduction ..............................................................................2
Siemens Residential Products ..................................................4
Residential Power Distribution..................................................6
Power Quality ...........................................................................8
Sources of Voltage Surges ...................................................... 13
Surge Protection ..................................................................... 16
Point-of-Entry Surge Protection ..............................................24
Point-of-Use Surge Protection ................................................29
Whole-House Protection.........................................................35
Review Answers.....................................................................43
Final Exam ..............................................................................44
1
3. Introduction
Welcome to another course in the STEP 2000 series, Siemens
Technical Education Program, designed to prepare our
distributors to sell Siemens Energy & Automation products
more effectively. This course covers Residential Surge
Protection.
Upon completion of Residential Surge Protection, you should
be able to:
• Explain the role of surge protectors in the Siemens
residential product line
• Explain the need for surge protection
• Describe the damaging effects of lightning strikes and
other electrical surges to the home distribution system
• Explain the difference between point-of-use and point-of-
entry surge protectors
• Identify appropriate point-of-use surge protectors for
various applications
• Explain the need for whole-house surge protection and
how to achieve it
2
4. This knowledge will help you better understand customer
applications. In addition, you will be better prepared to discuss
electrical products and systems with customers.
If you are an employee of a Siemens Energy & Automation
authorized distributor, fill out the final exam tear-out card and
mail in the card. We will mail you a certificate of completion if
you score a passing grade. Good luck with your efforts.
Primax, POWERMAX, and MAX are registered trademarks of
Panamax.
National Electrical Code® and NEC® are registered trademarks
of the National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA 02269.
Portions of the National Electrical Code are reprinted with
permission from NFPA 70-2002, National Electrical Code
Copyright, 2001, National Fire Protection Association, Quincy,
MA 02269. This reprinted material is not the complete and
official position of the National Fire Protection Association on
the referenced subject which is represented by the standard in
its entirety.
Underwriters Laboratories Inc. and UL are registered
trademarks of Underwriters Laboratories Inc., Northborook, IL
60062.
Other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
3
5. Siemens Residential Products
Siemens manufactures a variety of electrical distribution
products for residential applications. Load centers and
associated circuit breakers supply electrical power throughout
the home.
Load Center
GFCI
Surge Protector
AFCI
1-Pole
2-Pole Triplex
Duplex
4
6. STEP 2000 Load centers and their associated components are covered
in the STEP 2000 course titled Load Centers. You should
complete the load center course prior to completing
Residential Surge Protection. Many of the concepts covered
in Load Centers will give you a better understanding of the
topics discussed in Residential Surge Protection.
STEP 2000
Load Centers
Surge Protection Products Load centers and standard circuit breakers cannot protect
a home from damaging electrical surges such as those
produced by lightning. Siemens manufactures products
specifically designed to protect the home from such electrical
surges. Siemens electrical surge protection products work in
conjunction with load centers and circuit breakers to provide
more complete residential circuit protection. Siemens surge
protection products are the focus of this course.
5
7. Residential Power Distribution
Power is generated at a power plant. The most efficient way to
transmit this voltage to customers is to increase the voltage.
Transmission voltage levels vary, depending on distance and
the load it must supply. Transmission voltages are typically
60kV and above. In some cases transmission voltages can be in
what is called the extra high voltage range (EHV) of 300 kV and
above. Once transmission voltage reaches a local substation it
is stepped down to a lower distribution voltage.
Power Supply When the voltage reaches its final destination at a residential
customer it is stepped down to 240 volts. The most common
supply system used in residential applications today is a single-
phase, three-wire supply system. In this system there are
120 volts between either hot wire and neutral and 240 volts
between the two hot wires. The 120 volt supply is used for
general-purpose receptacles and lighting. The 240 volt supply
is used for heating, cooling, cooking, and other high-demand
loads.
6
8. Service Entrance Power, purchased from a utility company, enters the house
through a metering device and connects to a load center. This
is the service entrance. Residential service can come from
an overhead utility transformer or from a lateral service run
underground.
Distribution Load centers provide circuit control and overcurrent protection.
Power is distributed from the load center to various branch
circuits for lighting, appliances, and electrical outlets.
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9. Power Quality
Voltage used in the home can be represented by a sine wave.
Ideally a sine wave would be smooth and free of disturbances.
However, even the best distribution systems are subject to
changes in system voltage from time-to-time.
Voltage Variations Voltage changes can range from small voltage fluctuations of
short duration to a complete outage for an extended period of
time. Undervoltage occurs when voltage decreases outside
normal rated tolerance. An undervoltage is often referred to as
a sag when the duration is two seconds or less. Undervoltages
and sags can cause a computer to crash and confuse a digital
clock.
Overvoltages occur when voltage increases above normal
rated tolerance. An overvoltage is referred to a swell when the
disturbance lasts two seconds or less. Overvoltages and swells
can upset sensitive electronic equipment, and cause damage in
some cases.
8
10. Surges Utility companies strive to maintain uniform voltage but
disturbances from outside sources, such as lightning and short
circuits, can appear on the sine wave in the form of surges.
Surges can range from a few volts to several thousand volts
and last from a few microseconds to a few milliseconds. While
overvoltage and undervoltage can upset or damage sensitive
electronic equipment, surges are far more destructive.
ITI (CBEMA) Manufacturers of sensitive electronic devices, such as
computers, strive to make equipment that will survive
fluctuations in the power supply. The Information Technology
Industry Council (ITI) was formerly known as the Computer
Business Equipment Manufacturers Association (CBEMA).
Working with the Department of Commerce, ITI published a set
of guidelines for powering and protecting sensitive equipment.
As the use of computers has grown, other organizations have
made additional recommendations. The Institute of Electrical
and Electronic Engineers (IEEE), for example, published
engineering guidelines for the selection and application of
emergency and standby power systems.
9
11. ITI (CBEMA) Curve The ITI (CBEMA) curve was developed to be used as a guideline
for manufacturers in designing power supplies for use with
sensitive electronic equipment. The vertical axis of the graph is
the percent of rated voltage applied to a circuit. The horizontal
axis is the time the voltage is applied. Electronic equipment
manufactured to these guidelines are expected to survive
voltage spikes of short duration. However, voltage spikes that
exceed either amplitude or duration of the voltage tolerance
envelope will enter the prohibited region. Sensitive electronic
equipment can be damaged when voltage spikes are severe
enough to enter the prohibited region. In general, the greater
the voltage spike or transient, the shorter the duration it can
occur before equipment is damaged.
ITI (CBEMA) Curve
500
400
Percent of Nominal Voltage (RMS or Peak Equivalent)
300
Prohibited Region
Voltage Tolerance Envelope
Applicable to Single-Phase
120-Volt Equipment
200
140
120
110
100
No Interruption in Function Region 90
80
70
40 No Damage Region
0
Steady
.001 c .01 c 1c 10 c 100 c State
1 s 1 ms 3 ms 20 ms 0.5 s 10 s
Duration in Cycles (c) and Seconds (s)
ITI (CBEMA) Curve used with permission of Information Technology Industry
Council.
10
12. In spite of the utility company’s effort to minimize voltage
fluctuations and the manufacturer’s efforts to protect
equipment, home electronic equipment is still susceptible to
damage anytime supply voltage exceeds the manufacturer’s
recommended tolerance. Sensitive electronic equipment is
most vulnerable during overvoltage disturbances that exceed
the voltage tolerance envelope of the ITI (CBEMA) curve,
such as those caused by lightning or switching of loads on the
distribution system.
0.01 Cycle 0.01 Cycle
600% 600%
400% 400%
200% 200%
100% 100%
Sensitive Equipment By now you may be wondering what all of this has to do with
in the Home the average home owner. In the past it was considered
sufficient just to keep the lights on. The typical home had
relatively few items at risk.
Today’s modern homes, however, are full of complex and
sensitive electronic equipment. Family rooms have everything
from a simple television to complex home entertainment
systems with DVD players and surround sound. Home offices
include computers, fax machines, printers, and telephone
systems. Traditional kitchen and laundry appliances have been
replaced with refrigerators, stoves, microwave ovens, and
dishwashers that use electronic components. It takes as little as
one surge to damage these sensitive electronic components.
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13. Review 1
1. The most common supply system used in residential
applications is a ____________ -phase, ____________
-wire system.
2. In a residential system there is 240 volts between the
two hot wires. From either hot wire to neutral there is
____________ volts.
3. Residential electrical service can come from an
overhead utility transformer or from a ____________
service run underground.
4. According to ITI (CBEMA), the ____________ the voltage
spike or curve, the shorter its duration can be before
damage occurs.
5. Voltage spikes that exceed either amplitude or duration
of the voltage tolerance envelope will enter the
____________ region of the ITI (CBEMA) curve.
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